SECONDARY 1
REVISION NOTES
MATHEMATICS
Name: __________________________
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
NOTES FOR SECONDARY ONE MATH
Factors & Multiples
1. Prime numbers: numbers with only two factors, 1 and the number itself
• Eg: 2, 3, 5, 7…
• 1 is not a prime number
2. When doing prime factorisation, always start with smallest prime number first
2 126
Product of factors (in index notation):
3 63
3 21 126 = 2 x 32 x 7
7 7
1
3. Highest common factor: compare the same prime number & choose the lowest power
• Eg: A = 23 x 3 x 52 while B = 22 x 3 x 7
HCF = 22 x 3 = 12
4. Lowest common multiple: compare the same prime number & choose the highest
power
• Eg: A = 23 x 3 x 52 while B = 22 x 3 x 7
LCM = 23 x 3 x 52 x 7 = 4200
5. Perfect squares: index notation (powers) are even numbers
• Eg: 2025 = 34 x 52, so 2025 is a perfect square
• √2025 = √34 × 52 = 32 x 5 = 45
6. Perfect cubes: index notation are multiples of 3
• Eg: 1728 = 26 x 33, so 1728 is a perfect cube
3
•
3
√1728 = √26 × 33 = 22 x 3 = 12
7. Common questions in exams:
(a) Find the smallest positive integer k for which 168k is a multiple of 1188.
→ LCM question
Solution:
168 = 23 x 3 x 7
1188 = 22 x 33 x 11
LCM (168k) = 23 x 33 x 7 x 11 = 16 632
k = 16 632 ÷ 168 = 99
1
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
(b) Find the smallest positive integer value of p such that 792p is a perfect square.
792 = 23 x 32 x 11
792p = 24 x 32 x 112 = 17424
p = 17424 ÷ 792 = 22
15000
(c) Find the smallest positive integer value of q such that is a perfect cube.
𝑞
15 000 = 23 x 3 x 54
15000
𝑞
= 23 x 53 = 1000
q = 15 000 ÷ 1000 = 15
Real numbers
1. Integers: whole numbers
• Eg: – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2
2. Rational numbers: numbers that can be expressed as a fraction
1
• Eg: 2, 3 , 0.8, √64
• All recurring decimals such as 1.3̇ can be expressed as a fraction
3. Irrational numbers: numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction
𝜋
• Eg: 𝜋 , 3 , √10
4. Order of operations:
(a) brackets
(b) powers
(c) multiply/divide from left to right
(d) add/subtract from left to right
5. Drawing of number line:
• Eg: less than or equal to 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
• Eg: greater than – 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
2
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Estimation & Approximation
1. Significant figures
• Start counting from the first non-zero digit
Eg: 0.045 → 2 significant figures
Algebra
1. Coefficients: number in front of the algebraic term
Constant: no algebraic term
• Eg: 3x2 – 8x + 10
Coefficient for x2: 3
Coefficient for x: – 8
Constant term: 10
2. Expand: multiply to open up the brackets
• Eg: expand 4x (3x2 + 2x – 5)
We will get 12x3 + 8x2 – 40x
• Be very careful when it comes to negative numbers
Eg: expand 3 (2x – y) – 5 (x + 6)
We will get 6x – 3y – 5x – 30 which simplifies to x – 3y – 30
3. Factorise: take out common factors and divide to form back the brackets
• Eg: factorise 3x2 – 15xy + 21xyz
We will get 3x (x – 5y + 7yz)
• If you take out the whole term, it forms a “1” in the bracket
Eg: factorise 10x2 + 5x – 45xz
We will get 5x (2x + 1 – 9z)
• The common term can also be a bracket
Eg: factorise 2x (3a + 2b) – 3y (3a + 2b)
We will get (3a + 2b) (2x – 3y)
• Sometimes the terms in the brackets have opposite signs, we can apply “keep,
change, flip”
Eg: factorise 2x (4p – 3q) – 3y (3q – 4p)
We do keep change flip and get 2x (4p – 3q) + 3y (4p – 3q)
Then finally we will get (4p – 3q)(2x + 3y)
4. Combining fractions: expand brackets, if any, then make sure the fractions have the
same denominator
• Pay extra attention when the sign in between the fractions is a minus
2(3𝑥−1) 4(𝑥−2) 6𝑥−2 4𝑥−8
Eg: 5
− 3 = 5
− 3
18𝑥−6 20𝑥−40
= − 15
15
18𝑥−6−20𝑥+40
=
15
−2𝑥+34 34−2𝑥
= or 15
15
3
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
5. Solving equations: keep the algebraic terms on the left and the numbers on the right
• Remember to change the sign when you bring the terms to opposite side of the
equal sign
Eg: Solve the following equation.
10x + 4 = 3x – 24
10x – 3x = – 24 – 4
7x = – 28
x=–4
• If you need to square root, remember to put ± sign
Eg: Solve the following equation.
5x2 + 4 = 184
5x2 = 184 – 4
5x2 = 180
x2 = 36
x = ±√36
x=±6
because 6 x 6 = 36, – 6 x – 6 = 36
6. Solving fractional equations: change to same denominator/do cross multiplication
• Eg: Solve the following equation
2𝑥−1 3+𝑥
=
3 4
8𝑥−4 9+3𝑥
12
= 12
8x – 4 = 9 + 3x
8x – 3x = 9 + 4
5x = 13
x = 2.6
OR
2𝑥−1 3+𝑥
=
3 4
4(2x – 1) = 3(3 + x)
8x – 4 = 9 + 3x
8x – 3x = 9 + 4
5x = 13
x = 2.6
*if you want to do cross multiplication, there must only be one fraction on each
side of the equal sign
7. Whenever you want to subtract more than one term, put in brackets.
• The one after “from” is the original which you must write down first
• Eg: Subtract 5x2 – 10x + 3 from 8x2 + 2x – 9
8x2 + 2x – 9 – (5x2 – 10x + 3)
= 8x2 + 2x – 9 – 5x2 + 10x – 3
= 3x2 + 12x – 12
4
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Angles
1. Rules to remember:
(a) ∠ sum of triangle
x
∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 180o
y z
(b) ext. ∠ of triangle
∠z = ∠x + ∠y
y z
(c) base ∠s of isosceles triangle
x
∠y = ∠z
y z
(d) adj. ∠s on st. line
x ∠x + ∠y = 180o
y
(e) vert. opp. ∠s
y ∠x = ∠y
x
(f) ∠s at a point
x
z ∠x + ∠y + ∠z = 360o
y
5
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
(g) int. ∠s, AB // CD
A B
x
∠x + ∠y = 180o
y
C D
(h) corr. ∠s, AB // CD
A B
x
∠x = ∠y
C D
y
(i) alt. ∠s, AB // CD
A B
x
∠x = ∠y
y
C D
Polygons
1. Formulas to remember:
(a) sum of interior angles: (n – 2) x 180o
(𝑛−2) ×180𝑜
If it is a regular polygon, each interior angle in the polygon = 𝑛
(b) sum of exterior angles: 360o
360𝑜
If it is a regular polygon, each exterior angle in the polygon =
𝑛
2. Common names of polygons:
• pentagon: 5-sided polygon
• hexagon: 6-sided polygon
• heptagon: 7-sided polygon
• octagon: 8-sided polygon
• nonagon: 9-sided polygon
• decagon: 10-sided polygon
6
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Speed
1. Formula involving distance, speed and time:
D where: D is the distance moved by an object
S is the speed of an object
T is the time taken
S T
*remember to check units for speed
2. Average speed = Total distance ÷ Total time
(total time includes the time taken for breaks during the journey)
3. For overtaking question,
Extra distance travelled = extra speed x time taken to catch up
4. For vehicles that are coming from different directions,
Combined distance between the two towns = combined speed x time taken to meet
Percentage
1. Formula for simple interest:
𝑃𝑅𝑇
I= 100
where: I is the simple interest
P is the principal amount of money
R is the interest rate (per annum)
T is the time (in years)
2. Hire purchase: Deposit + Remaining balance + Interest
(total amount paid for the item in the end)
3. Chargeable income = Total income – reliefs
4. Commission: Extra money earned after selling an item
5. Service charge & GST
• Service charge is calculated first before GST is calculated (don’t combine)
• Eg: the meal at a restaurant costs $240 before service charge and GST
110
Count service charge first: 100 × $240 = $264
107
Then count GST: 100 × $264 = $282.48
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒/ 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒/𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
6. Percentage increase/decrease/change = × 100%
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
7
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Exchange rate
1. To solve exchange rate questions, divide the given value by the one with the same
currency in the ratio, then multiply by the opposite currency in the ratio.
• Eg: Given that the rate of exchange between Singapore dollars and Malaysian
Ringgit is S$1 = RM3.0315,
(a) Convert RM 500 to Singapore dollars and round off your answer to 2
decimal places.
500
× 1 = 164.93 (to 2 decimal places)
3.0315
(b) Convert S$250 to Malaysian Ringgit and round off your answer to 2
decimal places.
250
× 3.0315 = 757.88 (to 2 decimal places)
1
Graphs
1. Coordinates on graph: (x , y)
𝑦 −𝑦
2. Formula for gradient: 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1
3. Formula for linear graphs: y = mx + c
where m = gradient
c = y-intercept (point where line cuts y-axis)
4. When graph cuts the x-axis → y = 0
When graph cuts the y-axis → x = 0
5. Graph of x = ____ → vertical line
Graph of y = ____ → horizontal line
6. When drawing graph, remember to:
(a) label x- and y-axis
(b) label point 0
(c) follow scale given in question eg: 1 cm to 1 unit for x-axis (if applicable)
(d) plot in points and draw graph with a sharp pencil
(e) write the name of the graph after drawing
8
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Number patterns
1. Formula for patterns with constant difference:
Tn = dn + (a – d)
where d = constant difference
a = first term in the pattern
2. Formula for patterns with constant second difference:
Tn = an2 + bn + c
where 2a = constant second difference
3a + b = second term in the pattern – first term in the pattern
a + b + c = first term in the pattern
Area & Perimeter
1. Formulas to remember:
Shapes Formula
Area πr 2
Circle
Circumference 2πr or πd
1
Trapezium Area 2
× (sum of parallel sides) × height
1
Triangle Area 2
× base × height
Parallelogram Area base x perpendicular height
base x perpendicular height
Rhombus Area
1
× diagonal of rhombus × other diagonal
2
2. Units conversion:
(a) m2 to cm2: x100 x100
Eg: 23 m2 = 230 000 cm2
(b) cm2 to m2: ÷100÷100
Eg: 450 cm2 = 0.045 m2
9
SECONDARY TWO MATHEMATICS
Mensuration
1. Formulas to remember:
Shapes Formula
volume length x breadth x height
Cuboid
2 x length x breadth + 2 x length x height + 2 x
surface area
breadth x height
volume length x length x length
Cube
surface area 6 squares (6 x length x length)
volume base area x height (πr 2 ℎ)
Cylinder
surface area top & bottom circle + curved area (2πr 2 + 2π𝑟ℎ)
volume cross-sectional area x height of prism
Prism
perimeter of cross-section x height of prism +
surface area
2 x cross-sectional area
*cross-section of prism: the identical shapes opposite to each other
*height of prism: distance between the cross-sections
cross - section
2. Units conversion:
(a) m3 to cm3: x100 x100 x100
Eg: 23 m3 = 23 000 000 cm3
(b) cm3 to m3: ÷100÷100÷100
Eg: 450 cm3 = 0.00045 m3
10