🌍 EARTH & WEATHER
1. Atmosphere
Meaning:
The atmosphere is the blanket of air around the
Earth.
Why it is important:
● It gives us air to breathe
● It protects Earth from harmful sunlight
● It helps control weather and temperature
Simple example:
Just like a jacket keeps you warm, the atmosphere
keeps Earth safe.
2. Troposphere
Meaning:
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the
atmosphere.
What happens here:
● Clouds form
● Rain falls
● Wind blows
● Planes fly
Simple example:
All the weather we see happens in the troposphere.
3. Evaporation
Meaning:
Evaporation happens when water is heated and
changes into gas (water vapor).
Important idea:
● Heat causes evaporation
Simple example:
Wet clothes dry faster under the sun because water
evaporates into the air.
4. Condensation
Meaning:
Condensation happens when water vapor cools and
turns back into tiny water drops.
Important idea:
● Cooling causes condensation
Simple example:
Water droplets forming on a cold glass is condensation.
5. Precipitation
Meaning:
Precipitation is water that falls from clouds.
Types:
● Rain
● Snow
● Hail
Simple example:
When clouds get heavy, water falls as rain.
6. Axis
Meaning:
The axis is an imaginary line that Earth spins around.
Why it is important:
Earth spinning on its axis causes day and night.
Simple example:
Like a spinning top, Earth spins on its axis.
7. Orbit
Meaning:
An orbit is the path an object follows around
another object.
Example:
Earth orbits the Sun.
8. Equator
Meaning:
The equator is an imaginary line around the middle of
Earth.
Important idea:
It divides Earth into the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres.
🧪 MATTER & CHANGES
9. Matter
Meaning:
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up
space.
Examples:
Chair, air, water, pencil
10. Weight
Meaning:
Weight tells how heavy something is because of
gravity.
Simple example:
You weigh less on the Moon because gravity is weaker.
11. Atom
Meaning:
An atom is the smallest part of matter.
Important idea:
Everything is made of atoms.
12. Solid
Meaning:
A solid has a fixed shape and fixed volume.
Examples:
Book, rock, chair
13. Liquid
Meaning:
A liquid has a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
Examples:
Water, juice, milk
14. Gas
Meaning:
A gas has no fixed shape and no fixed volume.
Examples:
Air, oxygen
15. Density
Meaning:
Density tells how close particles are packed
together.
Simple example:
A rock sinks in water because it is more dense.
16. Element
Meaning:
An element is made of only one kind of atom.
Examples:
Oxygen, hydrogen, gold
17. Nucleus
Meaning:
The nucleus is the center of an atom.
Important idea:
Protons and neutrons are found here.
18. Physical Change
Meaning:
A physical change changes only how something looks,
not what it is.
Examples:
Cutting paper, melting ice
19. Chemical Change
Meaning:
A chemical change makes a new substance.
Examples:
Burning paper, rusting iron
20. Combustibility
Meaning:
Combustibility means how easily something burns.
21. Reactivity
Meaning:
Reactivity means how easily something reacts with
other substances.
⚡ ENERGY
22. Energy
Meaning:
Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
23. Kinetic Energy
Meaning:
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
Examples:
Moving car, running child
24. Potential Energy
Meaning:
Potential energy is stored energy.
Examples:
Book on a shelf, ball at the top of a hill
25. Solar Energy
Meaning:
Energy that comes from the Sun.
26. Geothermal Energy
Meaning:
Energy that comes from heat inside the Earth.
27. Hydroelectric Energy
Meaning:
Energy made from moving water.
🌱 ENVIRONMENT & ELECTRICITY
28. Resource
Meaning:
A resource is something we use to survive.
Examples:
Water, food, trees
29. Conservation
Meaning:
Conservation means using less to save resources.
Examples:
Turning off lights, saving water
30. Pollution
Meaning:
Pollution is harmful waste added to the
environment.
31. Electricity
Meaning:
Electricity is energy from moving electrons.
32. Static Electricity
Meaning:
Electricity that stays in one place.
Example:
Balloon sticking to hair
33. Current Electricity
Meaning:
Electricity that flows continuously.
Example:
Electric fan working
34. Conductor
Meaning:
A conductor allows electricity to flow.
Examples:
Copper, aluminum
35. Insulator
Meaning:
An insulator blocks electricity.
Examples:
Rubber, plastic
🌙 MOON PHASES
● Waxing → Moon looks bigger
● Waning → Moon looks smaller
👉 Waxing = Growing | Waning = Shrinking
⚛️ ATOM vs MOLECULE
● Atom → Smallest unit of matter
● Molecule → Two or more atoms joined
Example:
Water (H₂O) is a molecule.
📊 PERIODIC TABLE
A chart that organizes all elements.
Each box shows:
● Atomic number
● Chemical symbol
● Element name
🔊 SOUND & 💡 LIGHT
Why no sound in space?
Sound needs air. Space has no air, so sound cannot
travel.
Why carpet makes a room quieter?
Carpet absorbs sound vibrations.
Materials
● Transparent: light passes clearly (glass, water)
● Translucent: some light passes (frosted glass)
🔍 LENSES
Concave Lens
● Thin in the middle
● Thick at the edges
Convex Lens
● Thick in the middle
● Thin at the edges