Provide easy detailed notes in easy language for the syllabus given below for subject “System Analysis
and Design”
UNIT-I :
Introduction: Concept of system. Types of systems Open and Closed, Static
and dynamic with examples. Overview of System Analysis and Design: Systems Development life cycle,
brief Introduction to feasibility, design implementation and testing and maintenance.
UNIT-II 10 Hours
Preliminary Investigations: Project selection, scope definition and
preliminary investigation.
UNIT-III 10 Hours
Feasibility Study: Technical and economic and operational feasibility, cost
and benefit analysis.
Requirement Specifications and Analysis: Fact finding techniques, data
flow diagrams, data dictionaries, decision trees and tables.
UNIT-IV 15 Hours
Detailed Design: Module specification, file design, data base design.
Testing and Quality Assurance: Maintenance, unit and integration testing
techniques, design objectives, quality factors such as reliability etc.
📘 UNIT I – System Analysis and Design
🔹 1. Introduction to System
✅ What is a System?
A system is a group of parts (components) that work together to achieve a common goal.
✅ Example:
A computer system – has input devices, CPU, memory, output devices.
A school system – includes teachers, students, books, timetable.
Constraints of a System
A system must have three basic constraints −
A system must have some structure and behavior which is designed to achieve a predefined objective.
Interconnectivity and interdependence must exist among the system components.
The objectives of the organization have a higher priority than the objectives of its subsystems.
Elements of a System
Properties of a System
A system has the following properties −
Organization
Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that helps to
achieve predetermined objectives.
Interaction
It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with production
department and payroll with personnel department.
Interdependence
Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another. For
proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together according to a
specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other subsystem as input.
Integration
Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It means
that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each part performs a
unique function.
Central Objective
The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not uncommon for an
organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.
The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the analysis for a
successful design and conversion.
🔹 2. Types of Systems
There are different types of systems:
🔸 a) Open System
Interacts with its environment.
Takes input from outside, gives output to outside.
Example:
A washing machine (takes water and detergent from outside).
A school (students come from outside, leave after learning).
🔸 b) Closed System
Does not interact with the environment.
Works independently.
Example:
A watch (mechanical) – it works on its own.
A chemical process in a sealed container.
🔸 c) Static System
A system that does not change with time.
It remains fixed.
Example:
A printed timetable.
A written manual.
🔸 d) Dynamic System
A system that changes with time.
It reacts to input or environment.
Example:
Weather system.
Stock market.
🔹 3. Overview of System Analysis and Design
✅ What is System Analysis?
Understanding the current system.
Finding out problems and needs.
Collecting information.
✅ What is System Design?
Creating a new system or improving an old one.
It includes planning how the system will work.
🔹 4. System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
SDLC is a step-by-step process used to build a system.
Main Stages:
1. Preliminary Investigation – Understand the problem.
2. Feasibility Study – Check if the new system is possible.
3. System Analysis – Study current system and user needs.
4. System Design – Plan how the new system will work.
5. Implementation – Build and install the new system.
6. Testing – Check if the system works correctly.
7. Maintenance – Fix problems after the system is in use.
🔹 5. Feasibility Study (Brief Intro)
It checks whether the project can be done or not.
Types:
Technical Feasibility – Do we have the technology?
Economic Feasibility – Is it affordable?
Operational Feasibility – Will people use it?
🔹 6. Design, Implementation, Testing & Maintenance (Brief Intro)
Design: Creating the structure/layout of the new system.
Implementation: Installing and starting the system.
Testing: Finding and fixing errors.
Maintenance: Updating and fixing the system regularly.
✅ Summary (At a Glance)
Topic Meaning
System Group of components working together
Open System Interacts with environment
Closed System Does not interact with environment
Static System Does not change
Topic Meaning
Dynamic System Changes with time
System Analysis Study current system, find problems
System Design Plan new system
SDLC Steps to build a system
Feasibility Study Checks if system is possible
Implementation Put system into use
Testing Check for errors
Maintenance Keep the system working and up-to-date