Animal

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms comprising the biological kingdom

Animalia (/ˌænɪˈmeɪliə/[4]). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, Animals
breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow Temporal range: Cryogenian – present,
from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals
form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million
living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects,
over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated
there are as many as 7.77 million animal species on Earth. Animal body lengths range
from 8.5 μm (0.00033 in) to 33.6 m (110 ft). They have complex ecologies and
interactions with each other and their environments, forming intricate food webs. The
scientific study of animals is known as zoology, and the study of animal behaviour is
known as ethology.

The animal kingdom is divided into five major clades, namely Porifera, Ctenophora,
Placozoa, Cnidaria and Bilateria. Most living animal species belong to the clade
Bilateria, a highly proliferative clade whose members have a bilaterally symmetric and
significantly cephalised body plan, and the vast majority of bilaterians belong to two
large clades: the protostomes, which includes organisms such as arthropods, molluscs, Scientific classification
flatworms, annelids and nematodes; and the deuterostomes, which include
Domain: Eukaryota
echinoderms, hemichordates and chordates, the latter of which contains the
vertebrates. The much smaller basal phylum Xenacoelomorpha have an uncertain Clade: Podiata
position within Bilateria.
Clade: Amorphea
Animals first appeared in the fossil record in the late Cryogenian period and diversified Clade: Obazoa
in the subsequent Ediacaran period in what is known as the Avalon explosion. Nearly Clade: Opisthokonta
all modern animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the
Cambrian explosion, which began around 539 million years ago (Mya), and most Clade: Holozoa
classes during the Ordovician radiation 485.4 Mya. Common to all living animals, 6,331 Clade: Filozoa
groups of genes have been identified that may have arisen from a single common
Clade: Choanozoa
ancestor that lived about 650 Mya during the Cryogenian period.
Kingdom: Animalia
Historically, Aristotle divided animals into those with blood and those without. Carl Linnaeus, 1758
Linnaeus created the first hierarchical biological classification for animals in 1758 with
Major groups
his Systema Naturae, which Jean-Baptiste Lamarck expanded into 14 phyla by 1809.
In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into the multicellular Metazoa
Bilateria (~30 phyla)
(now synonymous with Animalia) and the Protozoa, single-celled organisms no longer
considered animals. In modern times, the biological classification of animals relies on Cnidaria
advanced techniques, such as molecular phylogenetics, which are effective at Ctenophora
demonstrating the evolutionary relationships between taxa.
Placozoa
Humans make use of many other animal species for food (including meat, eggs, and Porifera
dairy products), for materials (such as leather, fur, and wool), as pets and as working
Synonyms
animals for transportation, and services. Dogs, the first domesticated animal, have
been used in hunting, in security and in warfare, as have horses, pigeons and birds of
Metazoa Haeckel, 1874[1]
prey; while other terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sports, trophies or
profits. Non-human animals are also an important cultural element of human Choanoblastaea Nielsen, 2008[2]
evolution, having appeared in cave arts and totems since the earliest times, and are Gastrobionta Rothm., 1948[3]
frequently featured in mythology, religion, arts, literature, heraldry, politics, and
Zooaea Barkley, 1939[3]
sports.
Euanimalia Barkley, 1939[3]
Etymology
The word animal comes from the Latin noun animal of the same meaning, which is itself derived from Latin animalis 'having breath
or soul'.[5] The biological definition includes all members of the kingdom Animalia.[6] In colloquial usage, the term animal is often
used to refer only to nonhuman animals.[7][8][9][10] The term metazoa is derived from Ancient Greek μετα meta 'after' (in biology, the
prefix meta- stands for 'later') and ζῷᾰ zōia 'animals', plural of ζῷον zōion 'animal'.[11] A metazoan is any member of the group
Metazoa.[12]

Characteristics
Animals have several characteristics that they share with other living things. Animals are
eukaryotic, multicellular, and aerobic, as are plants and fungi.[13] Unlike plants and algae,
which produce their own food,[14] animals cannot produce their own food,[15][16] a feature they
share with fungi. Animals ingest organic material and digest it internally.[17]

Structural features Animals are unique in having the ball of

cells of the early embryo (1) develop into
Animals have structural characteristics that set them apart from all other living things:
a hollow ball or blastula (2).

cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix[18] composed of

collagen[19] and
elastic glycoproteins[18][19]
motility[20] i.e. able to spontaneously move their bodies during at least part of their life cycle.
a blastula stage during embryonic development[21]
Typically, there is an internal digestive chamber with either one opening (in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, and flatworms) or two openings (in
most bilaterians).[22]

Development
Animal development is controlled by Hox genes, which signal the times and places to develop structures such as body segments and
limbs.[23][24]

During development, the animal extracellular matrix forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be
reorganised into specialised tissues and organs, making the formation of complex structures possible, and allowing cells to be
differentiated.[21] The extracellular matrix may be calcified, forming structures such as shells, bones, and spicules.[25] In contrast, the
cells of other multicellular organisms (primarily algae, plants, and fungi) are held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive
growth.[26]

Reproduction
Nearly all animals make use of some form of sexual reproduction.[27] They produce haploid
gametes by meiosis; the smaller, motile gametes are spermatozoa and the larger, non-motile
gametes are ova.[28] These fuse to form zygotes,[29] which develop via mitosis into a hollow
sphere, called a blastula. In sponges, blastula larvae swim to a new location, attach to the
seabed, and develop into a new sponge.[30] In most other groups, the blastula undergoes more
complicated rearrangement.[31] It first invaginates to form a gastrula with a digestive chamber
and two separate germ layers, an external ectoderm and an internal endoderm.[32] In most
cases, a third germ layer, the mesoderm, also develops between them.[33] These germ layers
then differentiate to form tissues and organs.[34] Sexual reproduction is nearly universal in
animals, such as these dragonflies.
Repeated instances of mating with a close relative during sexual reproduction generally leads
to inbreeding depression within a population due to the increased prevalence of harmful
recessive traits.[35][36] Animals have evolved numerous mechanisms for avoiding close inbreeding.[37]

Some animals are capable of asexual reproduction, which often results in a genetic clone of the parent. This may take place through
fragmentation; budding, such as in Hydra and other cnidarians; or parthenogenesis, where fertile eggs are produced without mating,
such as in aphids.[38][39]
Ecology
Animals are categorised into ecological groups depending on their trophic levels and how they consume
organic material. Such groupings include carnivores (further divided into subcategories such as
piscivores, insectivores, ovivores, etc.), herbivores (subcategorised into folivores, graminivores,
frugivores, granivores, nectarivores, algivores, etc.), omnivores, fungivores, scavengers/detritivores,[40]
and parasites.[41] Interactions between animals of each biome form complex food webs within that
ecosystem. In carnivorous or omnivorous species, predation is a consumer–resource interaction where
the predator feeds on another organism, its prey,[42] who often evolves anti-predator adaptations to
avoid being fed upon. Selective pressures imposed on one another lead to an evolutionary arms race
between predator and prey, resulting in various antagonistic/competitive coevolutions.[43][44] Almost
all multicellular predators are animals.[45] Some consumers use multiple methods; for example, in
parasitoid wasps, the larvae feed on the hosts' living tissues, killing them in the process,[46] but the
adults primarily consume nectar from flowers.[47] Other animals may have very specific feeding
Predators, such as this behaviours, such as hawksbill sea turtles which mainly eat sponges.[48]
ultramarine flycatcher (Ficedula
superciliaris), feed on other Most animals rely on biomass and bioenergy produced by
animals. plants and phytoplanktons (collectively called producers)
through photosynthesis. Herbivores, as primary consumers, eat
the plant material directly to digest and absorb the nutrients,
while carnivores and other animals on higher trophic levels indirectly acquire the nutrients by
eating the herbivores or other animals that have eaten the herbivores. Animals oxidise
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and other biomolecules in cellular respiration, which allows the
animal to grow and to sustain basal metabolism and fuel other biological processes such as
locomotion.[49][50] Some benthic animals living close to hydrothermal vents and cold seeps on
the dark sea floor consume organic matter produced through chemosynthesis (via oxidising
Hydrothermal vent mussels and shrimps
inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide) by archaea and bacteria.[51]

Animals originated in the ocean; all extant animal phyla, except for Micrognathozoa and Onychophora, feature at least some marine
species. However, several lineages of arthropods begun to colonise land around the same time as land plants, probably between 510
and 471 million years ago, during the Late Cambrian or Early Ordovician.[52] Vertebrates such as the lobe-finned fish Tiktaalik started
to move on to land in the late Devonian, about 375 million years ago.[53][54] Other notable animal groups that colonized land
environments are Mollusca, Platyhelmintha, Annelida, Tardigrada, Onychophora, Rotifera, Nematoda.

Animals occupy virtually all of earth's habitats and microhabitats, with faunas adapted to salt water, hydrothermal vents, fresh water,
hot springs, swamps, forests, pastures, deserts, air, and the interiors of other organisms.[55] Animals are however not particularly heat
tolerant; very few of them can survive at constant temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)[56] or in the most extreme cold deserts of
continental Antarctica.[57]

The collective global geomorphic influence of animals on the processes shaping the Earth's surface remains largely understudied, with
most studies limited to individual species and well-known exemplars.[58]

Diversity

Size
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is the largest animal that has ever lived, weighing up to 190 tonnes and measuring up to 33.6
metres (110 ft) long.[59][60] The largest extant terrestrial animal is the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), weighing up to
12.25 tonnes[59] and measuring up to 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) long.[59] The largest terrestrial animals that ever lived were titanosaur
sauropod dinosaurs such as Argentinosaurus, which may have weighed as much as 73 tonnes, and Supersaurus which may have
reached 39 metres.[61][62] Several animals are microscopic; some Myxozoa (obligate parasites within the Cnidaria) never grow larger
than 20 μm,[63] and one of the smallest species (Myxobolus shekel) is no more than 8.5 μm when fully grown.[64]
 The blue whale is the largest Myxozoans such as Myxobolus
animal that has ever lived; it can cerebralis are single-celled
be up to 33.6 metres (110 ft) parasites, never more than 20
long. μm across.

Numbers and habitats of major phyla

The following table lists estimated numbers of described extant species for the major animal phyla,[65] along with their principal
habitats (terrestrial, fresh water,[66] and marine),[67] and free-living or parasitic ways of life.[68] Species estimates shown here are
based on numbers described scientifically; much larger estimates have been calculated based on various means of prediction, and
these can vary wildly. For instance, around 25,000–27,000 species of nematodes have been described, while published estimates of
the total number of nematode species include 10,000–20,000; 500,000; 10 million; and 100 million.[69] Using patterns within the
taxonomic hierarchy, the total number of animal species—including those not yet described—was calculated to be about 7.77 million in
2011.[70][71][a]
 Phylum Example Species Land Sea Freshwater Free-living Parasitic

Yes
Yes
>40,000
Arthropoda 1,257,000[65] 1,000,000
(Malac- Yes 94,000[66] Yes[67] Yes >45,000[b][68]
(insects)[73]
ostraca)[74]

85,000[65] 5,000[66]
Mollusca 35,000[75] 60,000[75] Yes[67] >5,600[68]
107,000[75] 12,000[75]

18,000[66] 40
Chordata >70,000[65][76] 23,000[77] 13,000[77] Yes
9,000[77] (catfish)[78][68]

Yes[67] >40,000[68]
[65] [79] [67] [66]
Platyhelminthes 29,500 Yes Yes 1,300 3,000–6,500[80] 4,000–25,000[80]

Yes
Nematoda 25,000[65] 4,000[69] 2,000[66] 11,000[69] 14,000[69]
(soil)[67]

Yes
Annelida 17,000[65] Yes[67] 1,750[66] Yes 400[68]
(soil)[67]

>1,350
Cnidaria 16,000[65] Yes[67] Few[67] Yes[67]
(Myxozoa)[68]

Porifera 10,800[65] Yes[67] 200–300[66] Yes Yes[81]

Echinodermata 7,500[65] 7,500[65] Yes[67]

Bryozoa 6,000[65] Yes[67] 60–80[66] Yes

Rotifera 2,000[65] >400[82] 2,000[66] Yes Yes[83]

Nemertea 1,350[84][85] Yes Yes Yes

Yes[86]
Tardigrada 1,335[65] (moist Yes Yes Yes
plants)

Evolutionary origin
Evidence of animals is found as long ago as the Cryogenian period. 24-Isopropylcholestane (24-ipc) has been found in rocks from
roughly 650 million years ago; it is only produced by sponges and pelagophyte algae. Its likely origin is from sponges based on
molecular clock estimates for the origin of 24-ipc production in both groups. Analyses of pelagophyte algae consistently recover a
Phanerozoic origin, while analyses of sponges recover a Neoproterozoic origin, consistent with the appearance of 24-ipc in the fossil
record.[87][88]

The first body fossils of animals appear in the Ediacaran, represented by forms such as Charnia and Spriggina. It had long been
doubted whether these fossils truly represented animals,[89][90][91] but the discovery of the animal lipid cholesterol in fossils of
Dickinsonia establishes their nature.[92] Animals are thought to have originated under low-oxygen conditions, suggesting that they
were capable of living entirely by anaerobic respiration, but as they became specialised for aerobic metabolism they became fully
dependent on oxygen in their environments.[93]

Many animal phyla first appear in the fossil record during the Cambrian explosion, starting about 539 million years ago, in beds such
as the Burgess Shale.[94] Extant phyla in these rocks include molluscs, brachiopods, onychophorans, tardigrades, arthropods,
echinoderms and hemichordates, along with numerous now-extinct forms such as the predatory Anomalocaris. The apparent
suddenness of the event may however be an artefact of the fossil record, rather than showing that all these animals appeared
simultaneously.[95][96][97][98][99] That view is supported by the discovery of Auroralumina attenboroughii, the earliest known
Ediacaran crown-group cnidarian (557–562 mya, some 20 million years before the Cambrian explosion) from Charnwood Forest,
England. It is thought to be one of the earliest predators, catching small prey with its nematocysts as modern cnidarians do.[100]

Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion
years ago.[101] Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona
Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges.[102] Trace fossils such as tracks and
burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about
5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms.[103] However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia
sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution.[104][105] Around the same time, the layered mats of
microorganisms called stromatolites decreased in diversity, perhaps due to grazing by newly evolved animals.[106] Objects such as
sediment-filled tubes that resemble trace fossils of the burrows of wormlike animals have been found in 1.2 gya rocks in North
America, in 1.5 gya rocks in Australia and North America, and in 1.7 gya rocks in Australia. Their interpretation as having an animal
origin is disputed, as they might be water-escape or other structures.[107][108]

Anomalocaris canadensis is one

of the many animal species that
Dickinsonia costata from the Auroralumina attenboroughii, an emerged in the Cambrian
Ediacaran biota (c. 635–542 Ediacaran predator (c. 560 explosion, starting some 539
mya) is one of the earliest mya)[100] mya, and found in the fossil
animal species known.[92] beds of the Burgess Shale.

Phylogeny

External phylogeny
Animals are monophyletic, meaning they are derived from a common ancestor. Animals are the sister group to the choanoflagellates,
with which they form the Choanozoa.[109] Ros-Rocher and colleagues (2021) trace the origins of animals to unicellular ancestors,
providing the external phylogeny shown in the cladogram. Uncertainty of relationships is indicated with dashed lines. The animal
clade had certainly originated by 650 mya, and may have come into being as much as 800 mya, based on molecular clock evidence for
different phyla.[110]

Opisthokonta
⁠ Holomycota (inc. fungi)
⁠

⁠Holozoa
⁠ Ichthyosporea
⁠

⁠ Pluriformea
 ⁠
⁠

⁠ ⁠ Filasterea
⁠

⁠Filozoa ⁠Choanoflagellatea
⁠ ⁠
⁠Choanozoa
⁠
⁠Animalia
over 650 mya

Internal phylogeny

The relationships at the base of the animal tree have been debated.[111][112] Other than Ctenophora, the Bilateria and Cnidaria are the
only groups with symmetry, and other evidence shows they are closely related.[113] In addition to sponges, Placozoa has no symmetry
and was often considered a "missing link" between protists and multicellular animals. The presence of hox genes in Placozoa shows
that they were once more complex.[114]

The Porifera (sponges) have long been assumed to be sister to the rest of the animals, but there is evidence that the Ctenophora may be
in that position. Molecular phylogenetics has supported both the sponge-sister and ctenophore-sister hypotheses. In 2017, Roberto
Feuda and colleagues, using amino acid differences, presented both, with the following cladogram for the sponge-sister view that they
supported (their ctenophore-sister tree simply interchanging the places of ctenophores and sponges):[115]

⁠ Porifera
⁠

⁠ Ctenophora
⁠

⁠ Placozoa
⁠ nimalia
A ⁠
multicellular
⁠Eumetazoa
⁠ ⁠ Cnidaria
⁠ParaHoxozoa ⁠
⁠hox genes
⁠
⁠symmetry
⁠ Bilateria
⁠

Conversely, a 2023 study by Darrin Schultz and colleagues uses ancient gene linkages to construct the following ctenophore-sister
phylogeny:[116]

⁠ Ctenophora
⁠

⁠ Porifera
⁠

⁠ Placozoa
⁠ nimalia
A ⁠
multicellular ⁠
⁠Myriazoa
⁠ ⁠
⁠ Cnidaria
⁠ParaHoxozoa ⁠
⁠hox genes
 Bilateria

Non-bilaterians
Sponges are physically very distinct from other animals, and were long thought to have diverged first,
representing the oldest animal phylum and forming a sister clade to all other animals.[117] Despite their
morphological dissimilarity with all other animals, genetic evidence suggests sponges may be more
closely related to other animals than the comb jellies are.[118][119] Sponges lack the complex
organisation found in most other animal phyla;[120] their cells are differentiated, but in most cases not
organised into distinct tissues, unlike all other animals.[121] They typically feed by drawing in water
through pores, filtering out small particles of food.[122]

The Ctenophora and Cnidaria are radially symmetric and have digestive chambers with a single
opening, which serves as both mouth and anus.[123] Animals in both phyla have distinct tissues, but
these are not organised into discrete organs.[124] They are diploblastic, having only two main germ
layers, ectoderm and endoderm.[125]

The tiny placozoans have no permanent digestive chamber and no symmetry; they superficially
Non-bilaterians include
resemble amoebae.[126][127] Their phylogeny is poorly defined, and under active research.[118][128]
sponges (centre) and corals
(background).
Bilateria
The remaining animals, the great majority—comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species—form the Bilateria clade, which have
a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct
organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and in the Nephrozoa there is an internal body cavity, a coelom
or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral)
surface, and a left and a right side.[129][130] A modern consensus phylogenetic tree for the Bilateria is shown below.[131]

⁠ Xenacoelomorpha
⁠

⁠ Ambulacraria
⁠
⁠Deuterostomia
⁠
⁠ Chordata
⁠Bilateria ⁠
⁠
⁠Nephrozoa
⁠650 Mya
⁠ Ecdysozoa
⁠
⁠Protostomia
⁠610 mya
⁠ Spiralia
⁠

Having a front end means that this part of the body encounters stimuli, such as
food, favouring cephalisation, the development of a head with sense organs and a
mouth. Many bilaterians have a combination of circular muscles that constrict the
body, making it longer, and an opposing set of longitudinal muscles, that shorten
the body;[130] these enable soft-bodied animals with a hydrostatic skeleton to
move by peristalsis.[132] They also have a gut that extends through the basically
cylindrical body from mouth to anus. Many bilaterian phyla have primary larvae
which swim with cilia and have an apical organ containing sensory cells. However,
over evolutionary time, descendant spaces have evolved which have lost one or Idealised nephrozoan body plan.[c] With an elongated
more of each of these characteristics. For example, adult echinoderms are radially body and a direction of movement the animal has head
symmetric (unlike their larvae), while some parasitic worms have extremely and tail ends. Sense organs and mouth form the basis of
simplified body structures.[129][130] the head. Opposed circular and longitudinal muscles
enable peristaltic motion.
Genetic studies have considerably changed zoologists' understanding of the
relationships within the Bilateria. Most appear to belong to two major lineages,
the protostomes and the deuterostomes.[133] It is often suggested that the basalmost bilaterians are the Xenacoelomorpha, with all
other bilaterians belonging to the subclade Nephrozoa.[134][135][136] However, this suggestion has been contested, with other studies
finding that xenacoelomorphs are more closely related to Ambulacraria than to other bilaterians.[137]
Protostomes and deuterostomes
Protostomes and deuterostomes differ in several ways. Early in development, deuterostome
embryos undergo radial cleavage during cell division, while many protostomes (the Spiralia)
undergo spiral cleavage.[138] Animals from both groups possess a complete digestive tract, but
in protostomes the first opening of the embryonic gut develops into the mouth, and the anus
forms secondarily. In deuterostomes, the anus forms first while the mouth develops
secondarily.[139][140] Most protostomes have schizocoelous development, where cells simply fill
in the interior of the gastrula to form the mesoderm. In deuterostomes, the mesoderm forms
by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm.[141]

The main deuterostome taxa are the Ambulacraria and the Chordata.[142] Ambulacraria are
exclusively marine and include acorn worms, starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers.[143] The
chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones),[144] which consist of The bilaterian gut develops in two ways.
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.[145][146][147] In many protostomes, the blastopore
develops into the mouth, while in
The protostomes include the Ecdysozoa, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by deuterostomes it becomes the anus.
moulting,[148] Among the largest ecdysozoan phyla are the arthropods and the nematodes.[149]
The rest of the protostomes are in the Spiralia, named for their pattern of
developing by spiral cleavage in the early embryo. Major spiralian phyla
include the annelids and molluscs.[150]

History of classification
The Spiralia develop with spiral cleavage in the embryo, as
In the classical era, Aristotle divided here in a sea snail.
animals,[d] based on his own observations,
into those with blood (roughly, the
vertebrates) and those without. The animals were then arranged on a scale from man (with blood, two
legs, rational soul) down through the live-bearing tetrapods (with blood, four legs, sensitive soul) and
other groups such as crustaceans (no blood, many legs, sensitive soul) down to spontaneously
generating creatures like sponges (no blood, no legs, vegetable soul). Aristotle was uncertain whether
sponges were animals, which in his system ought to have sensation, appetite, and locomotion, or
plants, which did not: he knew that sponges could sense touch and would contract if about to be pulled
off their rocks, but that they were rooted like plants and never moved about.[152]

In 1758, Carl Linnaeus created the first hierarchical classification in his Systema Naturae.[153] In his
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck led original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta,
the creation of a modern Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then, the last four have all been subsumed into a single
classification of invertebrates, phylum, the Chordata, while his Insecta (which included the crustaceans and arachnids) and Vermes
breaking up Linnaeus's have been renamed or broken up. The process was begun in 1793 by Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, who
"Vermes" into nine phyla by
[151] called the Vermes une espèce de chaos ('a chaotic mess')[e] and split the group into three new phyla:
1809.
worms, echinoderms, and polyps (which contained corals and jellyfish). By 1809, in his Philosophie
Zoologique, Lamarck had created nine phyla apart from vertebrates (where he still had four phyla:
mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish) and molluscs, namely cirripedes, annelids, crustaceans, arachnids, insects, worms, radiates, polyps,
and infusorians.[151]

In his 1817 Le Règne Animal, Georges Cuvier used comparative anatomy to group the animals into four embranchements ('branches'
with different body plans, roughly corresponding to phyla), namely vertebrates, molluscs, articulated animals (arthropods and
annelids), and zoophytes (radiata) (echinoderms, cnidaria and other forms).[155] This division into four was followed by the
embryologist Karl Ernst von Baer in 1828, the zoologist Louis Agassiz in 1857, and the comparative anatomist Richard Owen in
1860.[156]

In 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms: Metazoa (multicellular animals, with five phyla:
coelenterates, echinoderms, articulates, molluscs, and vertebrates) and Protozoa (single-celled animals), including a sixth animal
phylum, sponges.[157][156] The protozoa were later moved to the former kingdom Protista, leaving only the Metazoa as a synonym of
Animalia.[158]
In human culture

Practical uses
The human population exploits a large number of other animal species for food, both of domesticated
livestock species in animal husbandry and, mainly at sea, by hunting wild species.[159][160] Marine fish
of many species are caught commercially for food. A smaller number of species are farmed
commercially.[159][161][162] Humans and their livestock make up more than 90% of the biomass of all
terrestrial vertebrates, and almost as much as all insects combined.[163]

Invertebrates including cephalopods, crustaceans, insects—principally bees and silkworms—and

bivalve or gastropod molluscs are hunted or farmed for food, fibres.[164][165] Chickens, cattle, sheep,
pigs, and other animals are raised as livestock for meat across the world.[160][166][167] Animal fibres
such as wool and silk are used to make textiles, while animal sinews have been used as lashings and
bindings, and leather is widely used to make shoes and other items. Animals have been hunted and
farmed for their fur to make items such as coats and hats.[168] Dyestuffs including carmine
(cochineal),[169][170] shellac,[171][172] and kermes[173][174] have been made from the bodies of insects.
Sides of beef in a
slaughterhouse Working animals including cattle and horses have been used for work and transport from the first days
of agriculture.[175]

Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models.[176][177][178][179] Animals
have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century.[180] Some medicines such as the cancer drug trabectedin
are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin.[181]

People have used hunting dogs to help chase down and retrieve animals,[182] and birds of prey
to catch birds and mammals,[183] while tethered cormorants have been used to catch fish.[184]
Poison dart frogs have been used to poison the tips of blowpipe darts.[185][186] A wide variety of
animals are kept as pets, from invertebrates such as tarantulas, octopuses, and praying
mantises,[187] reptiles such as snakes and chameleons,[188] and birds including canaries,
parakeets, and parrots[189] all finding a place. However, the most kept pet species are
mammals, namely dogs, cats, and rabbits.[190][191][192] There is a tension between the role of
animals as companions to humans, and their existence as individuals with rights of their
own.[193] A gun dog retrieving a duck during a hunt

A wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals are hunted for sport.[194]

Symbolic uses
The signs of the Western and Chinese zodiacs are based on animals.[195][196] In China and Japan, the butterfly has been seen as the
personification of a person's soul,[197] and in classical representation the butterfly is also the symbol of the soul.[198][199]

Animals have been the subjects of art from the earliest times, both historical, as in ancient
Egypt, and prehistoric, as in the cave paintings at Lascaux. Major animal paintings include
Albrecht Dürer's 1515 The Rhinoceros, and George Stubbs's c. 1762 horse portrait
Whistlejacket.[200] Insects, birds and mammals play roles in literature and film,[201] such as in
giant bug movies.[202][203][204]

Animals including insects[197] and mammals[205] feature in mythology and religion. The scarab
beetle was sacred in ancient Egypt,[206] and the cow is sacred in Hinduism.[207] Among other
mammals, deer,[205] horses,[208] lions,[209] bats,[210] bears,[211] and wolves[212] are the
subjects of myths and worship.
Artistic vision: Still Life with Lobster and
Oysters by Alexander Coosemans,
c. 1660
See also
Animal coloration – General appearance of an animal
Ethology – Scientific objective study of non-human animal behaviour
Lists of organisms by population
World Animal Day – Observed on 4 October
Notes
a. The application of DNA barcoding to taxonomy further complicates this; a 2016 barcoding analysis estimated a total count of nearly
100,000 insect species for Canada alone, and extrapolated that the global insect fauna must be in excess of 10 million species, of
which nearly 2 million are in a single fly family known as gall midges (Cecidomyiidae).[72]
b. Not including parasitoids.[68]
c. Compare File:Annelid redone w white [Link] for a more specific and detailed model of a particular phylum with this
general body plan.
d. In his History of Animals and Parts of Animals.
e. The French prefix une espèce de is pejorative.[154]

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External links
Tree of Life Project ([Link] Archived ([Link] 12 June
2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Animal Diversity Web ([Link] – University of Michigan's database of animals
Wildscreen Arkive ([Link] – multimedia database of endangered/protected
species

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