Example

What fraction of natural uranium is 235U?

What are the What equations are What information are What information What information
topics? relevant to this topic? we trying to find? is known? do we need?
𝑀 = ෍ 𝑃𝑖 × 𝑚𝑖
Isotopes 𝑖
P235
% abundance ෍ 𝑃𝑖 = 1
𝑖
 The Periodic Table (Chapter 2.08)
Row #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Element types → Molecule type → Naming the molecule. Important Group (column) Names Important Column Names
1A/1 = 7A/17 =
2A/2 = 8A/18 =
The Mole (Chapter 2.09)
The mole is defined as the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 grams of carbon-12.
Avogadro’s number: NA = 6.022x1023

It’s just a number!

1 mole of _________ contains 6.022x1023 _________
1 mole of _________ contains 6.022x1023 _________

A conversion factor:
amu, the mole, and Molar Mass (Chapter 2.09)
Molar mass is the mass, in grams, of 1 mole (i.e. NA # of objects) of a substance.

Recall: mass of 1 carbon-12 atom is 12 amu

mass of NA carbon-12 atoms is ________ amu

But, from the definition of the mole,

the mass of this sample is ________ g.

Example: What is the molar mass of helium?

4.0026 amu
Example
A 3.11 g penny contains 2.793x1022 Zn atoms.
Find the number of Cu atoms in the penny.
What is known? What do we want?
1. Mass penny # atoms Cu

2. # atoms Zn
 Chemical Formulas for Ionic and Covalent Compounds
(Chapters 2.11 and 2.12)
Ionic Compound
Chemical formula – shorthand representation • Metal + non-metal
giving the number (subscript) of each • Cation + anion
element (symbol) in a compound. • Bond = attraction between
opposite charges
Elements are often listed from most metallic to least • Empirical Formula = lowest
metallic (lower left to upper right). whole number ratio

Covalent Compound Black = Carbon

• Two non-metals White = Hydrogen
• Bond = electrons equally shared Blue = Nitrogen
(more on this in Chapter 4) Red = Oxygen
• Molecular Formula = actual number
of each element in one molecule
Naming Ionic Compounds (Chapters 2.13.1-2.13.3)
Metal + non-metal/polyatomic anion
Monatomic Anion
Examples
Chlorine →
Oxygen →

+ - OR -

Polyatomic anion
Next slide…
name
▪ Total charge of ionic
compounds is zero.
▪ Charge must be included if
>1 charge state possible.
 Polyatomic Ions Oxyanion – element + some # of oxygen atoms
One # of oxygens: -ate ending
(Chapter 2.13.3) Carbon Chromium Phosphorus
Formula Name Formula Name
NH4+ Ammonium CrO42− Chromate
Hg22+ Mercury (I) Cr2O72− Dichromate Two #s of oxygens: -ate (more O’s) or –ite (less O’s) ending
C2H3O2 − Acetate NO2 − Nitrite
CN− Cyanide NO3− Nitrate
Sulfur Nitrogen
OCN− Cyanate OH− Hydroxide
SCN− Thiocyanate O22− Peroxide
CO32− Carbonate PO43− Phosphate Four #s of oxygens: like 2 oxygen #’s but with prefixes
HCO3− Hydrogen Carbonate HPO42− Hydrogen Phosphate
Halogens
ClO− Hypochlorite H2PO4− Dihydrogen Phosphate

ClO2− Chlorite SO32− Sulfite

ClO3− Chlorate HSO3− Hydrogen Sulfite
ClO4− Perchlorate SO42− Sulfate
Hydrogen + oxyanion: add hydrogen or dihydrogen prefix
MnO4− Permanganate HSO4− Hydrogen Sulfate
C2O42− Oxalate
Note: This table is only meant to help memorize oxyanion names that we
will use in this course. It does not represent the real rules for naming
Know name, formula and charge. them, and in fact it does not always work (MnO4−).
Hydrated Ionic Compounds (Chapter 2.13.4)
Hydrate – an ionic compound with a
specific number of water molecules
associated with each unit.
Common Prefixes

mono=1 hexa=6

di=2 hepta=7

tri=3 octa=8

tetra=4 nona=9

penta=5 deca=10

Formula: ionic compound •_____ H2O

CuSO4•5H2O
Name: ionic compound _______ hydrate
Examples
Name Formula Common charges

Calcium phosphate

Tin(IV) phosphide

Lithium peroxide

NaHCO3
• Highlighted have one charge in
ionic compounds.
Cr(IO4)3 • The reason for these common
charges will become clear later.
MgCrO4•5H2O
Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors (Chapter 2.12)
Subscripts in chemical formulas can be used as conversion factors

moles of a compound moles of an element in that compound.

Example: How many moles of nitrogen (N2) are produced when 0.5 moles of TNT (C7H5N3O6)
detonates? Assume N2 is the only product containing nitrogen atoms.

0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶7𝐻5𝑁3𝑂6

Don’t forget about parenthesis or multiple instances of an element in a chemical formula!

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑟 𝐼𝑂4 3 = ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂

Naming Covalent Compounds (Chapter 2.14.1)
Two non-metals

Common Prefixes

mono=1 hexa=6

di=2 hepta=7

tri=3 octa=8

tetra=4 nona=9
Don’t use Leftmost and Drop a/o ending
mono down on if 2nd element is penta=5 deca=10
periodic table oxygen
Examples
Name Formula

Carbon monoxide

Sulfur dioxide

Tetraphosphorus trisulfide

SF6

N2O4

Parenthesis indicate
HCl(g) the state of matter.
Naming Acids – HxA (Chapters 2.14.2-2.14.4)
Acids produce H+ (or hydronium, H3O+) when in H2O. (aq) means in water.
Binary acid: H + one element Name Formula

HF(aq)

H2SO4(aq)

HCN(aq)
Oxyacid: H + polyatomic oxyanion
Oxyanion Oxyanion HIO(aq)
ends with -ate ends with -ite
Hydrosulfuric acid

Phosphoric acid
Alkanes (Chapter 2.14.6)
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon.

Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain all carbon-carbon single bonds.

Linear alkanes have general formula CnH2n+2. (This formula will make sense after chapter 5.06.)

A prefix is used to indicate the longest carbon chain in the compound and
the –ane suffix indicates the molecule is an alkane.

Example: Butane has formula __________ .

In chapter 5.07, we will discuss organic chemistry further, but we will not name anything beyond alkanes.
Other “Common” Names (Chapter 2.14.5)
In addition to the alkanes and polyatomic ions already discussed, there are other covalent
compounds have common names that do not follow the conventional naming scheme.

Formula Name
H2O Water
H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide
NH3 Ammonia
BH3 Borane
NaHCO3 Sodium bicarbonate or baking soda
N2 O Nitrous oxide
NO Nitric oxide
 Molar Mass of Compounds (Chapter 2.15)
The molar mass (M) of a compound is the sum of the masses of all atoms in the formula of the compound.

Example: HC2H3O2

Example: A 2.395 g sample of XCl3 contains 0.03606 moles of Cl. Identify X.

𝑀𝑋𝐶𝑙3 = 𝑀𝑋 + 3 ∙ 𝑀𝐶𝑙
Chapter 3
STOICHIOMETRY
Introduction (Chapters 3.01/3.02)
Chemical Reaction – equation representing the transformation of one species into another
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 → 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠
Stoichiometry – relationship between chemical amounts in a reaction
__H2(g) + __O2(g) → __H2O(l)

ONLY CHANGE COEFFICIENTS – NEVER CHANGE SUBSCRIPTS

Law of Conservation of Mass – matter cannot be created or destroyed
Balancing Chemical Reactions (Chapter 3.02)
Largely Trial and Error
• Leave elements (H2, Al, etc.) until end
• Alternate adding coefficients to product/reactant side
• Can balance polyatomic ions in double displacement reactions (i.e. AX + BY → AY + BX)
• Fractions are okay! (easy to fix)

___𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑞 + ___𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑞 → ___𝐻𝑂𝐻 𝑙 + ___𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞)

H+
SO42-
Na+
OH-
Example
Combustion – reaction with O2
Hydrocarbon + O2→

If different elements are present, there are additional products.

Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hexane (C6H14).