CfE Higher Chemistry

Unit 3:
Chemistry in Society

Homework Booklet

1
 Controlling the Rate of Reaction

1. A pupil made the following observations on dripping taps. 45cm 3 of water was
collected from Tap A in 3 minutes. 340 cm 3 of water was collected from Tap B in 20
minutes. By calculating the average rate of loss of water from each tap, find out
which tap was dripping faster.

2. A farmer records the weight of his pigs every Monday. Here is part of the record for
one of the pigs.

Date Weight (kg) Date Weight (kg)

Jan 1 75.85 Jan 22 83.70
Jan 8 76.50 Jan 29 86.90
Jan 15 79.10 Feb 5 92.10

Calculate the average rate of weight gain per week:-

i) during the first week
ii) during the first three weeks
iii) over the five week period

3. A pupil was attempting to measure the rate of a chemical reaction which produced a
gas. After six seconds 8cm3 of gas had been collected. After ten seconds the total
volume of gas collected was 14cm3. Calculate the average rate of the reaction during
this time interval (from six to ten seconds).

4. The graph below shows the volume of hydrogen gas released when a 10cm strip of
magnesium (mass = 0.1g) was added to 30cm 3 of 1 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid.

(a) Calculate the average rate of

reaction
i) over the first 15 seconds
ii) between 20 and 30 seconds
2
(b) How long did it take for the reaction to stop?

(c) The graph shows that the rate of reaction changes as the reaction proceeds. Explain
why it changes in this way.

5. Marble chips (calcium carbonate), reacted with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
The rate of reaction was followed by recording the mass of the container and the
reaction mixture over a period of time. The results of the experiment are shown in
the following graph.

(a) Write a balanced equation

for the reaction.

(b) Give a reason for the loss of mass of the container.

(c) Calculate the average rate of reaction over the first five minutes.

(d) Why does the average rate of reaction decrease as the reaction proceeds?

6. The results shown below were obtained when 0.42 g of powdered chalk was added to
20 cm3 hydrochloric acid, concentration 2 mol l -1 (an excess of the acid).

3
(a) Sketch the graph and add a
solid line to the graph to show what would happen if 0.42g of chalk lumps was used
instead of powdered chalk.

(b) Add a dotted line to the graph to show what would happen if 20 cm 3 of 3 mol l-1
hydrochloric acid was used instead of 2 mol l -1 hydrochloric acid.

7. 1.0 g of zinc was placed in 20 cm3 of 2 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid. After 20 seconds the
zinc was removed, washed, dried and re-weighed. The remaining zinc weighed 0.35 g.

(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

(b) Calculate the average rate of the reaction.

(c) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used up in the 20 seconds.

8. A pupil was investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of a chemical reaction
and obtained the following data.

Temperature (oC) 15 25 33 37 44
Time for reaction to
154 66.7 40 30.3 22.2
finish (s)
Relative rate ( .......... )

(a) Copy the table and calculate the relative rate of reaction at each temperature and
add them to the table, putting the correct units in the brackets.

(b) Plot a graph of relative rate against temperature.

(c) Predict what the relative rate of the reaction will be at 50 0C.

4
 (d) Use the graph to estimate the time for the reaction to finish at 40 0C.

9. (a) Explain
i) Why decreasing the particle size increases the rate of a chemical reaction.

ii) Why increasing the concentration speeds up a chemical reaction.

(b) Give an everyday example of a reaction speeded up by

i) decreasing the particle size

ii) increasing the concentration

10. When hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium thiosulphate the following
reaction takes place.

2HCl(aq) + Na2S2O3(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + S(s) + H20(l)

Solid sulphur forms in the solution.

In one set of experiments the effect of varying the concentration of sodium

thiosulphate was studied. Some of the volumes of solutions used are shown.

Volume of 0.05 mol Volume of 0.1 mol l-

Volume of water/
l-1 1
Reaction time /s
cm3
Na2S2O3(aq)/ cm3 HCl(aq)/ cm 3

200 0 5 20

160 25

120 33

80 50

40 100

(a) Copy and then complete the table to show the volumes of water and acid that would
have been used.

(b) Describe how the reaction time could have been measured.

(c) Describe how the relative rate of reaction would be obtained from each of the results.

11. Hydrogen peroxide can be used to clean contact lenses. In this process, the enzyme
catalase is added to break down hydrogen peroxide. The equation for the reaction is:
5
 2H2O2  2H2O + O2

The rate of oxygen production was measured in three laboratory experiments

using the same volume of hydrogen peroxide at the same temperature.

Experiment Concentration of H2O2/ mol l-1 Catalyst used

A 0.2 yes

B 0.4 yes

C 0.2 no

The curve obtained for experiment A is shown.

(a) Calculate the

average rate of the reaction over the first 40 s.

(b) Copy the graph and add curves to the graph to show the results of experiments B and
C. Label each curve clearly.

(c) Draw a labelled diagram of assembled lab apparatus which could be used to carry out
these experiments.

6
 12. The graph shows the concentrations of reactant and product as equilibrium is
established in a reaction.

(a) Calculate the

average rate of
reaction over the first 10 s.

(b) The reaction is repeated using a homogeneous catalyst. What is meant by a

homogeneous catalyst?

13. The decomposition of an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water
can be catalysed by iodide ions, I-(aq), or by solid manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2(s).
For each of these catalysts state, with a reason, whether the catalysis is
homogeneous or heterogeneous.

14. An advice leaflet given to motorists when catalytic converters were first used states:
“Cars fitted with catalytic converters must be run on unleaded petrol only.”

(a) Outline the reasons for fitting catalytic converters, naming the substances reacting
and what happens to them.

(b) Describe in terms of adsorption how catalysts work, and state the effect this has on
the activation energy for the reaction.

(c) Describe how a substance poisons a catalyst.

(d) Explain the reason for the advice given at the start of the question.

Chemical Energy

Enthalpy Diagrams

7
1. a) Copy the diagrams below and mark with an arrow:-
i) the activation energy EA.
ii) the enthalpy change 

b) State whether each reaction is endothermic or exothermic.

c) Calculate the value of H and EA for each reaction

2. Copy the axes below and sketch potential energy diagrams for the following
reactions,
labelling the axes.
a) H = -15 kJ mol-1 EA = 20 kJ mol-1
b) H = +20 kJ mol-1 EA = 35 kJ mol-1

3. Two chemicals A and B react in solution to form C. The reaction has an activation
energy of
150 kJ mol-1. If hydrogen ions are used as a catalyst the activation energy is 50 kJ
mol-1. The
enthalpy change for the reaction is -125 kJ mol -1.
Present this information as a potential energy diagram using the template below.
Use a solid line for the uncatalysed reaction and a dotted line for the catalysed
reaction.

4. The graph shows the potential energy

diagram for a urease catalysis of urea.
(a) What is the enthalpy change for the
reaction?

8
 (b) Acid is a less effective catalyst than urease for this reaction.
Add a curve to the potential energy diagram to show the hydrolysis when acid is
used as
the catalyst.

5. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes very slowly to produce water and oxygen.
(a) The activation energy (EA) for the reaction is75 kJ mol-1 and the enthalpy change
(H) is
–26 kJ mol-1.
Copy the diagram and use the information above to complete the potential
energy diagram for the reaction using a solid line.

(b) When a catalyst is used the activation energy is reduced by 30 kJ mol -1.
Add a dotted line to the diagram to show the path of reaction when a catalyst is
used.
9
6. (a) Graph 1 shows the distribution of kinetic energies of molecules in a gas at 30 0C.

Copy the graph and add a dotted line to show the distribution of kinetic energies at
200C.

(b) In Graph 2, the shaded area represents the number of molecules with the required
energy of activation, EA, for reaction to occur.

Copy the graph and draw a line to show how a catalyst affects the energy of activation.

(c) A collision involving molecules with the required energy of activation may not result in
reaction.
State a reason for this.

7. What is meant by the term “activation energy”?

[Link] is the activated complex?

Designing an Industrial Process

10
1. Aluminium is extracted from its purified oxide by molten electrolysis. Suggest two
advantages and two disadvantages of siting aluminium smelters in the Scottish
Highlands.

2. Write down 5 factors which will affect the design of a chemical process.

3. A reaction in a chemical plant is exothermic.

(a) Explain what is meant by an exothermic reaction.
(b) How does the exothermic reaction help the chemical plant make a profit?

4. By-products are usually created in industrial chemical processes.

(a) Explain what is meant by a by-product.
(b) How can by-products be
(i) profit making?
(ii) profit losing?

5. As well as transportation, what other reasons could there be for siting chemical
works close to
rivers?

6. What are the four stages in the manufacture of a new product? Write a sentence or
two to explain each stage.

7. Imagine you were researching a method for converting benzene to a long chain
alkylbenzene
for detergent manufacture. What amounts of reagents would you use?
A milligrams
B grams
C kilograms
D metric tonnes (1000 kg)

8. In the bulk manufacturing process for converting benzene to alkylbenzene for

detergents,
what amounts of reagents would be used?
A milligrams
B grams
C kilograms
D metric tonnes (1000 kg)

9. Give three ways that the operators of chemical plants can minimize the effect of the
processes on the environment.

10. The Haber process is used to make ammonia. For this process list
(a) the feedstocks
(b) the raw materials

Calculations from Equations

11
 number of moles = mass concentration = number of
moles
GFM volume

1. What is the mass of

a) 1 mole of H2O
b) 5 moles of CO2
c) 20 moles of NH3
d) 0.1 moles of C2H5OH
e) 0.05 moles of C2H4?

2. How many moles are in

a) 1.8g of H2O
b) 8.8g of CO2
c) 1.755kg of NaCl
d) 40kg of MgO
e) 0.12g of NaOH

3. What is the concentration of a solution containing:

a) 5 moles of NaCl dissolved in 5 l of water
b) 0.3 moles of NaCl dissolved in 0.5 l of water
c) 2 moles of NaCl dissolved in 250 ml of water
d) 175.5g of NaCl dissolved in 500 ml of water
e) 11.7g of NaCl dissolved in 10 l of water

4. Calculate the number of moles of solute required to prepare 250cm 3 of a 0.100 mol
l solution of oxalic acid.
-1

5. What mass of copper(II) sulphate crystals (CuSO4.5H2O) would be contained in

100cm3 of a
2.50 mol l-1 solution ?

6. How many grams of magnesium oxide would be produced by reacting completely

4.0 g of
magnesium with oxygen?
2Mg + O2  2MgO

7. Oxygen can be converted into ozone (O3) by passing an elecrical discharge through
it.
Calculate the number of ozone molecules that would be formed if 16g of oxygen
were completely converted into ozone.
3O2  2O3

12
8. Ammonia reduces copper(II) oxide to copper. The other products of the reaction are
water
and nitrogen.
2NH3 + 3CuO  3Cu + H2O + N2
Calculate the mass of copper produced and the mass of ammonia consumed when
56.4g of copper(II) oxide are reduced in this way.

9. What mass of aluminium will be needed to react with 10 g of CuO, and what mass
of Al2O3 will
be produced?
3CuO + 2Al  Al2O3 + 3Cu

10. In a reaction magnesium carbonate powder is used to neutralise 250 cm 3 of 2 mol l-1
dilute
hydrochloric acid. Calculate the mass of magnesium carbonate required to
neutralise the
dilute hydrochloric acid
MgCO3 + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2O + CO2

11. In a reaction sodium carbonate powder is used to neutralise 200 cm 3 of 2 mol l-1
dilute
sulphuric acid. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate required to neutralise the
dilute
sulphuric acid.
Na2CO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O +CO2

12. 20 cm3 of a solution of NaOH is exactly neutralised by 25 cm 3 of a solution of HCl of

concentration 0.5 mol l–1.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution in mol l –1.

13. 100 cm3 of a solution of KOH is exactly neutralised by 150 cm 3 of a solution of H2SO4
of concentration 0.25 mol l–1.
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate the concentration of the KOH solution in mol l –1.

14. 50 cm3 of a solution of HCl is exactly neutralised by 20 cm 3 of a solution of Ca(OH)2

of concentration 2.0 mol l–1.
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
Calculate the concentration of the HCl solution in mol l –1.

15. 2.5 l of a solution of NaOH is exactly neutralised by 1.5 l of a solution of HCl of

concentration 1.0 mol l–1.
13
 HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution in mol l .
–1

The molar volume of any gas is 24 litres at s.t.p.

16. What volume would the following amounts of gas occupy?

a) 2 moles of helium
b) 0.1 moles of oxygen
c) 5.5 moles of nitrogen
d) 2.4 g of ozone
e) 0.88 g of carbon dioxide
f) 32 g of sulphur trioxide

17. What volume (in l) of carbon dioxide would be produced by completely reacting 60
g of carbon
with oxygen?
C + O2  CO2

18. What volume (in l) of hydrogen would be produced by completely reacting 60 cm 3 of

hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.2 mol l–1 with zinc?
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

19. What volume (in l) of carbon dioxide would be produced by completely reacting 10g
of
calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid?
CaCO3 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

20. What volume (in l) of hydrogen would be produced by completely reacting 60 cm 3 of

hydrochloric acid of concentration 1.2 mol l–1 with zinc?
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2

21. In the reaction of lithium with water, what mass of lithium (in grams) would be
required to produce 600 cm3 of hydrogen?
2Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

22. Calculate the volume of oxygen that would be required to react completely with 1.0
l of
methane.
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 +2H2O

14
23. Calculate the volume of oxygen that would be required to react completely with 5.0
l of ethane.
C2H4 + 3O2  2CO2 +2H2O

24. Iron(II) sulphide reacts with hydrochloric acid as follows:

FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq)  FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
If 4.4g of iron(II) sulphide was added to 160cm 3 of 0.5 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid, show
by
calculation which substance is in excess.

25. A student added 0.20g of silver nitrate, AgNO3, to 25 cm3 of water. This solution was
then
added to 20cm3 of 0.0010 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is:
AgNO3(aq) + HCl(aq)  AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)
Show by calculation which reactant is in excess.

26. Calcite is a very pure form of calcium carbonate which reacts with nitric acid as
follows:
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq)  Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
A 2.14g piece of calcite was added to 50.0cm 3 of 0.200 mol l-1 nitric acid in a beaker.
Calculate the mass of calcite, in grams, left unreacted.

27. Copper(II) oxide reacts with sulphuric acid as follows:

CuO(s) + H2SO4(aq)  CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)
1.6 g of copper(II) oxide is added to a beaker containing 50cm 3 of 0.25 mol l-1
sulphuric acid.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) oxide remaining after the reaction was complete.

28. Lead reacts with hydrochloric acid as follows:

Pb(s) + 2HCl(aq)  PbCl2(aq) + H2(g)
If 6.22g of lead was added to 50cm3 of 1 mol l-1 hydrochloric acid, calculate the
mass of lea
left unreacted.

29. A strip of zinc metal weighing 2.00 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing
10.00 g of
silver nitrate. The reaction that occurs is
Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) + Zn(NO3)2(aq)
(a) Determine which reactant is in excess.
(b) Calculate how many grams of silver will be formed.

30. A piece of lithium with a mass of 1.50 g is placed in an aqueous solution containing
6.00 g
15
 of copper (II) sulphate. The reaction that occurs is:
2Li(s) + CuSO4(aq)  Cu + Li2SO4 (aq)
(a) Determine which reactant is in excess.
(b) Calculate how many grams of copper will be formed.

Percentage Yield and Atom Economy

1. 20 g of lithium hydroxide was reacted with potassium chloride:

LiOH + KCl  LiCl + KOH
(a) What is the theoretical yield of lithium chloride?
(b) If 6 g of lithium chloride was actually produced, what is the percentage yield?

2. The equation below shows the combustion of propanol:

C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O
a) If you start with 5 grams of C3H8, what is the theoretical yield of water?
b) If the percentage yield was 75%, how many grams of water will actually be
made?

3. In the reaction below, the theoretical yield was 10.7 g but the actual yield was 4.5
g.
Calculate the percentage yield.
Be + 2 HCl  BeCl2 + H2

4. What is the theoretical yield of sodium oxide if you start with 20 grams of calcium
oxide?
2 NaCl + CaO  CaCl2 + Na2O

5. In the reaction below:

FeBr2 + 2 KCl  FeCl2 + 2 KBr
a) What is the theoretical yield of iron (II) chloride if you start with 340 g of iron (II)
bromide?
b) What is my percentage yield of iron (II) chloride if my actual yield is 40 g?

6. In the reaction below:

TiS + H2O  H2S + TiO
What is the percentage yield of titanium (II) oxide if you start with 20 g of titanium
(II) sulfide
and the actual yield of titanium (II) oxide is 22 g?

7. In the reaction below:

U + 3 Br2  UBr6
What is the actual yield of uranium hexabromide if you start with 100 g of uranium
and get a
16
 percentage yield of 83% ?

8. In the reaction below:

H2SO4  H2O + SO3
If you start with 89 kg of sulfuric acid and produce 71 kg of water, what is the
percentage
yield?

9. If, in the reaction below 32 kg of C2H6 produces 44 kg of CO2, what is the % yield?
2C2H6 + 7O2  4CO2 + 6H2O

10. If, in the reaction below, 80 g of Cl 2 produces 38 g of CCl4 what is the % yield?
CS2 + 3Cl2  CCl4 + S2Cl2

11. If, in the reaction below, 49 g of Fe3O4 produces a 78.25 % yield of Fe. How many
grams
are produced?
Fe3O4 + 4H2  3Fe + 4H2O

12. If, in the reaction below, 40 tonnes of H 2O produces 6.7 tonnes of HF what is the %
yield?
CH3COF + H2O  CH3COOH + HF

13. Calculate the atom economy for the production of lithium chloride assuming that all
the
reactants are converted into products.
LiOH + KCl  LiCl + KOH

14. Calculate the atom economy for the production of titanium oxide assuming that all
the
reactants are converted into products.
TiS + H2O  H2S + TiO

15. Calculate the atom economy for the production sulphur trioxide assuming that all
the
reactants are converted into products.
H2SO4  H2O + SO3

16. Which reaction below has the highest atom economy for producing water?
2C2H6 + 7O2  4CO2 + 6H2O
C3H6 + 4½O2  3CO2 + 3H2O

17
18
 Equilibria

1. The reaction between SO2 and O2 may be described as

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) ΔH = -196 kJ mol-1
Select the two conditions that will favour a high yield of SO 3.
A Removal of SO2
B Lower the pressure
C Lower the temperature
D Use a catalyst
E Addition of more O2

2. A chemical reaction has reached dynamic equilibrium at a certain temperature.

Which one of
following statements is incorrect?
A The reaction has stopped completely
B The concentrations of the reactants remains constant
C Products are continuously being formed
D The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

3. Three moles of ethanol and three moles of ethanoic acid were reacted together
according to
The equation
C2H5OH + CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
At equilibrium, there was 2 moles each of ethyl ethanoate and water formed. What
is the equilibrium constant for this reaction?
A 4
B 2
C 0.25
D 0.44

4. The diagram shows the concentrations of

hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide for the
reaction between hydrogen and iodine.
Which of the following statements is
incorrect?

A the equilibrium lies predominantly to the

left
B at point A on the time axis, the
concentration of all three gases is zero
C The reaction between the gases reaches
equilibrium at point B.
D Adding more hydrogen at point D will alter the shape of the graph.
E At point C, the system is in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

19
5. Consider the following equilibrium reaction

Which one of the following will cause a yellow colour to predominate?

A Addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
B Addition of sodium chromate (Na 2CrO4)
C Addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
D Removal of water

6. Which one of the following equilibrium reactions is not affected by a change in

pressure?
A
B
C
D

7. What does it mean to say that a chemical reaction has reached equilibrium?

8. The forward reaction of the equilibrium system below is endothermic. Dilute HCl is
added and
the colour changes to blue. What colour change occurs when the mixture is
cooled?

9. The reaction of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) forming dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) is

exothermic in the forward direction.

State two conditions will cause the equilibrium mixture to go dark brown?

10. Ammonia is formed in the Haber process according to

the
following balanced equation.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3
The table shows the percentages of ammonia present
at
equilibrium under different conditions of temperature T
and

20
 pressure P when hydrogen and nitrogen gases were mixed in
a 3:1 molar ratio. Is this an endothermic or exothermic
reaction? Give a reason for your answer.

11. The following equilibrium involves two compounds of phosphorus.

PCl3(g) + 3NH3 (g) P(NH2)3(g) + 3HCl(g)
(a) An increase in temperature moves the equilibrium to the left. What does this
indicate
about the enthalpy change for the forward reaction?
(b) What effect, if any, will an increase in pressure have on the equilibrium?

12. The balanced equation for a reaction at equilibrium is:

aA + bB cC + dD

(a) For this reaction, the equilibrium constant, K, can be defined as:

where [A] represents the concentration of A, etc and a represents the number of
moles of A,etc.
(i) Write down the expression for the equilibrium constant for the following
equilibrium.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
(ii) What will happen to the position of the equilibrium if the reaction is
carried out
over a catalyst?

(b) In industry, the reaction of nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia by the
Haber
Process does not attain equilibrium.
Give one feature of the operating conditions which leads to the Haber Process
not
reaching equilibrium

13. When a yellow solution of iron (III) chloride (FeCl 3)and a colourless solution of
potassium
thiocyanate (KCNS) were mixed in a test tube, a red colour appeared and the
following
equilibrium was established:
Fe3+(aq) + CNS-(aq) Fe(CNS)2+(aq)
yellow red

Explain:
(a) the effect on the Fe3+ ion concentration of adding KCNS to the equilibrium
mixture
(b) why changing the pressure has no effect on this reaction.
21
14. Consider the following equilibrium reaction at room temperature used to dissolve
iodine (I2)
crystals in an aqueous solution of iodide ions (I -).
I2(aq) + I -(aq) I3-(aq)
State and explain the effect on the equilibrium concentration of triiodide ions of
adding a
substance that reacts with iodine, eg. starch.

Chemical Energy

Enthalpy

1. Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of

(a) 1 kg of water by 150C
(b) 250 cm3 of water by 7.80C
(c) 3 litres of water by 280C

2. A pupil burned 2.4g of sulfur in air to heat 150g of water. The temperature of the
water
increased from 15.30C to 36.00C.
Calculate the value for the enthalpy of combustion of sulfur using these
experimental results.

3. A pupil found the enthalpy of combustion of propan-1-ol using the following

apparatus.

(a) In addition to the initial and final temperatures

of the water, what other measurements
would the pupil have made.

(b) Describe a change that could be made to the experimental procedure in order to
achieve
more accurate results.

(c) The table shows the enthalpies of combustion of three alcohols.

22
 Alcohol Enthalpy of combustion/kJ mol-1
methanol -715
ethanol -1371
propan-1-ol -2010

Why is there a regular increase in enthalpies of combustion from methanol to

ethanol to
propan-1-ol?

4. When 3.6 g of butanal (relative formula mass =72) was burned, 134 kJ of energy
was
released.
From this result, what is the enthalpy of combustion in kJ mol -1?
5. In an experiment the burning of 0.980g of ethanol resulted in the temperature of
400cm3 of
water rising from 14.2oC to 31.6oC.
Use this information to calculate the enthalpy of combustion of ethanol.

6. Calculate the enthalpy change for each of the following experiments.

(a) When 1 g of potassium carbonate dissolved in 10 cm 3 of water the temperature
increased by 5.60C.
(b) When 1 g of sodium nitrate dissolved in 10 cm 3 of water the temperature fell by
5.6 C.
0

7. From the results of question 6 calculate the enthalpy of solution for

a) potassium carbonate (6a)
b) sodium nitrate (6b)

8. The enthalpy change when 1 mole of sodium carbonate dissolves in water is 24.6 kJ
mol .
-1
Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate which would produce a temperature
rise of 9.20C
when added to 25cm3 of water.

9. 2g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is dissolved in 0.125 kg of water causing the

temperature to
rise from 19oC to 23oC.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of sodium hydroxide.

10. 14.9g of potassium chloride, KCl, is dissolved in 200cm 3 of water causing the
temperature to fall from 19.5oC to 15.5oC.
Calculate the enthalpy of solution of potassium chloride.

11. A student dissolved 10.0g of ammonium chloride in 200cm 3 of water and found that
the
temperature of the solution fell from 23.2 oC to 19.8oC.
23
 Calculate the enthalpy of solution of ammonium chloride.

12. A pupil added 50cm3 of NaOH(aq) to 50cm3 HCl(aq). Each solution had a
concentration of
2.0 mol l-1. The temperature rise was 13.5oC.
Calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation.

13. 40cm3 of 1 mol l-1 of nitric acid, HNO3, and 40cm3 of 1 mol l-1 sodium hydroxide,
NaOH, both at room temperature of 19oC were mixed and the temperature
increased to 25.8oC.
Calculate the enthalpy of neutralisation.

24
 Chemical Energy
Hess’s Law

1. What is the relationship between a, b, c and d? Answer in the form a =

………………………
S(s) + H2(g)  H2S(g) H = a
H2(g) + ½ O2 (g)  H2O(l) H = b
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g) H = c
H2S(g) + 1 ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) +SO2(g) H = d

2. The enthalpy changes for the formation of one mole of aluminium oxide and one
mole of iron(III) oxide are shown below.
2Al(s) + 1½O2(g)  Al2O3(s) H = -1676 kJ mol-1
2Fe(s) + 1½O2(g)  Fe2O3(s) H = -825 kJ mol-1
Use the above information to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction:
2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)  Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(s)

3. The equation for the enthalpy of formation of propanone is:

3C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) C3H6O(l)
Use the following information on enthalpies of combustion to calculate the enthalpy
of formation of propanone.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -394 kJmol-1
H2(g) + ½O2(g) H2O(l) H = -286 kJmol-1
C3H6O(l) + 4O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) H = -1804 kJmol-1

4. The equation below represents the hydrogenation of ethene to ethane.

C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g)
Use the enthalpies of combustion of ethene, hydrogen and ethane from page 9 of
the data booklet to calculate the enthalpy change for the above reaction.

5. Calculate a value for the enthalpy change

involved in the formation of one mole of
hydrogen peroxide from water (ΔH3). The
enthalpy change when hydrogen forms
hydrogen peroxide is -188 kJ mol-1 and the
enthalpy of combustion of hydrogen to
form water is -286 kJ mol-1.

6. Calculate a value for the enthalpy change involved in the decomposition of nitrogen
dioxide to nitrogen monoxide given the following information.
Equation (a) N2(g) + O2(g)  2NO(g) ΔH = +181 kJ
equation (b) N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g) ΔH = +68 kJ

25
 Chemical Energy

Bond Enthalpies

1. In the presence of bright light, hydrogen and bromine react. One step in the
reaction is shown
below.
H2(g) + Br(g) → HBr(g) + H(g)
The enthalpy change for this step can be represented as
A (H-H bond enthalpy) + (Br-Br bond enthalpy)
B (H-H bond enthalpy) − (Br-Br bond enthalpy)
C (H-H bond enthalpy) + (H-Br bond enthalpy)
D (H-H bond enthalpy) − (H-Br bond enthalpy).

2. Use the information in the table to calculate the enthalpy change for the following
reaction:
H2(g) + Cl2(g)  2HCl(g)

Bonds ΔH to break bond (kJ

mol-1)
H-H 432
Cl-Cl 243
H-Cl 428

3. Using the bond enthalpy values from your data booklet, calculate the enthalpy
changes for the
following reactions:
(a) CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(b) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g)  3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(c) C3H6(g) + H2(g)  C3H8(g)
(d) N2(g) + 2O2(g)  2NO2(g)

26
 Chromatography

1. Use the diagram showing a paper chromatography

experiment to
define the following terms:
(a) mobile phase
(c) stationary phase
(d) Rf value

2. Compare and explain the speed at which the following move up the paper in paper
chromatography.
(a) Large molecules compared with small molecules.
(b) A polar solvent compared with a non-polar solvent.

3. An organic chemist is attempting to synthesise a fragrance compound by the

following
chemical reaction.
compound X + compound Y → fragrance compound
After one hour, a sample is removed and compared with pure samples of
compounds X and Y
using thin-layer chromatography.
Which of the following chromatograms shows that the reaction has produced a pure
sample of the fragrance compound?

27
4. Describe how chromatography can be used to identify the amino acids that make
up a protein.

5. Label the parts A – F on the gas chromatography equipment below:

6. In terms of gas liquid chromatography

(a) what is the mobile phase?
(b) what is the stationary phase?
(c) why is the injection port heated?
(d) explain what is meant by retention time.

7. Give 3 different uses of gas liquid chromatography.

8. (a) Which gases are usually used as carrier gases in gas chromatography?
(b) Explain why these particular gases are used.

9. If the stationary phase in gas chromatography is non-polar, how would the retention
times of
polar and non-polar samples in the column compare to each other?

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10. A technician analyses a mixture of hydrocarbons using gas chromatography.
She first calibrates the equipment using standard hydrocarbons. The retention
times of these hydrocarbons are shown in the table.

retention time in
hydrocarbon formula
minutes
methane CH4 1.7
ethane C2H6 2.2
propane C3H8 3.5
butane C4H10 4.0
pentane C5H12 7.4

The technician then analyses the mixture of hydrocarbons. The recorder print out
from this analysis is shown below.

(a) How does the recorder

print out show that butane has the highest concentration?
(b) Use data in the table to draw a conclusion relating the formula of each
hydrocarbon to its
retention time.

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 Volumetric Analysis

1. 25 cm3 of a solution of sodium hydroxide was added to a flask and titrated with a
0.2 mol l-1 solution of hydrochloric acid.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
The experiment was carried out three times and the volumes of HCl titrated in each
experiment are shown in the table.

Titration Volume of 0.2 mol l-1 solution of HCl (cm3)

1 11.3
2 10.4
3 10.6
Calculate the concentration of the NaOH solution in mol l –1.

2. 20 cm3 of a solution of potassium hydroxide was added to a flask and titrated with a
0.1 mol l-1 solution of hydrochloric acid.
HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O
The experiment was carried out three times and the volumes of HCl titrated in each
experiment are shown in the table.
Titration Volume of 0.2 mol l-1 solution of HCl (cm3)
1 20.6
2 19.9
3 20.0
Calculate the concentration of the KOH solution in mol l –1.

3. 10 cm3 of a solution of KOH was added to a flask and titrated with a 0.05 mol l -1
solution of H2SO4.
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
The experiment was carried out three times and the volumes of HCl titrated in each
experiment are shown in the table.
Titration Volume of 0.2 mol l-1 solution of HCl (cm3)
1 15.9
2 15.2
3 15.3

Calculate the concentration of the KOH solution in mol l .

–1

4. Rhubarb leaves contain oxalic acid, (COOH) 2. A pupil found that it required 17 cm 3
of
0.001 mol l-1 of sodium hydroxide to neutralise 25 cm 3 of a solution made from
rhubarb
leaves. Calculate the concentration of oxalic acid in the solution given that the
equation
for the reaction is:
(COOH)2 + 2NaOH  Na2(COO)2 + 2H2O

30
5. Acidified potassium permanganate can be used to determine the concentration of
hydrogen
peroxide solution; the solutions react in the ratio of
2 mol of potassium permanganate: 5mol of hydrogen peroxide.
In an analysis it is found that 16.8 cm 3 of 0.025 mol l-1 potassium permanganate
reacts exactly
with a 50 cm3 sample of hydrogen peroxide solution. What is the concentration, in
mol l-1 of
the hydrogen peroxide solution?

6. Iodine reacts with thiosulphate ions as follows:

I2(aq) + 2S2O32-(aq) 2I -(aq) + S4O62-(aq)
In an experiment it was found that 1.2 x 10 -5 mol of iodine reacted with 3.0 cm 3 of
the sodium
thiosulphate solution. Use this information to calculate the concentration of the
thiosulphate solution in mol l-1.

7. Vitamin C, C6H8O6, is a powerful reducing agent. The concentration of vitamin C in a

solution
can be found by titrating it with a standard solution of iodine, using starch as an
indicator. The equation for the reaction is:
C6H8O6(aq) + I2(aq) C6H6O6(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2I-(aq)
A vitamin C tablet was crushed and dissolved in some water. The solution was then
transferred
to a standard 250 cm3 flask and made up to the 250 cm3 mark with distilled water.
In one investigation it was found that an average of 29.5 cm 3 of 0.02 mol l-1 iodine
solution was required to react completely with 25.0 cm 3 of vitamin C solution.
Use this result to calculate the mass, in grams, of vitamin C in the tablet.

8. Hydrogen sulfide, H2S, can cause an unpleasant smell in water supplies. The
concentration of hydrogen sulfide can be measured by titrating with a chlorine standard
solution.
The equation for the reaction taking place is
4Cl2(aq) + H2S(aq) + 4H2O(l) → SO42−(aq) + 10H+(aq) + 8Cl−(aq)
50·0 cm3 samples of water were titrated using a 0∙010 mol l −1 chlorine solution.
(a) Name an appropriate piece of apparatus which could be used to measure out
the water
samples.
(b) What is meant by the term standard solution?
(c) An average of 29·4 cm3 of 0∙010 mol l−1 chlorine solution was required to react
completely
with a 50·0 cm3 sample of water. Calculate the hydrogen sulfide concentration,
in mol l−1,
present in the water sample. Show your working clearly.

31
9. A compound known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA) is useful for
measuring the quantities of certain metal ions in solution. For example, Ca 2+ ions and
EDTA react in a
1 mol:1 mol ratio.
It is found that 14.6 cm3 of 0.1 mol l-1 EDTA reacts exactly with a 25cm3 sample of a
solution containing Ca2+ ions.
Calculate the concentration, in mol l -1, of the calcium ion solution.

32