2. Describe the different methods of asexual reproduction. Give examples.
Solution:
Different methods of asexual reproduction are as follows:
Vegetative Propagation
In this asexual reproduction, new plants are produced from roots, stems, leaves and buds of the
individual plant.
Examples – Tuber of potato, the rhizome of ginger.
Budding
The bud is a small projection which gradually grows and gets detached from the parent cell and
forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures and produces more yeast cells.
Example – Yeast.
Fragmentation
In this mode of reproduction, the growth and multiplication are done by rapidly breaking down into
two or more fragments. Each fragment grows into new individuals when water and nutrients are
available.
Example – Algae
Spore Formation
This reproduction is done by spores which, under favourable conditions, germinate and develop into
a new individual.
Examples – Fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.
Fission
It is a type of asexual reproduction where the unicellular organism splits to form new organisms.
There are two types of fission which are,
● Binary fission
● Multiple fission
Examples
Unicellular organisms that undergo binary fission are amoeba, paramecium, leishmania, etc.
Plasmodium undergoes the process of multiple fission.
3. Explain what you understand by sexual reproduction.
Solution:
Sexual reproduction is a method where male and female gametes fuse to form a new individual. In
plants, stamens and pistils are male and female reproductive organs which bear the anthers and
ovary, respectively.
4. State the main difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Solution:
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
It requires only one parent Requires a male and female parent
Daughter cells formed are identical to parents Newly formed offsprings show variations in
and to each other. comparison to the parents.
Special reproductive organs are not required Special reproductive organs are required
Ex: Yeast, rose, jasmine Ex: Insects, animals
5. Sketch the reproductive parts of a flower.
Solution:
6. Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Solution:
Self-pollination Cross-pollination
In self-pollination, pollen grains are transferred In cross-pollination, pollen grains are
from the anther to the stigma of the same transferred from the anther of one flower to the
flower. stigma of another flower of the same kind.
Self-pollination occurs only in bisexual flowers It occurs in both unisexual and bisexual flowers
7. How does the process of fertilisation take place in flowers?
Solution:
The process of fusion of male and female gametes (to form a zygote) is called fertilisation. The
zygote develops into an embryo, and the embryo undergoes mitotic cell division to form seeds.
8. Describe the various ways by which seeds are dispersed.
Solution:
Seeds and fruits of plants are carried away by the wind, water and animals. Winged seeds such as
those of drumstick and maple, light seeds of grasses or hairy seeds of aak (Madar) and hairy fruit of
the sunflower get blown off with the wind to faraway places. Some seeds are dispersed by water.
These fruits or seeds usually develop floating ability in the form of a spongy or fibrous outer coat as
in coconut. Some seeds are dispersed by animals, especially spiny seeds with hooks which get
attached to the bodies of animals and are carried to distant places. Examples are Xanthium and
Urena. Some seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst with sudden jerks. The seeds are scattered
far from the parent plant. This happens in the case of castor and balsam.