Exercises on Advanced Mathematics

Duong Thanh PHAM

August 29, 2025

Chapter 1

Sequences and Series

1.1 Sequences
Exercise 1.1.1. Does the sequence appear to have a limit? If so, calculate it. If not, explain why.
n
3n (−1)n 10n
    
−1
(a) an = (b) an = 1 + (c) an = 2 + (d) an = 1 + .
1 + 6n 2 n 9n

Exercise 1.1.2. Determine whether the sequence converges or diverges. If it converges, find the limit.

n3 ln n (k) an = ln(2n2 + 1) − ln(n2 + 1)

(a) an = (f) an =
n3 + 1 ln 2n
(b) an = e1/n (g) an = n2 e−n √ √
(l) an = n − n+1 n+3
(−1)n+1 n cos2 n
(c) an = √ (h) an =
n+ n 2n n!
√ (m) an =
n
(i) an = 21+3n 2n
(d) an = cos(n/2)
2 n
 
en + e−n (j) an = 1 + (−3)n
(e) an = (n) an =
e2n − 1 n n!
n
Exercise 1.1.3. Let an = .
5n + 2
(a) Determine whether {an } is convergent.
P∞
(b) Determine whether n=1 an is convergent.

Exercise 1.1.4. Similar questions as in Exercise 1.1.3 with:

1 1
(a) an = (b) an =
n(n + 2) n(n + 5)

1.2 Series
Exercise 1.2.1. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. If it is convergent, find its
sum

2
1.2. SERIES 3
∞ ∞ ∞
X 2 X 2 X 3
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c)
n −1 n + 4n + 3 n(n + 3)
n=2 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.2. Determine whether the geometric series is convergent or divergent. If it is convergent,
find its sum.

4 8 ∞ ∞
(a) 3 + 2 + + + ...
X 10n X πn
3 9 (d) (g)
(−9)n−1 3n+1
n=1 n=0

1 1 1 ∞ ∞
(b) − + − 1 + ...
X (−3)n−1 X en
8 4 2 (e) (h)
4n 3n−1
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
X X 1
(c) 6(0.9)n−1 (f) √
n=1 n=0
( 2)n

Exercise 1.2.3. Determine whether the series is convergent or divergent. If it is convergent, find its
sum.

∞ ∞ ∞ 
1 + 2n

X 1 X X 3 2
(a) (e) (i) +
2n 3n 7n n
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
X n+1 X 1 + 3n
(b) (f)
n=1
2n − 3 2n ∞ 
1 1

n=1 X
(j) +
∞
k2
∞
√ en n(n + 1)
X X n n=1
(c) (g) 2
k2 − 1
k=2 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
n2 + 1 en
 
X k(k + 2) X X
(d) (h) ln (k)
(k + 3)2 2n2 + 1 n2
k=1 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.4. Determine whether the series converges or diverges. (Hint: you may use the Ratio
Test or the Root Test)

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞  n2
X n! X n2 X 10n X 1
(a) (e) (h) (l) 1+
nn
n=1 n=1
(2 + n1 )n n=1
(n + 1)42n+1 n
n=1
∞ ∞
X 3n n! X n!
(b) (i)
nn ∞  2 n2 100n ∞
n=1 X n − 5n + 1 n=1 X n
(f) (m)
∞
n!
2
n − 4n + 2 ∞
3 − cos n (ln n)n
X n=1
X n=1
(c) (a > 0) (j)
an n2/3 − 2
n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞  2 n ∞
X 2n X n2 X n +1 X 2 · 4 · 6 · . . . · (2n)
(d) (g) (k) (n)
n + 2n 2n 2n2 + 1 n!
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.5. Determine whether the series converges or diverges.

4 CHAPTER 1. SEQUENCES AND SERIES
∞ ∞ ∞
X
−n
X 1 X n2
(a) ne (d) (g)
n ln n en
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
X 1 X 1
(b) (e)
2n + 1 n(ln n)2
n=0 n=1
∞ ∞ 1/n
X ln n X e
(c) (f)
n3 n2
n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.6. Find the values of p for which the series is convergent. (Hint: you may use the
Integral Test)

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 X 1 X
2 p
X ln n
(a) (b) (c) n(1 + n ) (d)
n(ln n)p n ln n[ln(ln n)]p np
n=2 n=3 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.7. Determine whether the series converges or diverges. (Hint: you may use the Com-
parison Test)

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X n X cos2 n X 1 X n+2
(a) (g) (m) √ (s)
2n3 + 1 n2 + 1 n3 + 1 (n + 1)3
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X n3 X n2 − 1 X 1 ∞ 1/n
(b) (h) (n) √ e
n4 + 1 3n4 + 1
X
n=1 n=1 n=1
n2 +1 (t)
n
n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X n+1 X n−1 X 1
(c) √ (i) (o)
n n n4n 2n + 3 ∞
n=1 n=1 n=1 X 1
(u)
∞ ∞ ∞ n!
X n−1 X 1 + sin n X 1 + 4n n=1
(d) √ (j) (p)
n2 n 10n 1+ 3n
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞
∞ ∞ √ ∞
X n!
9n n n+ 4n (v)
nn
X X X
(e) (k) (q) n=1
3+ 10n n−1 n + 6n
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞ √ ∞
X 4 + 3n X 2 + (−1)n X n+2 X 1
(f) (l) √ (r) (w) sin
2n n n 2n2 + n + 1 n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n X n n
X cos nπ
Exercise 1.2.8. (a) (d) (−1) √ (g)
n=1
ln n
n=1
3
n +2 n=1
n3/4
∞ ∞ ∞
X 3n + 1 X n X π
(b) (−1)n−1 (e) (−1)n (h) (−1)n sin
n(n + 1) 10n n
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X −1
n 3n
X nn
X π
(c) (−1) (f) (−1) (i) (−1)n cos
2n + 1 ln n n
n=1 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.2.9. Determine whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent, or
divergent.
1.3. POWER SERIES 5
∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n+1 X n!
(a) (c) √ (e)
n! 4
n 100n
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X 2n X (−1)n X n
(b) (−1)n−1 (d) (f) (−1)n √
n4 n4 n3 +2
n=1 n=1 n=1

1.3 Power series

Exercise 1.3.1. Find the values of x for which the series converges. Find the sum of the series for
those values of x.
∞ ∞ ∞
X xn X
n n
X cosn x
(a) (c) 4 x (e)
3n 2n
n=1 n=0 n=0
∞ ∞
X X (x + 3)n
(b) (x − 4)n (d)
2n
n=1 n=0

Exercise 1.3.2. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the series.
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X xn X X xn X n
(a) √ (f) nn xn (k) (−1)n (p) (x + 1)n
n 4n ln n 4n
n=1 n=1 n=2 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n xn X n2 xn X x2n (x − 2)n
(−1)n (−1)n
X
(b) (g) (l) (q)
n+1 2n (2n)! nn
n=1 n=1 n=0 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n−1 xn X 10n xn X (x − 2)n
(c) (h) (m)
n3 n3 nn
n=1 n=1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X √ X (−2)n xn X (x − 3)n
(d) nxn (i) √
4
(n) (−1)n
n 2n + 1
n=1 n=1 n=0
∞ ∞ ∞
X xn X xn X 3n (x + 4)n
(e) (j) (o) √
n! 5n n5 n
n=1 n=1 n=1

Exercise 1.3.3. Find a power series representation for ln(1 − x) and its radius of convergence.
x2
Exercise 1.3.4. Find a power series representation for f (x) =
1 − x2
Exercise 1.3.5. Find the Maclaurin series for cos x

Exercise 1.3.6. Find the Maclaurin series for x cos x

Exercise 1.3.7. Find the Maclaurin series for

1 (c) ln(1 + x) (e) ex + e3x (g) cos x2

(a)
1−x
(b) xex (d) cos 3x (f) sin2 x (h) ln(1 + x2 )

Exercise 1.3.8. Use the Maclaurin series for ex to calculate e−0.2 correct to five decimal places.

Exercise 1.3.9. Find the Maclaurin series of tan x.

Chapter 2

Vector and geometry of space

2.1 Vectors
Exercise 2.1.1. Find a + b, 2a + 3b, |a| and |a − b|.

(a) a = (5, −12), b = (−3, −6).

(b) a = 4i + j, b = i − 2j,

(c) a = i + 2j − 3k, b = −2i − j + 5k,

(d) a = 2i − 4j + 4k, b = 2j − k.

Exercise 2.1.2. Find a unit vector that has the same direction as the given vector.

(a) a = −3i + 7j,

(b) b = (−4, 2, 4),

(c) a = 8i − j + 4k,

Exercise 2.1.3. Find a vector that has the same direction as (−2, 4, 2) but has length 6.

Exercise 2.1.4. A boatman wants to cross a canal that is 3 km wide and wants to land at a point 2
km upstream from his starting point. The current in the canal flows at 3.5 km/h and the speed of his
boat is 13 km/h.

(a) In what direction should he steer?

(b) How long will the trip take?

Exercise 2.1.5. Find a · b.

(a) a = (−2, 3), b = (0.7, 1.2) (d) |a| = 6, |b| = 5, the angle between a and b
is 2π/3.
(b) a = (6, −2, 3), b = (2, 5, −1) √
(e) |a| = 3, |b| = 6, the angle between a and
(c) a = 2i + j, b = i − j + k b is 45◦ .

6
2.2. EQUATIONS OF LINES AND PLANES 7

Exercise 2.1.6. Find the angle between the vectors.

(a) a = (4, 3), b = (2, −1) (c) a = 4i − 3j + k, b = 2i − k

(b) a = (3, −1, 5), b = (−2, 4, 3)

Exercise 2.1.7. Determine whether the given vectors are orthogonal, parallel, or neither.

(a) a = (−5, 3, 7), b = (6, −8, 2) (c) a = −i + 2j + 5k, b = 3i + 4j − k

(b) a = (4, 6), b = (−3, 2)

Exercise 2.1.8. Find the scalar and vector projections of onto .

(a) a = (−5, 12), b = (4, 6) (c) a = 2i − j + 4k, b = j + 12 k

(b) a = (3, 6, −2), b = (1, 2, 3)

Exercise 2.1.9. Find the cross product a × b and verify that it is orthogonal to both a and b.

(a) a = (6, 0, −2), b = (0, 8, 0) (c) a = i + 3j − 2k, b = −i + 5k

(b) a = (1, 1, −1), b = (2, 4, 6) (d) a = ti+cos t j+sin t k, b = i−sin t j+cos t k

2.2 Equations of Lines and Planes

Exercise 2.2.1. Find a vector equation and parametric equations for the line.

(a) The line through the point (6, −5, 2) and parallel to the vector (1, 3, − 32 ).

(b) The line through the point (2, 2.4, 3.5) and parallel to the vector 3i + 2j − k.

(c) The line through the point (0, 14, −10) and parallel to the line x = −1 + 2t, y = 6 − 3t, z = 3 + 9t.

(d) The line through the point (1, 0, 6) and perpendicular to the plane x + 3y + z = 5.

Exercise 2.2.2. Find parametric equations and symmetric equations for the line.

(a) The line through the points (0, 12 , 1) and (2, 1, −3).

(b) The line through the point (2, 1, 0) and perpendicular to both i + j and j + k.

(c) The line through the point (1, −1, 1) and parallel to the line x + 2 = 21 y = z − 3.

(d) The line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z = 1 and x − y + z = 1.

Exercise 2.2.3. Determine whether the lines L1 and L2 are parallel, skew, or intersecting. If they
intersect, find the point of intersection.
8 CHAPTER 2. VECTOR AND GEOMETRY OF SPACE

(a)

L1 : x = 3 + 2t, y = 4 − t, z = 1 + 3t
L2 : x = 1 + 4s, y = 3 − 2s, z = 4 + 5s

(b)

L1 : x = 5 − 12t, y = 3 + 9t, z = 1 − 3t
L2 : x = 3 + 8s, y = −6s, z = 7 + 2s

(c)
x−2 y−3 z−1
L1 : = =
1 −2 −3
x−3 y+4 z−2
L2 : = =
1 3 −7
(d)
x y−1 z−2
L1 : = =
1 −1 3
x−2 y−3 z
L2 : = =
2 −2 7
Exercise 2.2.4. Find an equation of the plane.

(a) The plane through the origin and perpendicular to the vector h1, −2, 5i.

(b) The plane through the point (5, 3, 5) and with normal vector 2i + j − k.

(c) The plane through the point −1, 12 , 3 and with normal vector i + 4j + k.

(d) The plane through the point (2, 0, 1) and perpendicular to the line

x = 3t, y = 2 − t, z = 3 + 4t

(e) The plane through the point (1, −1, −1) and parallel to the plane

5x − y − z = 6

(f) The plane through the point (2, 4, 6) and parallel to the plane

z =x+y

(g) The plane through the point 1, 12 , 13 and parallel to the plane

x+y+z =0

(h) The plane that contains the line

x = 1 + t, y = 2 − t, z = 4 − 3t

and is parallel to the plane

5x + 2y + z = 1
2.3. THREE-DIMENSIONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS 9

(i) The plane through the points (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 0).

(j) The plane through the origin and the points (2, −4, 6) and (5, 1, 3).

(k) The plane through the points (3, −1, 2), (8, 2, 4), and (−1, −2, −3).

(l) The plane that passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and contains the line

x = 3t, y = 1 + t, z =2−t

(m) The plane that passes through the point (6, 0, −2) and contains the line

x = 4 − 2t, y = 3 + 5t, z = 7 + 4t

(n) The plane that passes through the point (1, −1, 1) and contains the line with symmetric equations

x = 2y = 3z

(o) The plane that passes through the point (−1, 2, 1) and contains the line of intersection of the
planes
x+y−z =2

and
2x − y + 3z = 1

(p) The plane that passes through the points (0, −2, 5) and (−1, 3, 1) and is perpendicular to the plane

2z = 5x + 4y

(q) The plane that passes through the point (1, 5, 1) and is perpendicular to the planes

2x + y − 2z = 2 and x + 3z = 4

(r) The plane that passes through the line of intersection of the planes

x−z =1 and y + 2z = 3

and is perpendicular to the plane

x + y − 2z = 1

2.3 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems

Exercise 2.3.1. Find the lengths of the sides of the triangle P QR. Is it a right triangle? Is it an
isosceles triangle?

(a) P (3, −2, −3), Q(7, 0, 1), R(1, 2, 1),

(b) P (2, −1, 0), Q(4, 1, 1), R(4, −5, 4).

10 CHAPTER 2. VECTOR AND GEOMETRY OF SPACE

Exercise 2.3.2. Determine whether the points lie on straight line.

(a) A(2, 4, 2), B(3, 7, −2), C(1, 3, 3),

(b) D(0, −5, 5), E(1, −2, 4), F (3, 4, 2).

Exercise 2.3.3. Find an equation of the sphere with center (−3, 2, 5) and radius 4. What is the
intersection of this sphere with the yz-plane?

Exercise 2.3.4. Find an equation of the sphere that passes through the point (4, 3, −1) and has
center (3, 8, 1).

Exercise 2.3.5. Show that the equation represents a sphere, and find its center and radius

(a) x2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2x − 4y + 8z = 15

(b) x2 + y 2 + z 2 + 8x − 6y + 2z + 17 = 0

(c) 2x2 + 2y 2 + 2z 2 = 8x − 24z + 1

(d) 3x2 + 3y 2 + 3z 2 = 10 + 6y + 12z

Chapter 3

Partial Derivatives

3.1 Limits
Exercise 3.1.1. Find the limit, if it exists, or show that the limit does not exist

xy
(a) lim (5x3 − x2 y 2 ) (f) lim p
(x,y)→(1,2) (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

(b) lim e−xy cos(x + y) x4 − y 4

(x,y)→(1,−1) (g) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

4 − xy
(c) lim x2 yey
(x,y)→(2,1) x2 + 3y 2 (h) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + 4y 2

y4 x2 sin2 y
(d) lim (i) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + 3y 4 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + 2y 2

x2 + sin2 y xy 4
(e) lim (j) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) 2x2 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 8

Exercise 3.1.2. Determine if the limit exists

xy
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y2

Exercise 3.1.3. Determine if the limit exists

xy 4
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 4

Exercise 3.1.4. Determine if the limit exists

3x2 y
lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

Exercise 3.1.5. Use polar coordinates to find the following limits

x3 + y 3 2 2
e−x −y − 1
(a) lim (c) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
(b) lim (x2 + y 2 ) ln (x2 + y 2 )
(x,y)→(0,0)

11
12 CHAPTER 3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

3.2 Continuity
Exercise 3.2.1. Determine the set of points at which the function is continuous.
2y p
sin(xy) (c) F (x, y) = ex + x + y2
(a) F (x, y) =
ex − y 2
(d) F (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 − 4)
x−y √
(b) F (x, y) = (e) F (x, y) = x+y+z
1 + x2 + y 2

Exercise 3.2.2. Determine if f is continuous at (0, 0)

 2 2
x − y

if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Exercise 3.2.3. Determine if g is continuous at (0, 0)

2

 3x y

if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
g(x, y) = x2 + y 2

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Exercise 3.2.4. Determine if g is continuous at (0, 0)

2 3

 x y

if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
g(x, y) = 2x2 + y 2

1 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

3.3 Partial derivatives

Exercise 3.3.1. Find the first partial derivatives of the function.

(a) f (x, y) = y 5 − 3xy (e) f (x, y) = x ln(x2 + y 2 )

p
(b) f (x, y) = x4 y 3 + 8x2 y (f) u = x21 + x22 + . . . + x2n

(c) f (x, t) = e−t cos πx (g) u = sin(x1 + 2x2 + . . . + nxn )

√
(d) f (x, t) = x ln t (h) u = xy/z

Exercise 3.3.2. Find the indicated partial derivatives

 p 
(a) f (x, y) = ln x + x2 + y 2 ; fx (3, 4)

(b) f (x, y) = arctan(y/x); fx (2, 3)

y
(c) f (x, y, z) = ; fy (2, 1, −1)
x+y+z
p
(d) f (x, y, z) = sin2 x + sin2 y + sin2 z; fz (0, 0, π/4)

Exercise 3.3.3. Find all the second partial derivatives

3.3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES 13
√
(a) f (x, y) = x3 y 5 + 2x4 y (c) w = u2 + v 2
y
(b) f (x, y) = sin2 (mx + ny) (d) v = exe

Exercise 3.3.4. Use definition to find the partial derivatives fx (x, y) and fy (x, y)
x
(a) f (x, y) = xy 2 − x3 y (b) f (x, y) =
x + y2

Exercise 3.3.5. Determine whether each of the following functions is a solution of the Laplace’s
equation uxx + uyy = 0.

(a) u = x2 + y 2 (c) u = x3 + 3xy 2

p
(b) u = x2 − y 2 (d) u = ln x2 + y 2
p
Exercise 3.3.6. Verify that the function u = 1/ x2 + y 2 + z 2 is a solution of the three-dimensional
Laplace equation uxx + uyy + uzz = 0.

Exercise 3.3.7. Let  3 3

 x y − xy

if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

(a) Prove that f is continuous in R2 .

(b) Find fx (x, y) and fy (x, y) when (x, y) 6= (0, 0).

(c) Find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).

(d) Show that fxy (0, 0) = −1 and fyx (0, 0) = 1.

Exercise 3.3.8. Find the equation of the tangent plane to the given surface at the specified point.

(a) z = 4x2 − y 2 + 2y, (−1, 2, 4)

(b) z = 3(x − 1)2 + 2(y + 3)2 + 7, (2, −2, 12)

(c) z = y ln x, (1, 4, 0)

Exercise 3.3.9. Explain why the function is differentiable at the given point. Then find the lineariza-
tion L(x, y) of the function at that point.
√
(a) f (x, y) = x y, (1, 4)

(b) f (x, y) = x3 y 4 , (1, 1)

x
(c) f (x, y) = x+y (2, 1)

Exercise 3.3.10. Find the linear approximation of the function

p
f (x, y) = 20 − x2 − 7y 2

at (2, 1) and use it to approximate f (1.95, 1.08).

14 CHAPTER 3. PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Exercise 3.3.11. Let 

xy

 if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x2 + y2
0

if (x, y) = (0, 0).

(a) Show that that fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) both exist but f is not differentiable at (0, 0).

(b) Prove that fx and fy are not continuous at (0, 0).

Exercise 3.3.12. Use the chain rule to find dz/dt or du/dt

(a) z = x2 + y 2 + xy, x = sin t, y = et

(b) z = cos(x + 4y), x = 5t4 , y = 1/t

p
(c) z = 1 + x2 + y 2 , x = ln t, y = cos t
p
(d) u = ln x2 + y 2 + z 2 , x = sin t, y = cos t, z = tan t.

Exercise 3.3.13. Use the chain rule to find ∂z/∂s and ∂z/∂t.

(a) z = x2 y 2 , x = s cos t, y = s sin t

(b) z = sin θ cos ϕ, θ = st2 , ϕ = s2 t

√
(c) z = er cos θ, r = st, θ= s2 + t2 .

Exercise 3.3.14. If z = f (x, y), where f is differentiable, and

x = g(t) y = h(t)
g(3) = 2 h(3) = 7
g 0 (3) = 5 h0 (3) = −4
fx (2, 7) = 6 fy (2, 7) = −8,

find dz/dt when t = 3.

3.4 Local and absolute Extremums

Exercise 3.4.1. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the functions

(a) f (x, y) = 9 − 2x + 4y − x2 − 4y 2

(b) f (x, y) = x3 y + 12x2 − 8y

(c) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 − 4xy + 2

(d) f (x, y) = (1 + xy)(x + y)

Exercise 3.4.2. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the set Ω.

(a) f (x, y) = 1 + 4x − 5y and Ω is the closed triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 3).
3.4. LOCAL AND ABSOLUTE EXTREMUMS 15

(b) f (x, y) = 3 + xy − x − 2y and Ω is the closed triangular region with vertices (1, 0), (5, 0) and (1, 4).

(c) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + x2 y + 4 and Ω = {(x, y) : |x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1}.

(d) f (x, y) = 4x + 6y − x2 − y 2 and Ω = [0, 4] × [0, 5]

(e) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 − x2 − y 2 and Ω = [0, 3] × [0, 2]

(f) f (x, y) = xy 2 and Ω = {(x, y) : x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, x2 + y 2 ≤ 3}

(g) f (x, y) = 2x3 + y 4 and Ω = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}

Exercise 3.4.3. Find the point on the plane x − y + z = 4 that is closest to the point (1, 2, 3).

Exercise 3.4.4. Find the point on the surface z 2 = x2 + y 2 that is closest to the point (1, 2, 3).

Exercise 3.4.5. Find three posible numbers whose sum is 100 and whose product is a maximum.

Exercise 3.4.6. Find the dimensions of the box with volume 1000 cm3 that has minimal surface area.

Exercise 3.4.7. The base of an aquarium with given volume V is made of slate and the sides are
made of glass. If slate costs five times as much (per unit area) as glass, find the dimensions of the
aquarium that minimize the cost of the materials

Exercise 3.4.8. Find the maximum and minimum values of the functions subject to the given con-
straint

(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 ; xy = 1

(b) f (x, y) = 4x + 6y; x2 + y 2 = 13

(c) f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z 2 ; x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

(d) f (x, y, z) = xyz; x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 6

Chapter 4

Multiple Integrals

4.1 Double Integrals

Exercise 4.1.1. Estimate the volume of the solid that lies below the surface z = x + 2y 2 and above
the rectangle R = [0, 2] × [0, 4].

Exercise 4.1.2. Evaluate the double integrals

ZZ
(a) 3 dA, R = {(x, y) : −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 6}
R
ZZ
(b) (5 − x) dA, R = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3}
R

Exercise 4.1.3. Prove that ZZ

1
0≤ sin πx cos πy ≤
R 32
   
1 1 1
where R = 0, × , .
4 4 2
Exercise 4.1.4. Calculate the following integrals
Z 3Z 1 Z π/2 Z 5
(a) (1 + 4xy) dx dy (d) cos y dy dx
1 0 π/6 −1
Z 1Z 2 Z 1Z 1
(b) (4x3 − 9x2 y 2 ) dy dx
p
0 1
(e) xy x2 + y 2 dy dx
0 0
Z 2 Z π/2
(c) x sin y dy dx
0 0

Exercise 4.1.5. Calculate the following double integrals

ZZ
(a) (6x2 y 3 − 5y 4 ) dA, R = [0, 3] × [0, 1]
R
ZZ
(b) cos(x + 2y) dA, R = [0, π] × [0, π/2]
R

xy 2
ZZ
(c) dA, R = [0, 1] × [−3, 3]
R x2 + 1

16
4.2. POLAR COORDINATES - DOUBLE INTEGRALS 17
1 + x2
ZZ
(d) 2
dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]
R 1+y
ZZ
2
(e) xyex y dA, R = [0, 1] × [0, 2].
R

Exercise 4.1.6. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the plane 3x + 2y + z = 12 and above
the rectangle R = [0, 1] × [−2, 3].

Exercise 4.1.7. Find the volume of the solid that lies under the hyperbolic paraboloid z = 4 + x2 − y 2
and above the square R = [−1, 1] × [0, 2].

Exercise 4.1.8. Find the volume of the solid enclosed by the surface z = 1 + ex sin y and the planes
x = ±1, y = 0, y = π

Exercise 4.1.9. Evaluate the double integrals

ZZ
(a) y 2 dA, D = {(x, y) : −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, −y − 2 ≤ x ≤ y}
D
ZZ
y
(b) dA, D = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x2 }
D x5 + 1
ZZ
(c) x dA, D = {(x, y) : 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ sin x}
D
ZZ
(d) x cos y dA, D is bounded by y = 0, y = x2 and x = 1
D

√
ZZ
(e) (x + y) dA, D is bounded by y = x, y = x2
D
ZZ
(f) y 3 dA, D is the triangular region with vertices (0, 2), (1, 1) and (3, 2)
D
ZZ p
(g) xy 2 dA, D is enclosed by x = 0 and x = 1 − y2
D

Exercise 4.1.10. Find the volume of the given solid

(a) Under the plane x + 2y − z = 0 and above the region bounded by y = x and y = x4 .

(b) Under the surface z = 2x + y 2 and above the region bounded by x = y 2 and x = y 3 .

(c) Bounded by the plane z = x, y = x, x + y = 2 and z = 0.

(d) in the half space x ≥ 0, bounded by the cyclinders z = x2 , y = x2 and the planes z = 0 , y = 4.

4.2 Polar coordinates - Double integrals

Exercise 4.2.1. Evaluate the integrals by changing into polar coordinates.
ZZ
(a) xy dA, where D is the disk with center the origin and radius 3
D
18 CHAPTER 4. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
ZZ
(b) (x + y) dA, where R is the region that lies left of the y-axis between the circles x2 + y 2 = 1
R
and x2 + y 2 = 4.
ZZ p
(c) 4 − x2 − y 2 dA, where R = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, x ≥ 0}
R
ZZ
(d) (2x − y) dA, where R is the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 and
R
the lines x = 0 and y = x.
ZZ
2 2
e−x −y dA, where D is the region bounded by the semicircle x = 4 − y 2 and the y-axis.
p
(e)
D

4.3 Triple Integrals

ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.1. Evaluate the integral (xy + z 2 ) dV, where
E

E = {(x, y, z) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3} .

Exercise 4.3.2. Evaluate the iterated integrals.

Z 2 Z z2 Z y−z Z π/2 Z y Z x
(a) (2x − y) dx dy dz (c) cos(x + y + z) dz dx dy
0 0 0 0 0 0
Z 2 Z 2z Z ln x
(b) xe−y dy dx dz
1 0 0

Exercise 4.3.3. Evaluate triple integrals.

ZZZ
(a) y dV , where E = {(x, y, z) : 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, x − y ≤ z ≤ x + y}.
E
ZZZ
(b) ez/y dV , where E = {(x, y, z) : 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ xy}.
E
ZZZ
z
(c) dV , where E = {(x, y, z) : 1 ≤ y ≤ 4, y ≤ z ≤ 4, 0 ≤ x ≤ z}.
E + z2 x2
ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.4. Evaluate sin y dV , where E lies below the plane z = x and above the triangular
E
region with vertices (0, 0, 0), (π, 0, 0), and (0, π, 0).
ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.5. Evaluate 6xy dV , where E lies under the plane z = 1 + x + y and above the
E √
region in the xy-plane bounded by the curves y = x, y = 0, and x = 1.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.6. Evaluate xy dV , where E is bounded by the parabolic cylinders y = x2 and
E
x = y 2 and the planes z = 0 and z = x + y.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.7. Evaluate x2 dV , where T is the solid tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0),
T
(0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1).
ZZZ
Exercise 4.3.8. Evaluate x dV , where E is bounded by the paraboloid x = 4y 2 + 4z 2 and the
E
plane x = 4.
4.4. CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES - TRIPLE INTEGRALS 19

4.4 Cylindrical coordinates - Triple integrals

Important formulas:
ZZZ Z β Z h2 (θ) Z u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
f (x, y, z) dV = f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z) r dz dr dθ
α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
E

E = {(x, y, z) | (x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}

where D is given in polar coordinates by

D = {(r, θ) | α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}

ZZZ p
Exercise 4.4.1. Evaluate x2 + y 2 dV , where E is the region that lies inside the cylinder
E
x2 + y 2 = 16 and between the planes z = −5 and z = 4.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.4.2. Evaluate z dV , where E is enclosed by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and the
E
plane z = 4.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.4.3. Evaluate (x + y + z) dV , where E is the solid in the first octant that lies under
E
the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y 2 .
ZZZ
Exercise 4.4.4. Evaluate x dV , where E is enclosed by the planes z = 0 and z = x + y + 5 and
E
by the cylinders x2 + y 2 = 4 and x2 + y 2 = 9.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.4.5. Evaluate x2 dV , where E is the solid that lies within the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1,
E
above the plane z = 0, and below the cone z 2 = 4x2 + 4y 2 .

Exercise 4.4.6. Find the volume of the solid that lies within both the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
p
Exercise 4.4.7. Find the volume of the solid that is enclosed by the cone z = x2 + y 2 and the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2.

4.5 Spherical coordinates

Important formulas:
ZZZ Z dZ β Z b
f (x, y, z) dV = f (ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ) ρ2 sin φ dρ dθ dφ
c α a
E

where E is a spherical wedge given by

E = {(ρ, θ, φ) | a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ φ ≤ d}
ZZZ
Exercise 4.5.1. Evaluate (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 dV , where E is the ball with center the origin and
E
radius 5.
20 CHAPTER 4. MULTIPLE INTEGRALS
ZZZ
Exercise 4.5.2. Evaluate (9 − x2 − y 2 ) dV , where H is the solid hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9,
H
z ≥ 0.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.5.3. Evaluate (x2 + y 2 )2 dV , where E lies between the spheres x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 and
E
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9.
ZZZ
Exercise 4.5.4. Evaluate y 2 dV , where E is the solid hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9 and y ≥ 0.
E
2 +y 2 +z 2
xex dV , where E is the portion of the unit ball x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 1
RRR
Exercise 4.5.5. Evaluate
E
that lies in the first octant.
RRR
Exercise 4.5.6. Evaluate xyz dV , where E lies between the spheres ρ = 2 and ρ = 4 and above
E
the cone φ = π/3.

Exercise 4.5.7. Find the volume of the part of the ball ρ ≤ a that lies between the cones φ = π/6
and φ = π/3.

Exercise 4.5.8. Find the average distance from a point in a ball of radius a to its center.

Exercise 4.5.9. (a) Find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone φ = π/3 and below the
sphere ρ = 4 cos φ.

(b) Find the centroid of the solid in part (a).

Exercise 4.5.10. Find the volume of the solid that lies within the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, above the
p
xy-plane, and below the cone z = x2 + y 2 .
Chapter 5

Vector Calculus

5.1 Vector Fields

Exercise 5.1.1. Sketch the vector field F by drawing a diagram.

(a) F(x, y) = 0.3 i − 0.4 j yi − xj

(f) F(x, y) = p
x2 + y 2
(b) F(x, y) = 12 x i + y j
(g) F(x, y, z) = k
(c) F(x, y) = − 12 i + (y − x) j
(h) F(x, y, z) = −y k
(d) F(x, y) = y i + (x + y) j
(i) F(x, y, z) = x k
yi + xj
(e) F(x, y) = p
x2 + y 2 (j) F(x, y, z) = j − i

Exercise 5.1.2. Find the gradient vector field of f .

p
(a) f (x, y) = xexy (c) f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2

(b) f (x, y) = tan(3x − 4y) (d) f (x, y, z) = x ln(y − 2z).

Exercise 5.1.3. Sketch the vector field by drawing a diagram

(a) F (x, y) = 0.3i + 0.4j (c) F (x, y, z) = k

(b) F (x, y) = 12 xi + yj (d) F (x, y, z) = xk

21
22 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

5.2 Line Integrals

Important formulas:

• A plane curve C is given by the parametric equations

x = x(t) y = y(t) a ≤ t ≤ b,

and f is a continuous. Then

s 
dx 2
Z Z b  2
dy
f (x, y) ds = f (x(t), y(t)) + dt
C a dt dt
Z Z b
f (x, y) dx = f (x(t), y(t)) x0 (t) dt
C a
Z Z b
f (x, y) dy = f (x(t), y(t)) y 0 (t) dt
C a

Exercise 5.2.1. Evaluate the line integral, where C is the given curve
Z
(a) y 3 ds, C : x = t3 , y = t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
C
Z
(b) xy ds, C : x = t2 , y = 2t, 0≤t≤1
C
Z
(c) xy 4 ds, C is the line segment from (0, 3) to (4, 6)
C

√ √
Z
(d) (x2 y 3 − x) dy, C is the arc of the curve y = x from (1, 1) to (4, 2)
C
Z
(e) ex dx, C is the arc of the curve x = y 3 from (−1, −1) to (1, 1)
C
Z
(f) (x + 2y) dx + x2 dy, C consists of line segments from (0, 0) to (2, 1) and from (2, 1) to (3, 0)
C
Z
(g) x2 dx + y 2 dy, C consists of the arc of the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 from (2, 0) to (0, 2) followed by the
C
line segment from (0, 2) to (4, 3).

• We now suppose that C is a smooth space curve given by the parametric equations

x = x(t) y = y(t) z = z(t) where a ≤ t ≤ b

or by a vector equation r(t) = x(t) i + y(t) j + z(t) k. If f is a function of three variables that
is continuous on some region containing C, then
s 
dx 2
Z Z b  2  2 Z b
dy dz
f (x, y, z) ds = f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) + + dt = f (r(t)) r0 (t) dt
C a dt dt dt a
Z Z b
f (x, y, z) dz = f (x(t), y(t), z(t)) z 0 (t) dt
C a
5.2. LINE INTEGRALS 23

Exercise 5.2.2. Evaluate the line integral, where C is the given curve
Z
(a) xyz ds, C : x = 2 sin t, y = t, z = −2 cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ π
C
Z
(b) xyz 2 ds, C is the line segment from (−1, 5, 0) to (1, 6, 4)
C
Z
(c) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds, where C: x = t, y = cos 2t, z = sin 2t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
C
Z
(d) xy eyz dy, where C: x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
C
√
Z
(e) y dx + z dy + x dz, where C: x = t, y = t, z = t2 , 1 ≤ t ≤ 4
C
Z
(f) z 2 dx + x2 dy + y 2 dz, where C is the line segment from (1, 0, 0) to (4, 1, 2)
C

Important formulas:

• Let F be a continuous vector field defined on a smooth curve C given by a vector function
r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Then the line integral of F along C is
Z Z b Z
• F · dr = F(r(t)) · r0 (t) dt = F · T ds.
Z C Z a C
F · dr = P dx + Q dy + R dz where F = P i + Qj + Rk.
C C

R
Exercise 5.2.3. Evaluate the line integral C F · dr, where C is given by the vector function r(t)

(a) F (x, y) = xyi + 3y 2 j and r(t) = 11t4 i + t3 j, 0≤t≤1

(b) F (x, y, z) = (x + y)i + (y − z)j + z 2 k and r(t) = t2 i + t3 j + t2 k, 0≤t≤1

(c) F (x, y, z) = sin xi + cos yj + xzk and r(t) = t3 i − t2 j + tk, 0≤t≤1

(d) F (x, y, z) = xi + yj + xyk and r(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk, 0≤t≤π

Z
Exercise 5.2.4. Evaluate the line integral F · dr, where
C

F(x, y) = ex−1 i + xy j,

and C is given by
r(t) = t2 i + t3 j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Exercise 5.2.5. Find the work done by the force field F (x, y) = x2 i + xyj on a particle that moves
once around the circle x2 + y 2 = 4 oriented in the counter–clockwise direction.

Exercise 5.2.6. Find the work done by the force field

F(x, y) = x i + (y + 2) j

in moving an object along one arch of the cycloid

r(t) = (t − sin t) i + (1 − cos t) j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

24 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

Exercise 5.2.7. The force exerted by an electric charge at the origin on a charged particle at a point
(x, y, z) with position vector
r = hx, y, zi

is
Kr
F(r) = ,
|r|3
where K is a constant. Find the work done as the particle moves along a straight line from (2, 0, 0)
to (2, 1, 5).

Exercise 5.2.8. (Mass and Center of Mass of a Wire)

(a) A thin wire is bent into the shape of a semicircle x2 + y 2 = 4, x ≥ 0. If the linear density is a
constant k, find the mass and center of mass of the wire.

(b) A thin wire has the shape of the first-quadrant part of the circle with center the origin and radius
a. If the density function is ρ(x, y) = kxy, find the mass and center of mass of the wire.

5.3 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals

Important formulas:

• Let C be a smooth curve given by the vector function r(t), a ≤ t ≤ b. Let f be a differentiable
function of two or three variables whose gradient vector ∇f is continuous on C. Then
Z
∇f · dr = f (r(b)) − f (r(a))
C

Z I
• Theorem. F · dr is independent of path in D if and only if F · dr = 0 for every closed path
C C
C in D.

• Theorem.
Z Suppose F is a vector field that is continuous on an open connected region D. If
F · dr is independent of path in D, then F is a conservative vector field on D; that is, there
C
exists a function f such that ∇f = F.

• Theorem. If F(x, y) = P (x, y) i + Q(x, y) j is a conservative vector field, where P and Q have
continuous first-order partial derivatives on a domain D, then throughout D we have

∂P ∂Q
=
∂y ∂x

• Theorem. Let F = P i + Q j be a vector field on an open simply-connected region D. Suppose

that P and Q have continuous first-order derivatives and

∂P ∂Q
= throughout D
∂y ∂x

Then F is conservative.
5.3. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM FOR LINE INTEGRALS 25

• Theorem. Let F = P i + Q j be a vector field on an open simply-connected region D. Suppose

that P and Q have continuous first-order derivatives and

∂P ∂Q
= throughout D
∂y ∂x

Then F is conservative.

Exercise 5.3.1. Determine whether or not F is a conservative vector field. If it is, find a function f
such that F = ∇f .

(a) F (x, y) = (2x − 3y) i + (−3x + 4y − 8) j

(b) F (x, y) = ex sin y i + ex cos y j

(c) F (x, y) = ex cos y i + ex sin y j

(d) F (x, y) = (3x2 − 2y 2 ) i + (4xy + 3) j

R
Exercise 5.3.2. Find a function f such that F = ∇f and then use the function f to evaluate C F ·dr
along a given curve C.

(a) F (x, y) = x2 i + y 2 j, and C is the arc of the parabola y = 2x2 from (−1, 2) to (2, 8)

(b) F (x, y) = xy 2 i + x2 y j, and C: r(t) = t + sin 21 πt, t + cos 12 πt ,

0≤t≤1

(c) F (x, y) = (1 + xy)exy i + x2 exy j, and C: r(t) = cos t i + 2 sin t j, 0 ≤ t ≤ π/2

(d) F (x, y, z) = yz i + xz j + (xy + 2z) k, and C is the line segment from (1, 0, −2) to (4, 6, 3)

√
(e) F (x, y, z) = (y 2 z + 2xz 2 ) i + 2xyz j + (xy 2 + 2x2 z) k, and C: x = t, y = t + 1, z = t2 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Exercise 5.3.3. Show that the line integral is independent of path and evaluate the integral.
Z
(a) 2xe−y dx + (2y − x2 e−y ) dy, C is any path from (1, 0) to (2, 1).
C
Z
(b) sin y dx + (x cos y − sin y) dy, C is any path from (2, 0) to (1, π).
C

Exercise 5.3.4. Find the work done by the force field F in moving an object from P to Q.
√
(a) F(x, y) = 2y 3/2 i + 3x y j; P (1, 1), Q(2, 4)

(b) F(x, y) = e−y i − xe−y j; P (0, 1), Q(2, 0).

26 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

5.4 Green’s Theorem

Important formulas:

• Green’s Theorem Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise-smooth, simple closed curve

in the plane and let D be the region bounded by C. If P and Q have continuous partial
derivatives on an open region that contains D, then
I ZZ  
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Q dy = − dA
C D ∂x ∂y

• Suppose that the closed C is the boundary of the region D in the plane R2 . We have
I I I
1
Area(D) = x dy = − y dx = x dy − y dx
C C 2 C

Exercise 5.4.1. Evaluate the line integrals by two methods: directly and using Green’s Theorem.
H
(a) C (x − y) dx + (x + y) dy, C is the circle with center the origin and radius 2.

(b) C xy dx + x2 dy, C is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (3, 0), (3, 1) and (0, 1).
H

(c) C xy dx + x2 y 3 dy, C is the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 2).
H

(d) C x2 y 2 dx + xy dy, C consists of the arc of the parabola y = x2 from (0, 0) to (1, 1) and the line
H

segments from (1, 1) to (0, 1) and from (0, 1) to (0, 0).

Exercise 5.4.2. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate the line integral along the given positively oriented
curve.

(a) C xy 2 dx + 2x2 y dy, C is the tritangle with vertices (0, 0), (2, 2) and (2, 4).
H

(b) C cos y dx + x2 sin y dy, C is the rectangle with vertices (0, 0), (5, 0), (5, 2) and (0, 2).
H

√
(c) C (y + e x ) dx + (2x + cos(y 2 )) dy, C is the boundary of the region enclosed by the parabolas
H

y = x2 and x = y 2 .

(d) C y 4 dx + 2xy 3 dy, C is the ellipse x2 + 2y 2 = 2

H

(e) C y 3 dx − x3 dy, C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 4

H

R
Exercise 5.4.3. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate C F · dr.

(a) F (x, y) = (y cos x − xy sin x, xy + x cos x) and C is the triangle from (0, 0) to (0, 4) to (2, 0) to
(0, 0).

(b) F (x, y) = e−x + y 2 , e−y + x2 and C consists of the arc of the curve y = cos x from (−π/2, 0)

to (π/2, 0) and the line segment from (π/2, 0) to (−π/2, 0). is the triangle from (0, 0) to (0, 4) to
(2, 0) to (0, 0).

(c) F (x, y) = (y − cos y, x sin y) and C is the circle (x − 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 4 oriented clockwise.
Dp E
(d) F(x, y) = x2 + 1, tan−1 (x) , where C is the triangle from (0, 0) to (1, 1) to (0, 1) to (0, 0).
5.5. CURL AND DIVERGENCE 27

5.5 Curl and Divergence

Important formulas:

• If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on R3 and the partial derivatives of P , Q, and R all

exist, then the curl of F is the vector field on R3 defined by

      i j k
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = − i+ − j+ − k= ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
P Q R

∂P ∂Q ∂R
• If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on R3 and ∂x , ∂y , and ∂z exist, then the divergence
of F is the function of three variables defined by
∂P ∂Q ∂R
div F = + + = ∇ · F.
∂x ∂y ∂z

Exercise 5.5.1. Find curl and divergence of the vector field.

(a) F (x, y, z) = (x + yz)i + (y + xz)j + (z + xy)k

(b) F (x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 i + x3 yz 2 j + x2 y 3 zk

(c) F (x, y, z) = xyez i + yzex j

(d) F (x, y, z) = (ex sin y, ey sin x, ez sin x)

Exercise 5.5.2. Determine whether or not the vector field F is conservative. If it is conservative,
find a function f such that F = ∇f .

(a) F (x, y, z) = y 2 z 3 i + 2xyz 3 j + 3xy 2 z 2 k

(b) F (x, y, z) = xyz 2 i + x2 yz 2 j + x2 y 2 zk

(c) F (x, y, z) = i + sin zj + y cos zk

(d) F (x, y, z) = eyz i + xzeyz j + xyeyz k

28 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

5.6 Parametric surfaces and their areas

Important formulas:

• If a smooth parametric surface S is given by the equation

r(u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k (u, v) ∈ D

and S is covered just once as (u, v) ranges throughout the parameter domain D, then the
surface area of S is ZZ
A(S) = |ru × rv | dA
D
where
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = i+ j+ k rv = i+ j+ k
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
• For the special case of a surface S with equation z = f (x, y), where (x, y) lies in D and f has
continuous partial derivatives, we have
s  2  2
ZZ
∂z ∂z
A(S) = 1+ + dA
D ∂x ∂y

Exercise 5.6.1. Find the area of the surfaces

(a) The part of the plane 3x + 2y + z = 6 that lies in the first octant.

(b) The part of the plane with vector equation r(u, v) = (u + v, 2 − 3u, 1 + u − v) that is given by
0 ≤ u ≤ 2, −1 ≤ v ≤ 1.

(c) The part of the plane x + 2y + 3z = 1 that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 3.
p
(d) The part of the cone z = x2 + y 2 that lies between the plane y = x and the cylinder y = x2 .
2
x3/2 + y 3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.


(e) The surface z = 3

(f) The part of the surface z = 1 + 3x + 2y 2 that lies above the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1),
and (2, 1).

(g) The part of the surface z = xy that lies within the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1.

(h) The part of the paraboloid x = y 2 + z 2 that lies inside the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9.

(i) The part of the surface y = 4x + z 2 that lies between the planes x = 0, x = 1, z = 0, and z = 1.

(j) The helicoid (or spiral ramp) with vector equation

r(u, v) = u cos v i + u sin v j + v k, 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π.

(k) The surface with parametric equations x = u2 , y = uv, z = 12 v 2 , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2.

(l) The part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = b2 that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 =2 , where 0 < a < b.
5.7. SURFACE INTEGRALS 29

5.7 Surface Integrals

Surface integrals of functions

Important formulas:

• Suppose that a surface S has a vector equation

r(u, v) = x(u, v) i + y(u, v) j + z(u, v) k, (u, v) ∈ D,

ZZ ZZ
f (x, y, z) dS = f (r(u, v)) ru × rv dA.
S D

• Suppose that the surface S is defined by equation z = g(x, y), (x, y) ∈ D ⊂ R2 . Then
s 
∂z 2
ZZ ZZ  2
∂z
f (x, y, z) dS = f (x, y, g(x, y)) + + 1 dA
S D ∂x ∂y

Exercise 5.7.1. Evaluate the surface integrals.

ZZ
(a) (x + y + z) dS, where S is the parallelogram with parametric equations
S

x = u + v, y = u − v, z = 1 + 2u + v, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1.
ZZ
(b) xyz dS, where S is the cone with parametric equations
S

x = u cos v, y = u sin v, z = u, 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π/2.

ZZ
(c) y dS, where S is the helicoid with vector equation
S

r(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, v) , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π.

ZZ
(d) (x2 + y 2 ) dS, where S is the surface with vector equation
S

r(u, v) = 2uv, u2 − v 2 , u2 + v 2 , u2 + v 2 ≤ 1.

ZZ
(e) x2 yz dS, where S is the part of the plane z = 1 + 2x + 3y that lies above the rectangle
S
[0, 3] × [0, 2].
ZZ
(f) xz dS, where S is the part of the plane 2x + 2y + z = 4 that lies in the first octant.
S
ZZ
(g) x dS, where S is the triangular region with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, −2, 0), and (0, 0, 4).
S
ZZ
(h) y dS, where S is the surface z = 23 (x3/2 + y 3/2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.
S
ZZ
(i) x2 z dS, where S is the part of the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 that lies between the planes z = 1 and
S
z = 3.
30 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS
ZZ
(j) z dS, where S is the surface x = y + 2z 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
S
ZZ
(k) y dS, where S is the part of the paraboloid y = x2 +z 2 that lies inside the cylinder x2 +z 2 = 4.
S
ZZ
(l) y 2 dS, where S is the part of the sphere x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 4 that lies inside the cylinder x2 +y 2 = 1
S
and above the xy-plane.
ZZ
(m) (x2 z + y 2 z) dS, where S is the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, z ≥ 0.
S
ZZ
(n) xz dS, where S is the boundary of the region enclosed by the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9 and the
S
planes x = 0 and x + y = 5.
ZZ
(o) (z + x2 y) dS, where S is the part of the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 1 that lies between the planes x = 0
S
and x = 3 in the first octant.
ZZ
(p) (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) dS, where S is the part of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 between the planes z = 0
S
and z = 2, together with its top and bottom disks.

Surface integrals of vector fields

Important formulas:

• If F is a continuous vector field defined on an oriented surface S with unit normal vector n,
then the surface integral of F over S is
ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · n dS.
S S

This integral is also called the flux of F across S.

• If S is given by a vector function r(u, v), (u, v) ∈ D ⊂ R2 , then

ZZ ZZ
F · dS = F · (ru × rv ) dA.
S D

• In the case of a surface S given by a graph z = g(x, y), (x, y) ∈ D ⊂ R2 then

ZZ ZZ  
∂g ∂g
F · dS = −P −Q + R dA.
S D ∂x ∂y

ZZ
Exercise 5.7.2. Evaluate the surface integral F · dS for the given vector field F and the oriented
S
surface S. In other words, find the flux of F across S. For closed surfaces, use the positive (outward)
orientation.

(a) F (x, y, z) = zexy i − 3zexy j + xy k, where S is the parallelogram with parametric equations
x = u + v, y = u − v, z = 1 + 2u + v, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2, 0 ≤ v ≤ 1 with upward orientation.
5.8. STOKES THEOREM 31

(b) F (x, y, z) = z i + y j + x k, where S is the helicoid with vector equation

r(u, v) = (u cos v, u sin v, v) , 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ π.

with upward orientation.

(c) F (x, y, z) = xy i + yz j + zx k, where S is the part of the para boloid z = 4 − x2 − y 2 that lies
above the square 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 and has upward orientation.
p
(d) F (x, y, z) = −x i − y j + z 3 k, where S is the part of the cone z = x2 + y 2 between the planes
z = 1 and z = 3 with downward orientation.

(e) F(x, y, z) = xi − zj + yk, where S is the part of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 in the first octant,
with orientation toward the origin.

(f) F(x, y, z) = xz i + xj + yk, where S is the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 25, y ≥ 0, oriented in the

direction of the positive y-axis.

(g) F(x, y, z) = yj − zk, where S consists of the paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, and the disk
x2 + z 2 ≤ 1, y = 1.

(h) F(x, y, z) = xyi + 4x2 j + yzk, where S is the surface z = xey , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, with upward
orientation.

(i) F(x, y, z) = xi + 2yj + 3zk, where S is the cube with vertices (±1, ±1, ±1).

(j) F(x, y, z) = xi+yj+5k, where S is the boundary of the region enclosed by the cylinder x2 +z 2 = 1
and the planes y = 0 and x + y = 2.
p
(k) F(x, y, z) = x2 i+y 2 j+z 2 k, where S is the boundary of the solid half-cylinder 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − y2, 0 ≤
x ≤ 2.

(l) F(x, y, z) = yi + (z − y)j + xk, where S is the surface of the tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0),
(1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1).

Exercise 5.7.3. Find the flux of

F(x, y, z) = sin(xyz) i + x2 y j + z 2 ex/5 k

across the part of the cylinder 4y 2 + z 2 = 4 that lies above the xy-plane and between the planes
x = −2 and x = 2 with upward orientation.

5.8 Stokes Theorem

Stokes’ Theorem: Let S be an oriented piecewise-smooth surface that is bounded by a simple,
closed, piecewise-smooth boundary curve C with positive orientation. Let F be a vector field whose
components have continuous partial derivatives on an open region in R3 that contains S. Then
I ZZ
F · dr = ∇ × F · dS.
C S
32 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

ZZ
Exercise 5.8.1. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate curl F · dS.
S

(a) F(x, y, z) = 2y cos z i + ex sin z j + xey k, and

S is the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z ≥ 0, oriented upward.

(b) F(x, y, z) = x2 z 2 i + y 2 z 2 j + xyz k, and

S is the part of the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4, oriented
upward.

(c) F(x, y, z) = tan−1 (x2 yz 2 ) i + x2 y j + x2 z 2 k, and

p
S is the cone x = y 2 + z 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, oriented in the direction of the positive x-axis.

(d) F(x, y, z) = xyz i + xy j + x2 yz k, and

S consists of the top and the four sides (but not the bottom) of the cube with vertices (±1, ±1, ±1),
oriented outward.

(e) F(x, y, z) = exy i + ex j + x2 k, and

S is the half of the ellipsoid 4x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 4 that lies to the right of the xz-plane, oriented in
the direction of the positive y-axis.
I
Exercise 5.8.2. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate F·dr. In each case C is oriented counterclockwise
C
as viewed from above.

(a) F(x, y, z) = (x + y 2 )i + (y + z 2 )j + (z + x2 )k, and

C is the triangle with vertices (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1).
√
(b) F(x, y, z) = i + (x + yz)j + (xy − z)k, and
C is the boundary of the part of the plane 3x + 2y + z = 1 in the first octant.

(c) F(x, y, z) = yz i + 2xz j + exy k, and

C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, z = 5.
5.9. THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM 33

(d) F(x, y, z) = xy i + 2z j + 3y k, and

C is the curve of intersection of the plane x + z = 5 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9.
I
Exercise 5.8.3. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate F · dr, where
C

F(x, y, z) = x2 z i + xy 2 j + z 2 k,

and C is the curve of intersection of the plane x + y + z = 1 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9, oriented
counterclockwise as viewed from above.
I
Exercise 5.8.4. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate F · dr, where
C

F(x, y, z) = x2 y i + 31 x3 j + xy k,

and C is the curve of intersection of the hyperbolic paraboloid z = y 2 −x2 and the cylinder x2 +y 2 = 1,
oriented counterclockwise as viewed from above.

5.9 The Divergence Theorem

The Divergence Theorem: Let E be a simple solid region and let S be the boundary surface
of E, given with positive (outward) orientation. Let F be a vector field whose component functions
have continuous partial derivatives on an open region that contains E. Then
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = div F dV.
S E

Exercise 5.9.1. Verify that the Divergence Theorem is true for the vector field F on the region E.

(a) F(x, y, z) = 3x i + xy j + 2xz k, and

E is the cube bounded by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.

(b) F(x, y, z) = x2 i + xy j + z k, and

E is the solid bounded by the paraboloid z = 4 − x2 − y 2 and the xy-plane.

(c) F(x, y, z) = hz, y, xi, and E is the solid ball x2 + y 2 + z 2 ≤ 16.

(d) F(x, y, z) = hx2 , −y, zi, and E is the solid cylinder y 2 + z 2 ≤ 9, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.

(e) F(x, y, z) = 3xy 2 i + xez j + z 3 k, and

S is the surface of the solid bounded by the cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the planes x = −1 and x = 2.

(f) F(x, y, z) = (x3 + y 3 ) i + (y 3 + z 3 ) j + (z 3 + x3 ) k, and

S is the sphere with center the origin and radius 2.

(g) F(x, y, z) = x2 sin y i + x cos y j − xz sin y k, and

S is the “fat sphere” x8 + y 8 + z 8 = 8.
34 CHAPTER 5. VECTOR CALCULUS

(h) F(x, y, z) = z i + y j + z k, and

S is the surface of the tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane
x y z
+ + = 1,
a b c
where a, b, c are positive numbers.

(i) F(x, y, z) = (cos z + xy 2 ) i + xez j + (sin y + x2 z) k, and

S is the surface of the solid bounded by the paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4.

(j) F(x, y, z) = x4 i − x2 z 3 j + 4xy 2 z k, and

S is the surface of the solid bounded by the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1 and the planes z = x + 2 and
z = 0.

(k) F = |r| r, where r = x i + y j + z k, and

p
S consists of the hemisphere z = 1 − x2 − y 2 and the disk x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 in the xy-plane.

Exercise 5.9.2.

Exercise 5.9.3.

Exercise 5.9.4.

Exercise 5.9.5.

Exercise 5.9.6.
Contents

1 Sequences and Series 2

1.1 Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Power series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 Vector and geometry of space 6

2.1 Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Equations of Lines and Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Partial Derivatives 11
3.1 Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3 Partial derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4 Local and absolute Extremums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4 Multiple Integrals 16
4.1 Double Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Polar coordinates - Double integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Triple Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Cylindrical coordinates - Triple integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.5 Spherical coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5 Vector Calculus 21
5.1 Vector Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2 Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 The Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 Green’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.5 Curl and Divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.6 Parametric surfaces and their areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.7 Surface Integrals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.8 Stokes Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.9 The Divergence Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

35