B.
Tech (Electrical Engineering) - Power Systems-I (Apparatus and Modelling)
Course Code: 100507 | Credit: 3-0-0-3 | Batch: 2022
Unit 1.0 - Basic Concepts (6 hrs)
1. Evolution of Power Systems and Present-Day Scenario
• Definition (English): Development of power systems from small isolated setups to present-day
large interconnected national and international grids.
• Explanation (Hinglish): Pehle chhoti jagah pe alag-alag power generation hota tha, lekin ab
pure desh ke liye interconnected grid system ban gaya hai jo jyada reliable aur efficient hai.
2. Structure of a Power System
• Definition: A power system consists of generation, transmission, distribution, and load.
• Explanation: Power generate hota hai (thermal, hydro, etc.), phir high voltage pe transmit hota
hai aur finally consumers tak distribute hota hai.
• Formula: P = V × I
3. Bulk Power Grids and Micro-grids
• Definition: Bulk grids handle large areas, while micro-grids serve small, local regions and can
operate independently.
• Explanation: Bulk grid poori city ya region ko supply karta hai, jabki micro-grid chhoti jagah (like
village, hospital) ko supply karta hai.
4. Generation: Conventional & Renewable
• Definition: Electricity generation through traditional (coal, gas) and modern renewable (solar,
wind) resources.
• Explanation: Conventional means jaise thermal plants, jabki renewable mein solar panels, wind
turbines aate hain.
5. Distributed Energy Resources (DER)
• Definition: Small, modular power generators (like rooftop solar) that supply power locally.
• Explanation: Ghar ke rooftop pe solar lagake grid ko help kiya ja sakta hai jab demand jyada ho.
6. Energy Storage
• Definition: Devices/systems used to store energy for later use.
• Explanation: Battery ya pumped hydro se energy ko store karte hain taaki baad mein jab
zarurat ho tab use kiya ja sake.
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Unit 2.0 - Transmission and Distribution Systems (7 hrs)
1. Line Diagrams & Topologies
• Definition: Layout of electrical connections shown using lines and symbols.
• Explanation: Topology radial, ring ya mesh hota hai. Radial sabse simple hota hai.
2. Voltage Levels
• Definition: Different voltages used at transmission (high) and distribution (low) stages.
• Explanation: Transmission ke liye 220kV, 400kV use hota hai, distribution ke liye 11kV, 440V.
3. Synchronous & Asynchronous Interconnection
• Definition: Synchronous means systems with same frequency, asynchronous means with
different frequencies.
• Explanation: India ka grid 50Hz pe chalta hai. Agar do system alag frequency pe hain to unhe
asynchronous bolte hain.
4. Three-Phase Systems
• Definition: System having three alternating voltages 120° apart.
• Explanation: 3-phase system jyada efficient hota hai aur industrial motors me use hota hai.
• Formula: P = √3 × V × I × cosθ
5. Power Transfer in AC Circuits
• Definition: Transfer of electrical energy through AC circuits.
• Explanation: Power = V × I × cosθ, yahan cosθ power factor hota hai.
• Example: V = 400V, I = 10A, cosθ = 0.8 ⇒ P = 3200W
6. Skin Effect & Ferranti Effect
• Skin Effect: AC current conductor ke outer surface me flow karta hai.
• Ferranti Effect: Light load me receiving end pe voltage jyada ho jata hai due to line capacitance.
Unit 3.0 - Power System Components (8 hrs)
1. Transmission Lines and Cables
• Definition: Conductors used to transfer power over long distances.
• Explanation: Transmission line me current hone se magnetic field aur voltage hone se electric
field banta hai.
2. Parameters: R, L, C, G
• Resistance (R): Power loss karta hai as heat.
• Inductance (L): Magnetic energy store karta hai.
• Capacitance (C): Electric energy store karta hai between conductors.
• Conductance (G): Leakage current ko represent karta hai.
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3. Line Configurations
• Types: Single circuit, double circuit.
• Explanation: Double circuit jyada reliable hota hai. Highway pe 400kV double circuit towers
milte hain.
4. Travelling Waves
• Definition: Voltage and current waves generated by faults or switching.
• Explanation: Fault lagne pe high frequency wave travel karta hai line me.
• Formula: v = √(L/C)
5. Sinusoidal Steady-State Representation
• Definition: Sinusoidal waveform representation in time domain.
• Formula: V(t) = Vm sin(ωt + φ)
6. Power Transfer & Voltage Profile
• Explanation: Distance ke saath voltage drop hota hai. Isko voltage profile kehte hain.
7. Compensation
• Series Compensation: Line inductance kam karta hai.
• Shunt Compensation: Voltage profile maintain karta hai.
8. Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
• Definition: Power transmitted when the line is terminated with surge impedance.
• Formula: SIL = (V²)/Zc
Unit 4.0 - Transformers and Synchronous Machines (8 hrs)
1. Three-Phase Transformer
• Definition: Transformer that works on 3-phase supply.
• Explanation: Star-delta, delta-star connections hote hain.
• Formula: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns
• Example: Vp = 11000V, Np = 200, Ns = 20 ⇒ Vs = 1100V
2. Tap-Changing Transformers
• Definition: Transformer with adjustable tap to change voltage.
• Explanation: Output voltage ko badhane/ghatane ke liye tap changer lagaya jata hai.
3. Auto-transformer
• Definition: Transformer with common winding for primary and secondary.
• Explanation: Isme ek hi winding shared hoti hai, size chhota hota hai.
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4. Synchronous Machine
• Definition: AC machine jisme rotor speed = synchronous speed.
• Formula: Ns = 120f/P
• Power Curve: Real aur reactive power ke beech relation show karta hai.
5. Load Characteristics
• Types: Resistive, Inductive, Capacitive
• Per-Unit System: Sabhi quantities ko ek reference base ke respect me represent karte hain.
Unit 5.0 - Over-voltages and Insulation Requirements (5 hrs)
1. Lightning Surges
• Definition: High voltage surge due to lightning strike.
• Explanation: Bijli girne se voltage bahut badh jata hai. Protection ke liye lightning arrester
lagate hain.
2. Switching Surges
• Definition: Voltage surge due to switching operation.
• Explanation: Circuit breaker off karne se voltage spike aata hai.
3. Propagation of Surges
• Formula: v = √(L/C)
• Bewley Diagram: Surges ka graphical tracking karta hai.
4. Insulation Coordination
• Definition: Matching insulation level with expected surges.
• Explanation: Equipment ki insulation ko expected surges ke level se match karna hota hai.
Unit 6.0 - DC Transmission and Renewable Energy Systems (8 hrs)
1. HVDC Systems
• Types: LCC (Line Commutated Converter), VSC (Voltage Source Converter)
• Explanation: HVDC se long distance me kam loss ke sath power bhej sakte hain. VSC modern
aur flexible system hai.
2. Solar PV Systems
• Definition: Power generation using photovoltaic effect of solar panels.
• I-V Curve: Current vs Voltage graph hota hai.
• Formula: P = V × I
• Example: 100W panel, V = 20V ⇒ I = 5A
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3. Wind Energy Systems
• Definition: Electrical power generation using wind turbines.
• Power Curve: Wind speed ke hisab se output power show karta hai.
• Types: Fixed-speed, Variable-speed turbines
4. Generators
• Types: Induction Generator, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG)
• Explanation: Wind turbine me in generators ka use hota hai grid pe power supply ke liye.
5. Grid Integration
• Definition: Connecting renewable sources to grid using power electronics.
• Explanation: Power electronics se voltage, frequency match karte hain taaki grid me safely
supply kiya ja sake.
Text/Reference Books (Padhne ke liye important): 1. J. Grainger & W. D. Stevenson – Power System
Analysis 2. O. I. Elgerd – Electric Energy Systems Theory 3. A. R. Bergen & V. Vittal – Power System
Analysis 4. D. P. Kothari & I. J. Nagrath – Modern Power System Analysis 5. B. M. Weedy et al. – Electric
Power Systems