FOUNDATIONS ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

OF
ENGINEERING
UNIT-IV
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Course code and Title :

 LEARNING OUTCOMES

After completion of this unit the student will be able to

• list the characteristics of an ideal Op Amp (L1).

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

• design the Inverting and Noninverting configurations
of Op-Amp(L2).
• construct a single Op-amp difference amplifier (L3).
• List several applications of op amps.
MODULE 4 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS:

The Ideal Op-amp, The Inverting Configuration,

The closed loop gain, Effect of Finite open-loop
gain, The Non inverting Configuration, The

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

closed loop gain, Characteristics of Non-Inverting
Configuration, Difference amplifiers, A Single
Op-amp difference amplifier. Adders, subtractors,
integrators, differentiators, filter circuits using
Op amps
CONTENTS

Introduction
Ideal OP-AMP
Inverting Configuration

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Non-inverting Configuration
Voltage follower
Adder or Summing Amplifier
Subtractor or Difference Amplifier
Difference amplifiers(Single Op-amp & two Op-amps)
Op-amp as Integrator
Op-amp as Differentiator
Applications of OP-AMP
INTRODUCTION

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

An operational amplifier is an Amplifier which amplifies
the signal and member of Linear integrated circuits.
It is a high gain, negative feedback amplifier.
It can perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, integration and differentiation.
It is used in voltage regulators, oscillator circuits, pulse
generators, comparators, Analog to Digital and Digital to
Analog converters, analog computers etc.
It is popularly known as OP-AMP.
It can amplify both d.c and a.c input signals.
OP-AMP SYMBOL

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

(+) or ‘b’ is non-inverting terminal
(-) or ‘a’ is inverting terminal
‘a’ and ‘b’ input terminals
‘c’ output terminals
Positive voltage input V2 is applied to terminal ‘b’ and negative
voltage input V1 is applied to terminal ‘a’.
Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2-V1)
where A is the open loop gain of the amplifier
THE IDEAL OP-AMP (INVERTING)

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (0-V1) = -AV1
THE IDEAL OP-AMP (NON INVERTING)

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Output voltage V0 = A(Vid) = A (V2 - 0) = AV2
THE IDEAL OP-AMP: EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Equivalent circuit is helpful in analyzing the operating
principle of OP-AMP and in observing effects of feedback.
Ri is the input resistance appearing between inverting and
non-inverting terminals.
R0 is the output resistance which is Thevenin equivalent
resistance looking back from output terminals of OP-AMP.
‘AVid’ is the equivalent Thevenin voltage source.
THE IDEAL OP-AMP: CHARACTERISTICS

Ideal OP-AMP has following characteristics:

An infinite voltage gain. i.e. A =
An infinite bandwidth. i.e., any frequency signal ranging 0 to

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Hz can be amplified without any distortion.
Infinite input resistance. i.e., Ri = . Hence, input current is
zero and no loading effect. OP-AMP is a voltage-controlled
device.
Zero output resistance. i.e., R0 = 0. Hence, V0 is independent of
the output resistance.
When input signal voltage is zero, the output signal will also be
zero.
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR)is infinite.
Infinite slew rate. i.e., change in output voltage occurs
simultaneously with the input voltage changes.
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
THE IDEAL OP-AMP: CHARACTERISTICS
THE IDEAL OP-AMP: TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Voltage transfer characteristic curve is drawn between input
(Vid) and output (V0) voltages.
Saturation of output voltage takes place once the differential
input voltage ‘Vid’ reaches a threshold voltage ‘Vth’.
The saturation voltage is approximately equal to supply voltage
for all practical considerations.
Slope of the curve represents the gain ‘A’.
THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: OPEN LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Figure shows basic inverting amplifier with feedback resistance Rf . In
this mode positive input terminal is grounded and the signal is applied
to the negative terminal.
V1 may be a d.c. or a.c. voltage signal with in the bandwidth of
amplifier.
Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal through
feedback resistance Rf .
The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
The point G, although not connected to ground, but is held virtually at
ground potential irrespective of V1 and V0.
THE INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND
THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: OPEN LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

Figure shows basic non-inverting amplifier with feedback
resistance Rf . In this mode negative input terminal is grounded
through R1and the signal is applied to the positive terminal.
Output signal is fed back to the inverting input terminal through
feedback resistance Rf .
The potential of point G, Vi= V+= V2
The feedback current is algebraically added point G.
Voltage across R1 is equal to V2 and Rf is (V0 –V2).
THE NON-INVERTING CONFIGURATION: CLOSED LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

In this circuit Rf = 1,
V0 = V i = V 2
Voltage gain Av = 1.
Output voltage is equal and in phase with the input and
the OP-AMP circuit acts as a voltage follower.
It is also called as source follower, isolating amplifier
and buffer amplifier.
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
ADDER OR SUMMING AMPLIFIER:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: OPEN LOOP

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between
two voltages V1 and V2 applied at both input terminals.
Their amplified difference appears at the output
terminal.
V0 = A(V2-V1)
SUBTRACTOR OR DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER WITH TWO
OP-AMPS

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

SINGLE OP-AMP DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

It is a combination of inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers.
To calculate output voltage super position theorem is
applied.
Vout is equal to sum of the individual responses of Vin1
and Vin2.
i.e Vout = Vout1 + Vout2
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS: CLOSED LOOP
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
INTEGRATOR
 Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE
DIFFERENTIATOR
LOW PASS FILTER
HIGH PASS FILTER
 Applications of OP-AMP

1) Wave form Convertor

2) Oscillator
3) Active Filter
4) Voltage Comparator
5) Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC) & Digital to Analog Convertor (DAC)

Course code and Title : EECE1001-BEEE

6) Integrator
7) Differentiator
8) Voltage follower
9) Adder
10) Subtractor