BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING MODULE 9
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARPEE S. GABUAT
CHAPTER 9: COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL H = thickness of clay layer Cα = secondary compression index
Settlement of Foundations ∆P = average increase of effective stress of clay T2 = time after completion of primary settlement
layer
Total Settlement ep = void ratio at the end of the primary
Po = average effective stress at the mid-height of consolidation
𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝐶 + 𝑆𝑆 + 𝑆𝑒 clay layer.
ep = eo - ∆e
Where:
St = total settlement 2. Over Consolidated Clays 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
∆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
Sc = primary consolidation 𝑃𝑜
Over consolidated clays are those whose present
Ss = secondary consolidation effective overburden pressure is less than that eo = in situ void ratio
which the soil experienced in the past.
Se = immediate or elastic settlement
2.1 when Po + ∆P < Pc
1. Primary Consolidation Settlement 3. Immediate or Elastic Settlement
Pc = Preconsolidation pressure
1 − 𝜇2
1. Normally Consolidated Clays 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 𝑆𝑒 = 𝐶𝑠 qB( )
𝑆𝑠 = log( ) 𝐸𝑠
Normally consolidated clays are those whose 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜
1 − 𝜇2
present effective overburden pressure is the Cs = swell index (ranges from 1/5 to 1/10 of Cc) 𝑆𝑒 = qB( )𝐼𝑝
maximum pressure that the soil was subjected to 𝐸𝑠
in the past. The maximum effective pressure is 2.2 when Po + ∆P < Pc Where:
called the pre-consolidation pressure.
Pc = Preconsolidation pressure Cs = shape and foundation rigidity factor
𝐶𝐶 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑐 = log( ) 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 𝑆𝑐 = log( ) + log( ) B = width of foundation or diameter of circular
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐 foundation
Where:
𝑃
𝑞 = 𝐵2 (net vertical pressure applied)
Sc = primary consolidation
2. Secondary Settlement
Cc = compression index μ = Poissons ratio of soil
𝐶𝛼 𝐻 𝑇2
𝑆𝑠 = log( ) Es = modulus of elasticity of soil
Cc = 0.009(LL-10) 1 + 𝑒𝑝 𝑇1
eo = in situ void ratio Ip = influence factor
Ss = secondary settlement
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING MODULE 9
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARPEE S. GABUAT
Compression Index: PROBLEM SOLVING Problem No. 2
Using Skempton’s Equation (1994) Problem No. 1 From the figure
shows a soil profile
Cc = 0.009(LL-10) A tank 12m high
with the
with a 45m radius
corresponding
filled with oil is to be
properties. The soil
Swell Index: built on a site. The
is acted upon by a
existing soil profile
Using Nagaraj and Murty (1985) uniformly distributed
consists of a 3m
load ∆P = 60 kPa at
0.0463𝐿𝐿 sand layer underlain the ground surface.
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐺𝑠 by 14m clay layer.
100
The water table is at 1. Compute the
the surface. The settlement of the clay layer caused by primary
clay has an initial consolidation if the soil is normally
void ratio of 1.27 consolidated. (Ans. 151.7069 mm)
and unit weight of oil is 9.4 kN/3. From a 2. Compute the settlement of the clay layer
consolidation test on a 25mm laboratory sample of caused by primary consolidation if the
the clay with drainage on both ends, 50% preconsolidation pressure of the clay is 230
consolidation is achieved after 6.5 minutes. The kPa. Use Cs = 1/5 Cc. (Ans. 30.3414 mm)
compression index is 0.40. Assume the foundation 3. Compute the settlement of the clay layer
is very flexible. Neglect weight of tank. caused by primary consolidation if the
preconsolidation pressure of the clay is 200
Use Tv50% = 0.196, Tv70% = 0.403
kPa. Use Cs = 1/5 Cc. (Ans. 70.7150 mm)
1. Find the ultimate differential settlement of the
tank if the influence coefficient under the
center and the edge of tank are 1.0 and 0.48
respectively. (Ans. 389.5112 mm)
2. Find the time for 70% consolidation. Use the
time factor table. (Ans. 8.0849 years)
3. Find the depth in the ground to which the tank
must be placed in order to minimize the
settlement. (Ans. 6.2462 m)
BULACAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING MODULE 9
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PREPARED BY: ENGR. MARPEE S. GABUAT
Problem No. 3
From the given
soil profile:
1. Compute the
effective
stress at the
mid-height of
the clay layer.
(Ans.
51.2975 kPA)
2. Compute the
void ratio at
the end of primary consolidation. (Ans.
0.6391)
3. Compute the primary settlement of the
normally consolidated clay layer. (Ans.
95.0483 mm)
Problem No. 4
For a large construction project, the general
subsoil condition is shown. If a 3m thick fill is
placed over the existing ground surface with a unit
weight of 17.31 kN/m3.
1. Compute the increase in the vertical pressure
∆P. (Ans. 51.9300 kPa)
2. Compute the overburden pressure at the mid
height of clay. (Ans. 50.6809 kPa)
3. Compute the consolidation settlement of the
soft clay. (Ans. 82.7143 mm)