THESIS STATEMENT

Definition: A thesis statement is the controlling idea that you will develop in your paper. This can be found usually at the
end of an introduction. A thesis statement can be one sentence. However, if necessary, it can also be two or three
sentences.
Elements of a Thesis Statement
1. Topic. The topic of your paper.
2. Argument/Claim. This depends on the type of paper you are writing. If it is an argumentative paper, then this should
express your opinion. If it is a research or explanatory paper, this should explain the purpose of your paper.
3. Evidence. The support for your argument/claim.

If you already have these three elements, you can combine them to create your thesis statement.
Example 1: (argumentative)
1. Topic – The Harry Potter book series
2. Argument – stole many fantastical elements from The Lord of the Rings series
3. Evidence – giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures (Dementors and Nazgul), and a wise mentor.
The Harry Potter book series stole many fantastical elements from the Lord of the Rings series. Some of the uncanny
similarities include giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures, and a wise mentor that the hero must learn to
survive without.

Example 2: (Research/explanatory)
1. Topic – Cheese
2. Argument – has healthy tendencies
3. Evidence – calcium helps bones and teeth, boosts the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and the protein helps cells
repair themselves
Research has shown that cheese has healthy tendencies because its calcium provides necessary nutrients for the
growth of bone and teeth, it boosts the growth of food bacteria in the gut, and it has protein that helps cells repair
themselves.

OUTLINE
An outline is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or a article. It arranges a material in a logical way
into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting [Link] main idea or topic is the main topic of the outline. All main
topics are indicated by Roman Numeral. Subtopics are noted by letters and supporting details are indicated by Arabic
Numerals. An outline can be a sentence outline or topic outline. A sentence outline is
written in full sentence while a topic outline is in words or phrases.

Guidelines in Writing an Outline:

1. Place the title at the center above the outline.
2. Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2).
3. Put a period after each numeral and letter.
4. Indent each new level of the outline.
5. All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each other.
6. Capitalize the first letter of each item.
7. The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They are not topics; they are
merely organizational units in the writer’s mind.

Example
Benjamin Franklin – Scientist and Inventor
I. Experiments with Electricity
A. Studied nature of Electricity
B. Discovered Lightning Equals Electricity
C. Invented Lightning Rod

II. Other Scientific Work A. Inventions

1. Bifocal Glasses
2. Franklin Stove
3. Daylight Saving Time

B. Scientific Studies
1. Charted Gulf Stream
2. Worked on Soil Improvement

III. Importance as a Scientist

A. Scientific Honors
B. Writing Translated into Other Languages
C. Experts’ Comments
Guidelines in Writing an Outline:
1. Place the title at the center above the outline.
2. Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2).
3. Put a period after each numeral and letter.
4. Indent each new level of the outline.
5. All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each other.
6. Capitalize the first letter of each item.
7. The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They are not topics; they are
merely organizational units in the writer’s mind.

Example
Benjamin Franklin – Scientist and Inventor
I. Experiments with Electricity
A. Studied nature of Electricity
B. Discovered Lightning Equals Electricity
C. Invented Lightning Rod

II. Other Scientific Work A. Inventions

1. Bifocal Glasses
2. Franklin Stove
3. Daylight Saving Time

B. Scientific Studies
1. Charted Gulf Stream
2. Worked on Soil Improvement

III. Importance as a Scientist

A. Scientific Honors
B. Writing Translated into Other Languages
C. Experts’ Comments

THESIS STATEMENT
Definition: A thesis statement is the controlling idea that you will develop in your paper. This can be found usually at the
end of an introduction. A thesis statement can be one sentence. However, if necessary, it can also be two or three
sentences.
Elements of a Thesis Statement
1. Topic. The topic of your paper.
2. Argument/Claim. This depends on the type of paper you are writing. If it is an argumentative paper, then this should
express your opinion. If it is a research or explanatory paper, this should explain the purpose of your paper.
3. Evidence. The support for your argument/claim.

If you already have these three elements, you can combine them to create your thesis statement.
Example 1: (argumentative)
1. Topic – The Harry Potter book series
2. Argument – stole many fantastical elements from The Lord of the Rings series
3. Evidence – giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures (Dementors and Nazgul), and a wise mentor.
The Harry Potter book series stole many fantastical elements from the Lord of the Rings series. Some of the uncanny
similarities include giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures, and a wise mentor that the hero must learn to
survive without.

Example 2: (Research/explanatory)
1. Topic – Cheese
2. Argument – has healthy tendencies
3. Evidence – calcium helps bones and teeth, boosts the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and the protein helps cells
repair themselves
Research has shown that cheese has healthy tendencies because its calcium provides necessary nutrients for the
growth of bone and teeth, it boosts the growth of food bacteria in the gut, and it has protein that helps cells repair
themselves.

OUTLINE
An outline is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or a article. It arranges a material in a logical way
into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting [Link] main idea or topic is the main topic of the outline. All main
topics are indicated by Roman Numeral. Subtopics are noted by letters and supporting details are indicated by Arabic
Numerals. An outline can be a sentence outline or topic outline. A sentence outline is
written in full sentence while a topic outline is in words or phrases.
Direction: Read the short passage below and do the instructions that follow.
The Psychology of Fame
Until the beginning of the 1990s western psychologists had not systematically studied the human desire to be famous.
However, in the few years up to this time, the amount of celebrity news in the media had been increasing dramatically.
Scientists at various US universities then started to investigate the reasons why some humans seem to be driven to become
famous, while others have no interest in attracting the limelight. Extensive research with people from different cultures led to
the conclusion that people who desire fame are not the same people who want to be rich. The former group may have some
desires for social acceptance based on previous experiences in their lives.
It seems that many of these people used to find it difficult to make friends when they were younger, or they didn’t use to
receive praise or recognition from their parents. The psychologists believe that it is likely that these people would often
demand attention from others as teenagers and this desire has remained in adulthood and is now expressed as a longing to
be famous. Conversely, those who want to be rich are much more focused on the future than the past; in contrast to the former
group, the study found that many of this group had learned from their parents that success is generated by hard work and that
their friends and family had always encouraged them to strive for the best in life. These conclusions suggest that there is a link
between our upbringing and how we measure success.

Fill out the topic outline based on the short passage The Psychology of Fame, choices are provided below.
Thesis Statement: ____________________________________________________________________________
I._________________________________________ A.
A. ________________________________________ _______________________________________
B. ________________________________________ B.
C. ________________________________________ ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________ C.
_______________________________________
II. ________________________________________

Select your answer from the following choices.

● People who desires to be famous
● Learned from their parents about success
● Scientists investigate the reasons why some humans want to be famous while some wants to be rich.
● Difficult to make friends when they were younger
● Friends and family encouraged them
● Demand attention from others
● People who want to be rich
● Didn’t use to receive praise or recognition from their parents
● Focused on the future than the past
● Desire for social acceptance

Direction: Read the short passage below and do the instructions that follow.
The Psychology of Fame
Until the beginning of the 1990s western psychologists had not systematically studied the human desire to be famous.
However, in the few years up to this time, the amount of celebrity news in the media had been increasing dramatically.
Scientists at various US universities then started to investigate the reasons why some humans seem to be driven to become
famous, while others have no interest in attracting the limelight. Extensive research with people from different cultures led to
the conclusion that people who desire fame are not the same people who want to be rich. The former group may have some
desires for social acceptance based on previous experiences in their lives.
It seems that many of these people used to find it difficult to make friends when they were younger, or they didn’t use to
receive praise or recognition from their parents. The psychologists believe that it is likely that these people would often
demand attention from others as teenagers and this desire has remained in adulthood and is now expressed as a longing to
be famous. Conversely, those who want to be rich are much more focused on the future than the past; in contrast to the former
group, the study found that many of this group had learned from their parents that success is generated by hard work and that
their friends and family had always encouraged them to strive for the best in life. These conclusions suggest that there is a link
between our upbringing and how we measure success.

Fill out the topic outline based on the short passage The Psychology of Fame, choices are provided below.
Thesis Statement: ____________________________________________________________________________
I. _____________________________________________ A.
A. ________________________________________ _______________________________________
B. ________________________________________ B.
C. ________________________________________ ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________ C.
_______________________________________
II. ________________________________________

Select your answer from the following choices.

● People who desires to be famous
● Learned from their parents about success
● Scientists investigate the reasons why some humans want to be famous while some wants to be rich.
● Difficult to make friends when they were younger
● Friends and family encouraged them
● Demand attention from others
● People who want to be rich
● Didn’t use to receive praise or recognition from their parents
● Focused on the future than the past
● Desire for social acceptance
Identify the thesis statement in each of the following text. Write you answers on a separate sheet.

1. Psychologists have argued for decades about how a person’s character is formed. Numerous psychologists believe
that one’s birth order (i.e. place in the family as the youngest, oldest, or middle child) has the greatest influence. I believe
birth order can have a significant impact in the formation of a child’s character based on my own experience growing up
in a family of four children. Birth order can strongly affect one’s relationship with parents, relationships with others, and
how one views responsibility as an adult.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. One sign of pregnancy is nausea upon awakening. Other signs are increase in size and tenderness of the breasts.
Still other signs include increase in the frequency of urination and an increase in the size of the abdomen. Thus, aside
from pregnancy tests, a woman can sometimes recognize the early signs and symptoms of pregnancy.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Identify the thesis statement in each of the following text. Write you answers on a separate sheet.

1. Psychologists have argued for decades about how a person’s character is formed. Numerous psychologists believe
that one’s birth order (i.e. place in the family as the youngest, oldest, or middle child) has the greatest influence. I believe
birth order can have a significant impact in the formation of a child’s character based on my own experience growing up
in a family of four children. Birth order can strongly affect one’s relationship with parents, relationships with others, and
how one views responsibility as an adult.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. One sign of pregnancy is nausea upon awakening. Other signs are increase in size and tenderness of the breasts.
Still other signs include increase in the frequency of urination and an increase in the size of the abdomen. Thus, aside
from pregnancy tests, a woman can sometimes recognize the early signs and symptoms of pregnancy.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
THESIS STATEMENT

Definition: A thesis statement is the controlling idea that you will develop in your paper. This can be found
usually at the end of an introduction. A thesis statement can be one sentence. However, if necessary, it can
also be two or three sentences.
Elements of a Thesis Statement
1. Topic. The topic of your paper.
2. Argument/Claim. This depends on the type of paper you are writing. If it is an argumentative paper, then
this should express your opinion. If it is a research or explanatory paper, this should explain the purpose of
your paper.
3. Evidence. The support for your argument/claim.

If you already have these three elements, you can combine them to create your thesis statement.
Example 1: (argumentative)
1. Topic – The Harry Potter book series
2. Argument – stole many fantastical elements from The Lord of the Rings series
3. Evidence – giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures (Dementors and Nazgul), and a wise
mentor.
The Harry Potter book series stole many fantastical elements from the Lord of the Rings series. Some of the
uncanny similarities include giant spiders, dangerous hooded undead creatures, and a wise mentor that the
hero must learn to survive without.

Example 2: (Research/explanatory)
1. Topic – Cheese
2. Argument – has healthy tendencies
3. Evidence – calcium helps bones and teeth, boosts the growth of good bacteria in the gut, and the protein
helps cells repair themselves
Research has shown that cheese has healthy tendencies because its calcium provides necessary nutrients
for the growth of bone and teeth, it boosts the growth of food bacteria in the gut, and it has protein that helps
cells repair themselves.

OUTLINE
An outline is a design to follow when writing a structure, a discourse, or a article. It arranges a material in a
logical way into main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting details. The main idea or topic is the main topic
of the outline. All main topics are indicated by Roman Numeral. Subtopics are noted by letters and supporting
details are indicated by Arabic Numerals. An outline can be a sentence outline or topic outline. A sentence
outline is
written in full sentence while a topic outline is in words or phrases.

Guidelines in Writing an Outline:

1. Place the title at the center above the outline.
2. Every level of the outline must have at least two items (I and II, A and B, 1 and 2).
3. Put a period after each numeral and letter.
4. Indent each new level of the outline.
5. All items of one kind (roman numerals, capital letters, Arabic numerals) should line up with each other.
6. Capitalize the first letter of each item.
7. The terms Introduction, Body, and Conclusion do not have to be included in the outline. They are not
topics; they are merely organizational units in the writer’s mind.

Example
Benjamin Franklin – Scientist and Inventor
I. Experiments with Electricity
A. Studied nature of Electricity
B. Discovered Lightning Equals Electricity
C. Invented Lightning Rod

II. Other Scientific Work A. Inventions

1. Bifocal Glasses
2. Franklin Stove
3. Daylight Saving Time

B. Scientific Studies
1. Charted Gulf Stream
2. Worked on Soil Improvement
III. Importance as a Scientist
A. Scientific Honors
B. Writing Translated into Other Languages
C. Experts’ Comments
ACTIVITIES: WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON A YELLOW PAPER (WHOLE)
I. Direction: Read the short passage below and do the instructions that follow.

The Psychology of Fame

Until the beginning of the 1990s western psychologists had not systematically studied the human desire to be famous.
However, in the few years up to this time, the amount of celebrity news in the media had been increasing dramatically.
Scientists at various US universities then started to investigate the reasons why some humans seem to be driven to
become famous, while others have no interest in attracting the limelight. Extensive research with people from different
cultures led to the conclusion that people who desire fame are not the same people who want to be rich. The former
group may have some desires for social acceptance based on previous experiences in their lives.
It seems that many of these people used to find it difficult to make friends when they were younger, or they didn’t use to
receive praise or recognition from their parents. The psychologists believe that it is likely that these people would often
demand attention from others as teenagers and this desire has remained in adulthood and is now expressed as a
longing to be famous. Conversely, those who want to be rich are much more focused on the future than the past; in
contrast to the former group, the study found that many of this group had learned from their parents that success is
generated by hard work and that their friends and family had always encouraged them to strive for the best in life. These
conclusions suggest that there is a link between our upbringing and how we measure success.

Fill out the topic outline based on the short passage The Psychology of Fame, choices are provided below.

Thesis Statement: ____________________________________________________________________________

I. _____________________________________________
A. ________________________________________
B. ________________________________________
C. ________________________________________
D. ________________________________________

II. ________________________________________
A. _______________________________________
B. ________________________________________
C. _______________________________________

Select your answer from the following choices.

● People who desires to be famous
● Learned from their parents about success
● Scientists investigate the reasons why some humans want to be famous while some wants to be rich.
● Difficult to make friends when they were younger
● Friends and family encouraged them
● Demand attention from others
● People who want to be rich
● Didn’t use to receive praise or recognition from their parents
● Focused on the future than the past
● Desire for social acceptance

II. Identify the thesis statement in each of the following text. Write you answers on a separate sheet.

1. Psychologists have argued for decades about how a person’s character is formed. Numerous psychologists believe
that one’s birth order (i.e. place in the family as the youngest, oldest, or middle child) has the greatest influence. I believe
birth order can have a significant impact in the formation of a child’s character based on my own experience growing up
in a family of four children. Birth order can strongly affect one’s relationship with parents, relationships with others, and
how one views responsibility as an adult.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2. One sign of pregnancy is nausea upon awakening. Other signs are increase in size and tenderness of the breasts.
Still other signs include increase in the frequency of urination and an increase in the size of the abdomen. Thus, aside
from pregnancy tests, a woman can sometimes recognize the early signs and symptoms of pregnancy.

Thesis Statement:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

English for Academic

and Professional
Purposes

Quarter 1 - Module 1:
Reading Academic
Texts
English for Academic
and Professional
Purposes

Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Thesis Statement and
Outline Reading Text
ACTIVITIES: WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON A YELLOW PAPER (WHOLE)
I. Instruction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if is not.
1. Students who master academic language are more likely to be successful in academic and professional settings.
2. An academic text makes use of complex jargons to promote a higher level of comprehension.
3. Academic text uses words which tones up claims expressing certainty.
4. Both academic and non-academic texts can be used to inform.
5. The language used in academic texts should be conversational.
6. In reading an academic text, it helps acquire new information.
7. An academic text needs less concentration and focus because the terms are simple.
8. It is in academic text that issues are stated to provoke information discussion.
9. A magazine is an academic text.
10. Academic language should be objective, precise, impersonal and formal.

II. Direction: Match the informal vocabulary in the list below with the more appropriate formal options from the box.

1. Go over - ______________________________ 6. A lot of - _________________________________

2. Show - ______________________________ 7. A bit - ________________________________
3. Begin - _____________________________ _ 8. Fix - _________________________________
4. Good - ______________________________ 9. Make sure - ________________________________
5. Look at- ______________________________ 10. Quite good-______________________________

III. Identify the text structure based on the given statement.

_________1. This text structure is “how are things in the text similar or different.”
_________2. The text structure that discusses what is specifically being described.
_________3. The text structure that is written in a style that tells what happened ang why it happens.
_________4. This text structure tells what the conflict is, or problem, and how it was solved.
_________5. The text structure that shows events taking place over time or gives steps is…
_________6. “Similar, same, alike, both, on the other hand, instead” are signal words for…
_________7. Before putting the model car together, we gathered our supplies. Then we were able to read and follow the
directions. Before long, our car was done.
_________8. Which type of text structure answers the question of what happened and why?
_________9. Which type of text structure shows how two or more things are alike and different?
_________10. The sentence structure that narrates a story.

IV. Direction: Read the passages and determine what sentence structure is used. Choose your answer from the list of
words below. Write only the letter of your choice.
a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at
Milton. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in
volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor, or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What
text structure is this?

_____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may
fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If
you’re not in class, you may miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter. What text structure is this?

_____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for
restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our
lawns and let the grass grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and
fertilizers. The chemicals kill the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using
fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads. What text structure is this?

_____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant
stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was
hoping that she would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for
the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the
Olympic finals. What text structure is this?

_____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift
shop, and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The
top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

A. Give the meaning of the following text structures:

a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

B. DIRECTION: Read each passage carefully and identify the text structure used. Choose your answer from the options
below. Write only the letter of your chosen structure, and provide a one-sentence explanation to support your answer.
Text Structures:
a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at
Milton. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in
volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor, or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What
text structure is this?

_____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may
fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If
you’re not in class, you may miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter. What text structure is this?

_____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for
restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our
lawns and let the grass grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and
fertilizers. The chemicals kill the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using
fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads. What text structure is this?

_____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant
stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was
hoping that she would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for
the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the
Olympic finals. What text structure is this?

_____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift
shop, and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The
top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

_____6. In the northern Philippines, rice terraces stretch across mountains like emerald steps. Each terrace is carefully
carved by hand and passed down through generations. The water used for irrigation flows naturally from mountain
streams.

_____7. To improve student reading scores, the school added a daily reading period and provided free books. Teachers
also received training on how to teach comprehension strategies. As a result, scores rose significantly within one
semester.

_____8. Last school year, Ana struggled with confidence in public speaking. She joined the Book Lovers Club, where
she practiced reading aloud and presenting book reviews. By the end of the year, she spoke confidently during the
school assembly.

_____9. Planting native trees helps reduce flooding, as their roots hold soil in place. It also attracts wildlife and improves
air quality. By focusing on reforestation, communities can create healthier environments and protect biodiversity.

_____10. Like the sun and moon, Filipino proverbs often revolve around nature and everyday life. However, while
Japanese proverbs often emphasize silence and restraint, Filipino sayings tend to value humor and resilience.

11. When we compare traditional Filipino weaving and embroidery, we see that both showcase intricate designs passed
down through generations. However, embroidery is typically done on textiles with needles and thread, while weaving
uses looms and dyed fibers.

12. Every January, the town of Kalibo comes alive with the Ati-Atihan Festival. First, residents paint their faces and dress
in tribal costumes. Then, parades fill the streets with dancing, music, and chanting. Finally, tourists join the celebration to
honor the Santo Niño.
13. Because of increased deforestation, many wild animals are losing their homes. When trees are cut down, it destroys
habitats and forces animals to migrate or perish. Environmentalists now warn about the long-term impact on biodiversity.

14. The Mabini Shrine is a quiet place filled with old photographs, books, and artifacts from the life of Apolinario Mabini.
Visitors often feel a sense of reverence as they explore the preserved rooms where Mabini once studied and wrote.

15. Overcoming poverty in rural communities is difficult. However, with access to education and farming support, families
can build more secure livelihoods. Government programs that offer scholarships and sustainable farming training have
proven effective.

_____7. To improve student reading scores, the school added a daily reading period and provided free books. Teachers
also received training on how to teach comprehension strategies. As a result, scores rose significantly within one
semester.

_____8. Last school year, Ana struggled with confidence in public speaking. She joined the Book Lovers Club, where
she practiced reading aloud and presenting book reviews. By the end of the year, she spoke confidently during the
school assembly.

_____9. Planting native trees helps reduce flooding, as their roots hold soil in place. It also attracts wildlife and improves
air quality. By focusing on reforestation, communities can create healthier environments and protect biodiversity.

_____10. Like the sun and moon, Filipino proverbs often revolve around nature and everyday life. However, while
Japanese proverbs often emphasize silence and restraint, Filipino sayings tend to value humor and resilience.

11. When we compare traditional Filipino weaving and embroidery, we see that both showcase intricate designs passed
down through generations. However, embroidery is typically done on textiles with needles and thread, while weaving
uses looms and dyed fibers.

12. Every January, the town of Kalibo comes alive with the Ati-Atihan Festival. First, residents paint their faces and dress
in tribal costumes. Then, parades fill the streets with dancing, music, and chanting. Finally, tourists join the celebration to
honor the Santo Niño.

13. Because of increased deforestation, many wild animals are losing their homes. When trees are cut down, it destroys
habitats and forces animals to migrate or perish. Environmentalists now warn about the long-term impact on biodiversity.

14. The Mabini Shrine is a quiet place filled with old photographs, books, and artifacts from the life of Apolinario Mabini.
Visitors often feel a sense of reverence as they explore the preserved rooms where Mabini once studied and wrote.

15. Overcoming poverty in rural communities is difficult. However, with access to education and farming support, families
can build more secure livelihoods. Government programs that offer scholarships and sustainable farming training have
proven effective.

A. Give the meaning of the following text structures:

a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

B. DIRECTION: Read each passage carefully and identify the text structure used. Choose your answer from the options
below. Write only the letter of your chosen structure, and provide a one-sentence explanation to support your answer.
Text Structures:
a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at
Milton. Also, each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in
volleyball, the ball cannot touch the floor, or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What
text structure is this?

_____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may
fail because they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If
you’re not in class, you may miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter. What text structure is this?

_____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for
restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our
lawns and let the grass grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and
fertilizers. The chemicals kill the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using
fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the toads. What text structure is this?
_____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant
stadium and received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was
hoping that she would be able to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for
the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul, South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the
Olympic finals. What text structure is this?

_____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift
shop, and a restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The
top section of the tower includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

_____6. In the northern Philippines, rice terraces stretch across mountains like emerald steps. Each terrace is carefully
carved by hand and passed down through generations. The water used for irrigation flows naturally from mountain
streams.
DIRECTION: Read each passage carefully and identify the text structure used. Choose your answer from the options below. Write
only the letter of your chosen structure, and provide a one-sentence explanation to support your answer.
Text Structures:
a. Narrative b. Chronological/Sequence c. Cause-Effect
d. Descriptive e. Problem-Solution f. Compare-Contrast

______1. There are two popular sports played at Milton, basketball, and volleyball. Both take place inside of the gym at Milton. Also,
each sport has two teams of people. In basketball, however, the ball can be played off of the floor, and in volleyball, the ball cannot
touch the floor, or it is out of play. Basketball and volleyball are popular sports at Milton. What text structure is this?

_____2. Lots of students fail classes. Some students fail because the work is too hard for them. Other times they may fail because
they are lazy, and don’t do any work. Another reason why students may fail is if they don’t go to school. If you’re not in class, you may
miss a lot. Many students fail classes every quarter. What text structure is this?

_____3. Dr. Knapp doesn’t want people to sit back and let the toad vanish. He believes that everyone is responsible for
restoring the toad species. Dr. Knapp thinks we could help restore the toad population if we stop mowing parts of our lawns and let
the grass grow wild to reserve space for the toad. He also believes we need to stop using pesticides and fertilizers. The chemicals kill
the insects that toads eat. If we preserve some spaces in our lawns and stop using fertilizers, Dr. Knapp believes we can save the
toads. What text structure is this?

_____4. Devers experienced the highlight of any sprinter’s career, as she stood on the huge platform in the giant stadium and
received an Olympic gold medal. Eighteen months earlier she wasn’t thinking about running. She was hoping that she would be able
to walk again. Just four years earlier, in the summer of 1988, as Devers was training for the Olympic Games, to be held in Seoul,
South Korea, she began to feel very tired all the time and failed to make the Olympic finals. What text structure is this?

_____5 The Eiffel Tower is divided into three sections. I. The lowest section of the tower contains the entrance, a gift shop, and a
restaurant. II. The middle section of the tower consists of stairs and elevators that lead to the top. III. The top section of the tower
includes an observation deck with a spectacular view of Paris.

1. f. Compare-Contrast
o The passage highlights the similarities and differences between basketball and volleyball.
2. c. Cause-Effect
o It explains various causes why students fail classes and the result of those reasons.
3. e. Problem-Solution
o Dr. Knapp presents a problem (the disappearing toads) and offers multiple solutions to address it.
4. b. Chronological/Sequence
o It recounts events in Devers' life in the order they happened, showing progression over time.
5. d. Descriptive
 This passage describes the Eiffel Tower’s sections without showing events or comparing ideas.

6. In the northern Philippines, rice terraces stretch across mountains like emerald steps. Each terrace is carefully carved by hand and
passed down through generations. The water used for irrigation flows naturally from mountain streams.
Answer: d. Descriptive
This passage paints a vivid picture of the rice terraces without describing any events or problems.
7. To improve student reading scores, the school added a daily reading period and provided free books. Teachers also received
training on how to teach comprehension strategies. As a result, scores rose significantly within one semester.
Answer: c. Cause-Effect
It explains actions taken to improve scores and their resulting outcome.
8. Last school year, Ana struggled with confidence in public speaking. She joined the Book Lovers Club, where she practiced reading
aloud and presenting book reviews. By the end of the year, she spoke confidently during the school assembly.
Answer: a. Narrative
This tells a story of Ana’s growth over time, with a beginning, middle, and end.
9. Planting native trees helps reduce flooding, as their roots hold soil in place. It also attracts wildlife and improves air quality. By
focusing on reforestation, communities can create healthier environments and protect biodiversity.
Answer: e. Problem-Solution
The passage presents flooding and environmental degradation as problems, and tree-planting as the solution.
10. Like the sun and moon, Filipino proverbs often revolve around nature and everyday life. However, while Japanese proverbs often
emphasize silence and restraint, Filipino sayings tend to value humor and resilience.
Answer: f. Compare-Contrast
It compares cultural themes found in Filipino and Japanese proverbs.

11. When we compare traditional Filipino weaving and embroidery, we see that both showcase intricate designs passed down through
generations. However, embroidery is typically done on textiles with needles and thread, while weaving uses looms and dyed fibers.
Answer: f. Compare-Contrast
The passage explains similarities and differences between two Filipino art forms.
12. Every January, the town of Kalibo comes alive with the Ati-Atihan Festival. First, residents paint their faces and dress in tribal
costumes. Then, parades fill the streets with dancing, music, and chanting. Finally, tourists join the celebration to honor the Santo
Niño.
Answer: b. Chronological/Sequence
It describes events that occur in the order they happen during a festival.
13. Because of increased deforestation, many wild animals are losing their homes. When trees are cut down, it destroys habitats and
forces animals to migrate or perish. Environmentalists now warn about the long-term impact on biodiversity.
Answer: c. Cause-Effect
The passage shows what happens when forests are removed and the results that follow.
14. The Mabini Shrine is a quiet place filled with old photographs, books, and artifacts from the life of Apolinario Mabini. Visitors often
feel a sense of reverence as they explore the preserved rooms where Mabini once studied and wrote.
Answer: d. Descriptive
It paints a detailed picture of the Mabini Shrine and its atmosphere.
15. Overcoming poverty in rural communities is difficult. However, with access to education and farming support, families can build
more secure livelihoods. Government programs that offer scholarships and sustainable farming training have proven effective.
Answer: e. Problem-Solution
The passage presents poverty as the problem and education/farming support as the solution.