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Radiation Properties of a Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide

with Box-type Termination

Article in AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications · December 2001

DOI: 10.1078/1434-8411-00029

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 International Journal
© Urban & Fischer Verlag of Electronics
[Link] and Communications

Radiation Properties of a Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate

Waveguide with Box-type Termination
Vitaliy P. Chumachenko and Ugur Sevgen

Abstract The domain product technique is used to study ra- within the framework of the chosen mathematical model.
diation properties of a flanged parallel-plate waveguide with The Mathieu function expansion is used to represent the
a shaped radiating end incorporating a dielectric. The analysis field in the feed waveguide, inside the dielectric and in the
is applied to obtain the reflection coefficient, radiation pattern free space as well.
and the aperture magnetic field in the case of a TEM mode
The antenna studied is a two-dimensional one and
excitation. It is found that a suitable choice of geometrical
and physical parameters of the loading can ensure an excellent the possible use of its properties for simulating three-
match of the waveguide to the free space. The frequency band dimensional radiating structures meets with known limita-
of the best match can be shifted in a desired manner along the tions. But also in this case, the object forms quite a valu-
frequency axis. The analysis also shows that the radiation pat- able boundary value geometry that clarifies (quantitatively
tern can be modified to a considerable extent by altering the or qualitatively) a number of questions associated with
geometry of the termination. more complicated radiators.
Keywords Aperture antennas, Waveguide components, Domain The analysis is applied to several particular configu-
product technique rations of interest to determine the reflection coefficient,
radiation pattern and the aperture field. The computa-
tions performed have shown that by varying the length
1. Introduction and the width of the box-type broadening it is possible
to obtain an excellent match to the feed waveguide over
A flanged waveguide is an efficient means for radiation different frequency regions. Shaping of the profile of the
of microwave energy used in phased arrays and flush- insert allows to provide broadbandedness of the match.
mounted antennas. Dielectric loading is usually applied In addition, alterations of geometrical parameters of the
to protect such a structure from the environment and to structure affect the aperture field distribution and permit to
improve impedance matching. Radiators of this type have control the radiation pattern.
been investigated in the past by many authors using dif-
ferent techniques [1–10]. A typical configuration consid-
ered is an open-ended waveguide covered with dielec- 2. Boundary value formulation and field
tric slab [1, 3, 5, 6] or the structure with a dielectric plug representation
pushed into the radiating end [2, 4, 8]. The latter case is
presented by regular semi-infinite waveguides loaded by
plugs with a rectangular outline. The radiator is shown in Figure 1. Three regions form
The waveguide radiator considered in this paper has the geometry. Region 1 is a half-space y > 0. The plug of
a plug too, but the geometry of the problem differs from a lossless dielectric occupies region 2. The residual part
those in References [2, 4, 8] in a number of ways. Here, of a finite parallel-plate waveguide forms region 3. The
the investigated parallel-plate structure has a box-type ter- material of the insert is characterized by (εε0, µµ0 ) and
mination and, additionally, a dielectric insert is made to that in the exterior region and inside the waveguide by
the form of wedge from the waveguide end. The feed (ε0 , µ0 ). Axis Oz of the basic coordinate system (x, y, z)
waveguide has a finite length. The excitation mechanism is directed along the generator of cylindrical boundaries.
involves a TEM wave incident upon the loading from the The structure is excited by a planar sheet of an invari-
guide side. The method of analysis is the domain prod- able in x magnetic current located at y = y → −c and
uct technique (DPT) [11, 12], which gives an opportunity polarized in z-direction. The source of excitation varies
for a substantial variation of the geometry of the structure harmonically with time exp(iωt). The frequency is suf-
ficiently low so that only a TEM mode can propagate
among all modes excited in region 3. The distance c is suf-
ficiently large to neglect interaction between the back wall
Received May 22, 2000. Revised November 7, 2000. of the waveguide and the radiating end through evanescent
modes. The configuration of interest has a plane of sym-
V. P. Chumachenko, Department of Electronics Engineering, Gebze
Institute of Technology, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey, on leave
metry at x√ = 0. The region wave numbers√ are k1 = k3 = k0
from Technical University of Zaporizhzhya, 330063, Zaporizhzhya, and k2 = εµk0 , where k0 = 2π/λ = ω ε0 µ0 and λ is
Ukraine. E-mail: chumac@[Link] the free space wave length.
U. Sevgen, Department of Electronics Engineering, Gebze Institute The multiangular contour of region 2 and that for re-
of Technology, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey. gion 3 consist of N (2) and correspondingly N (3) linear

Int. J. Electron. Commun. (AEÜ) 55 (2001) No. 3, 191−197 1434-8411/01/55/3-191 $15.00/0

192 V. P. Chumachenko, U. Sevgen: Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide

on the conducting parts of boundaries of two other re-

gions. The matching conditions
 
u (2)  y(2)=0+ = u ( p)  y( p)=0+
 j j

(2) 
∂u  ∂u ( p) 
 = − ε ( p)  (6)
∂y(2)  (2) ∂y  ( p)
j y =0+ j y =0+
j j

|x (2) (2)
j | < f j , p = 1, 3

are valid across the interfaces. In addition, the edge con-

dition and the condition applied to the function u (1) at
infinity must be satisfied.
( p)
We introduce a local elliptic coordinate system (ξ j ,
( p)
η j ) as
Fig. 1. Cross-sectional view of a flanged parallel-plate waveguide ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p)
radiator, related dimensions and pertinent co-ordinate systems. xj = fj cosh ξ j cos η j
( p) ( p) ( p) ( p)
y j = f j sinh ξ j sin η j . (7)
segments (N (2) = 7 and N (3)
= 5 in Figure
 1). A local

( p) ( p)
Cartesian coordinate system x j , y j is introduced for In coordinates ξ1(1) , η1(1) , boundary condition (4) can be
rewritten in the form
the jth segment of the pth region ( j = 1, N ( p) , p = 2, 3).  
The origin of the system is located at the center of the ∂u (1)  ∂u (1) 
( p)
segment and the axis Oy j is directed into the domain of  = (1)  = 0. (8)
the field along the normal to the perimeter. The length of ∂η1(1) η(1) =0 ∂η1 η(1) =π
1 1
( p)
the segment is equal to 2 f j . Besides, (x 1(1) , y1(1) ) ≡ (x, y)
(1) In the elliptic coordinates introduced, region 1 has a separ-
and f 1 = a/2. able geometry and the solution to the Helmholtz equation
The above sheet of magnetic current produces a TEM satisfying boundary condition (8) and the radiation condi-
field whose magnetic component is given by A exp(−ik0 tion has general form
·|y − y |)
z [13]. Let us take A = 1/2 and label the corres-

ponding contribution of the source with inclusion of the
∞ Men(2) ξ1(1) , q1(1)

wave reflected from the back wall of the waveguide as u 0 . u (1) = 1
Dn
 cen η1(1) , q1(1) . (9)
Then, the limit representation for u 0 as y → −c is Men(2) 0, q1(1)
n=0
(3)
u 0 = e−ik0 (y+c) = e−ik 0 ym , y > −c. (1) Here, cen (η, q) is the even Mathieu function of index n,
Me(2) (ξ, q) is the relevant radial Mathieu function, q1(1) =
Here, ym(3) is an ordinate of coordinate system (x m(3) , ym(3) )
n 2  
associated with the end segment of the waveguide pro- k1 f 1(1) /2 and 1 Dn is a sequence of expansion coeffi-
file(Figure 1). cients.
Let us define the z-component of the magnetic field Following the DPT, we write down u s(2) and u s(3) as
sought in regions 1 and 2,3 as u (1) and respectively
( p)

N
( p)
u (2)
= u s(2) (2) u s( p) = u j , p = 2, 3 (10)
(3)
u = u 0 + u s(3) . (3) j=1

( p)
The functions u (1) , u s(2) and u s(3) satisfy the 2D homoge- where every function u j can be represented by an expan-
neous Helmholtz equation with Neumann boundary con- sion similar to (9)
ditions

( p) ( p)
 ∞ Men(2) ξ j , q j

( p)
∂u (1) a uj = p j
Dn
 cen η(j p) , q (j p) (11)
= 0, y = 0+, |x| > (4) Men(2) 0, q j
( p)
∂y 2 n=0

on the boundary of region 1 and with the conditions
2

( p) ( p)
with q j = k p f j /2 .
∂u ( p) ( p) ( p) ( p) By substituting representations (9) and (11) into
( p)
= 0, y j = 0+, |x j | < f j , p = 2, 3 (5) boundary and matching conditions (5) and (6), we ar-
∂y j rive at an infinite algebraic system with respect to the
 V. P. Chumachenko, U. Sevgen: Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide 193

  
j
expansion coefficients 1 Dn and p Dn . This proced- 4. Far-field pattern
ure is relatively standard [12], and the details will not
be repeated here in the interest of brevity. We point out Let us note in the beginning of this section that the field
only that the symmetry of the radiator enables reducing distribution over the aperture and the field in the near re-
the order of simultaneous equations in the analysis twice. gion can be calculated by the direct use of the formula (9).
After truncation  of the system and subsequent inversion, In the far zone, the radiated field is
  j
the 1 Dn and p Dn are obtained and all physical quan- 
tities such as, for example, the reflection coefficient and 2 −i (k0 ρ− π )
u (1) −→ e 4 F(φ) (15)
the far-field pattern can be calculated. ρ→∞ πk0 ρ

where (ρ, φ) are cylindrical coordinates of the observa-

tion point connected to the Cartesian system (x, y) by the
3. Reflection coefficient formulas

π
π
Owing to the multiple reflections of the dominant mode x = ρ cos φ + , y = ρ sin φ + (16)
from the loading and the back wall of the waveguide, u 0 2 2
does not give a complete description of the wave imping- and F(φ) represents the pattern function.
ing on the plug. Therefore, on solving the above men- By using the expansion of the product Men(2) (ξ, q)
tioned system, both the amplitude of the incident wave ·cen (η, q) in terms of cylindrical waves [14] and the
A0 exp −ik0 ym(3) and that for the wave B0 exp ik0 ym(3) asymptotic representation of the Hankel functions, we
reflected from the interface are to be found in order to find
determine the reflection coefficient R. To this end, let us


write out the expression for the field inside region 3 in Men(2) ξ1(1) , q1(1) cen η1(1) , q1(1)
terms of eigenmodes of the waveguide as
 ∞ 
π 
(3) (3) = pn (−1)r Anν Hν(2) (k0 ρ) cos ν φ +
u (3) = A0 e −ik0 ym
+ B0 e ik0 ym
2
r=0
∞

 (3) 2 −i (k0 ρ− π )
+ Bn ϕn x m(3) eiβn ym (12) −→ e 4

n=1
ρ→∞ πk0 ρ
∞
νπ

π 
where · pn (−1)r Anν ei 2 cos ν φ + . (17)
r=0
2
nπ x m(3) + f m(3)
ϕn x m(3) = cos Here, ν = 2r or ν = 2r + 1 for even or odd values of
2 f m(3) index n, respectively, Anν are the Fourier coefficients of
 2 the function cen (η1(1) , q1(1) ) [14] and pn are known con-
βn = k02 −
nπ stants [14] in theory of the Mathieu functions. Comparing
. (13)
2 f m(3) (9), (15) and (17), we obtain
∞
 1
Dn pn
Then, integrate equality (12) over two different cross- F(φ) =

sections ym(3) = l1 and ym(3) = l2 of the waveguide region. (2)
n=0 Men 0, q1(1)
Based on orthogonality of eigenmodes, we arrive at sim-
ple simultaneous equations
∞
 νπ

π 
· (−1)r Anν ei 2 cos ν φ + . (18)
 2
A0 e−ik0 l1 + B0eik0 l1 

r=0


  

(3) 
(3)
= (3) 1 fm
(3) u (3) 
(3) dx 

2 fm − fm ym =l1 m
. (14) 5. Numerical results
A0 e−ik0 l2 + B0eik0 l2 





 f m(3) (3)  
= 1
(3) (3)u  (3) dx 
ym =l2
(3) 
m
The reflection coefficients, radiation patterns, and the
2 fm − fm aperture fields have been calculated according to the the-
ory described in the previous sections. The results are
From this system, under the assumption that u (3) presented and discussed below for various cases.
is known, we easily find the quantities A0 and B0 , First, for the sake of verification of the developed nu-
and, finally, the reflection coefficient R ≡ R| y(3)=l = merical code, the antenna without box-type broadening
m 2
(B0/A0 ) exp(2ik0l2 ). (a = b) was considered. Note, that in the particular case
194 V. P. Chumachenko, U. Sevgen: Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide

Fig. 4. Reflection coefficient against aperture size a/b for ε = 4,

Fig. 2. Reflection coefficient against slab thickness d/b for b/λ = α = β = 180◦ , γ = 90◦ and d/b = 0.1 (open circles: b/λ = 0.45,
0.3, ε = 4, α = β = 180◦ and γ = 90◦ (full circles: a/b = 1.25; ε = 2; full circles: b/λ = 0.6, ε = 4; crosses: b/λ = 0.85, ε = 2).
crosses: a/b = 1.5; solid line: a/b = 1.75; open circles: a/b = 2).

Fig. 3. Reflection coefficient against slab thickness d/b for b/λ = Fig. 5. Far-field pattern of unloaded open-ended waveguide and
0.6, ε = 4, α = β = 180◦ and γ = 90◦ (full circles: a/b = 1.25; loaded radiator. Left-hand graphs correspond to α = β = 180◦,
crosses: a/b = 1.5; solid line: a/b = 1.75; open circles: a/b = 2). γ = 90◦ and d/b = 0.1 (full circles: b/λ = 0.45, unloaded; tri-
angles: b/λ = 0.45, ε = 2, a/b = 1; open circles: b/λ = 0.45,
ε = 2, a/b = 2.5; full squares: b/λ = 0.85, unloaded; open squares:
ε = 1 the solution to the problem should be the same as b/λ = 0.85, ε = 2, a/b = 1; crosses: b/λ = 0.85, ε = 2, a/b = 2.5).
the one obtained for the unloaded radiator. The compari- Right-hand graphs correspond to b/λ = 0.6 and α = β = 180◦
son of the radiation pattern and the reflection coefficient (solid line: unloaded; open circles: ε = 4, γ = 90◦ , a/b = 1.9,
between [15] and ours when ε = 1 and a = b shows excel- d/b = 0.417; squares: ε = 4, γ = 45◦ , a/b = 1.9, d/b = 0.417; full
lent agreement. For example, values of |R| and arg R are circles: ε = 2, γ = 90◦ , a/b = 2, d/b = 0.6)
0.06434 and 75.19◦ (calculated at the plane of the aperture
for ε = 1, b/λ = 0.8, a = b, d = d1 = 0.2b, d2 = 0, c =
1.4b) and respectively 0.06433 and 75.71◦ [15]. The graph putations was carried out to study the effect of varying
of the radiation pattern calculated for b/λ = 0.4456 and geometrical parameters of such a loading on the match
that from [15] coincided. to the waveguide. Those results are given in Figures 2, 3
Now, let us consider a particular termination with and 4. Figures 2 and 3 present the reflection coefficient
a rectangular outline (α = β = 180◦). A number of com- |R| as a function of the normalized thickness d/b for dif-
 V. P. Chumachenko, U. Sevgen: Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide 195

Fig. 6. Reflection coefficient against aperture size a/b for b/λ = Fig. 8. Reflection coefficient against frequency parameter b/λ for
0.6, ε = 4 and α = β = 180◦ (full circles: γ = 90◦ , d/b = 0.1; ε = 4, α = β and γ = 90◦ (solid line: β = 180◦ , a/b = 1.29, d/b =
crosses: γ = 90◦ , d/b = 0.2; solid line: γ = 90◦ , d/b = 0.3; open 0.3; crosses: β = 120◦ , a/b = 1.29, d/b = 0.26; open circles: β =
circles: γ = 90◦ , d/b = 0.417; squares: γ = 45◦ , d/b = 0.417) 135◦, a/b = 1.25, d/b = 0.282; full circles: β = 150◦ , a/b = 1.2,
d/b = 0.25)

Fig. 7. Reflection coefficient against frequency parameter b/λ for

α = β = 180◦ (open circles: ε = 4, γ = 90◦ , a/b = 1.9, d/b =
0.417; squares: ε = 4, γ = 45◦ , a/b = 2, d/b = 0.6) Fig. 9. Far-field pattern of unloaded open-ended waveguide and
loaded radiator. Left-hand graphs correspond to ε = 4, α = β and
γ = 90◦ (solid line: b/λ = 0.6, β = 180◦ , a/b = 1.29, d/b = 0.3;
ferent normalized sizes of the aperture a/b and different crosses: b/λ = 0.48, β = 120◦ , a/b = 1.29, d/b = 0.26; open cir-
values of the frequency parameter b/λ. It is seen that the cles: b/λ = 0.6, β = 135◦ , a/b = 1.25, d/b = 0.282; full circles:
dependencies have an oscillating
 √naturewith d/b increas- b/λ = 0.725, β = 150◦, a/b = 1.29, d/b = 0.25).
ing in region d/b > 1
4(b/λ) ε − 1 where more than Right-hand graphs correspond to b/λ = 0.6, ε = 4, α = 180◦ ,
β < 180◦ and γ = 90◦ (solid line: unloaded; crosses: β = 120◦ ,
one TM surface wave can propagate in the dielectric slab.
t
a/b = 1.45, d/b = 0.738, |R| 0.03; circles: β = 150◦ , a/b =
There exist intervals of values of d/b with appreciably
t
1.29, d/b = 0.336, |R| 0.13; full circles: β = 150◦ , a/b = 1.25,
better match. The reflection coefficient depends weakly on
a/b when the dielectric layer becomes thin. This is also
t
d/b = 0.3, |R| 0.01)

justified by the data given in Figure 4. In the case of small

thickness, the values of |R| oscillate mildly with increas- tern is compared with that for a simple air-filled flanged
ing a/b and are close to values corresponding to an open- waveguide.
ended waveguide with dielectric plug without broadening. Dependencies given in Figure 6 show that proper
In the left-hand part of Figure 5, the related far-field pat- choice of the thickness of the dielectric layer can con-
196 V. P. Chumachenko, U. Sevgen: Dielectric-loaded Flanged Parallel-plate Waveguide

shown by comparison of the frequency dependence of |R|

for configuration corresponding the least value of |R| in
Figure 6 (d/b = 0.3) with that for different configurations
with α = β < 180◦. In addition, it is quite evident from
those results that using different suitable sets of values
of geometrical parameters one can easily shift the inter-
val of the best match along the b/λ−axis over a wide
range of frequencies. Radiation patterns corresponding to
the least values of |R| are presented in the left-hand part
of Figure 9.
A computational experiment also shows that shap-
ing of the plug allows to change the magnitude as
well as phase distribution of the field over the aperture
and, thus, affect the radiation pattern. The right-hand
part of Figure 9 presents a collection of patterns be-
ing possible for b/λ = 0.6 with α = 180◦ and β < 180◦.
It is seen that using suitable geometry of the termina-
tion one can modify radiation pattern to a considerable
extent. Relevant aperture field distributions are given
in Figure 10.

6. Conclusion
In this paper, radiation properties of a parallel plate wave-
guide antenna with dielectric-loaded box-type broadening
have been studied in the case of a TEM mode excitation.
The method of analysis is domain product technique. The
variation of the reflection coefficient with geometrical and
physical parameters of the termination has been investi-
gated. The influence of the geometry of the broadening on
the radiation field and field distribution over the aperture
has been examined as well. A computational experiment
has shown that particular versions of the structure behave
as very good radiators over a band of frequencies. The fre-
quency band of the best match can be shifted along the
frequency axis by altering dimensions of the box-type re-
gion and material of the dielectric. It has also been demon-
strated that proper choice of the geometry of the loading
provides an opportunity to control the radiation pattern.

Acknowledgements The authors thank the reviewers for useful

Fig. 10. Aperture magnetic field relating to right-hand field pat-
terns in Fig. 9 against normalized path length l/b = (x + a/2)/b. comments and suggestions.
(a) Magnitude. (b) Phase (c = d + (b/2) cot(β/2) + b).

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