184

Chapter -8
o6plasa
st COMPLEX NUMBERS
7.1 Introduction:

The real number system had limitations that were at first accepted
and later overcome by a series of improvements in both concepts and
mechanics. In connectionwith, quadratic, equations we encounteredthe
concept of imaginary number and the device invented for handling it, the

notation i=- lor i=y-1. In this chapter we continue the extension of

the real number system to imaginary numbers. The extended

include
system is called the complex number system.

7.2 Complex Number:

A complex number is a number of the form a +bi, where a and b
are real and i =-1or i =y-1. The letter 'a' is called the real part and 'b
is called the imaginary part of a +bi. If a =0, the number ib is said to be a

purely imaginary number and if b =

0, the number a is real. Hence, real
numbers and pure imaginary numbers are special cases of complex
numbers. The complex numbers are denoted by Z,i.e.,
Z=a+ bi.

In coordinate form. Z= (a, b).

Note : Every real number is a complex number with 0 as its imaginary
part.

7.3 Properties of Complex Number:

i) The two complex numbers a + bi and c + di are equal if and only if
a =cand b =d for example if.

X-2 +4yi =3+12 i

Then X-2 =3 and y=3

(ii) If any complex number vanishesthen its real and imaginary parts
willseparately vanish.

For, if a +ib =0, then

a =-ib

Squaring both sides

 185
Complex Numbers

Math 123 a'=b?

a+b'=0
a =0, b=0
only when
Which is possible

on Complex Numbers:
7.4 Basic Algebraic Operation complex numbers.
algebraic operationson
There are four

Addition:

+b i and Z,=a, +bi, then

If Z, =aj
=
Z,+Z, (ajt bji) +(a,+b, i)

(a1 +a) + i(b1 +b2) a+,,+5).

(ii)
Subtraction:

Zi- Z= (aj+ bji)-(a,+ b i)

=(a,-a,) +i(b -b) (a,-4,,b-)

(ii) Multiplication:

Z, Z, =(a,t bi). (a,+b, i)

= a, + b,bi +ajb,i +bai
aj

= -bjbz) +i( ajb,+bja)

(aj ay v (A4.-4)4-t0)
(iv) Division:

a + bji
a, + bi

in order
Multiply

to
Numerator and denominatorby the
make the denominatorreal.
number a, -b i v

aj + bi a) - bi
a, +bi a) -bi
(aja, + bjb) +
ibja,-aj
a,“ + b, b)

ajaz+bb
+1 ba2- bib,
az +b ay“ + b

Generally result will be expressed in

Example 1: Add and subtract the form a+ ib.
the numbers 3 +4i and 2 -7i.
 186
Math 123
Complex Numbers
Solution:

Addition: (3 + 4i) +(2-7i) (3 = + 2) +i(4-7) =5- 3i

Subtraction:(3 + 4i)- (2-7i)=(3-2) +i(4 +7)= 1+11i

Example 2: Find the product of the complex numbers: 3 +4i and 27i.
Solution: (3 + 4i) (2-7) =6 -21i + -281 8i

=6+ 28-13i
=34- 13i
Example 3: Divide 3 +4i by 2-7i.
2.2 = 2
3+ 4i 3 +4i 2+7i
Solution:
2-7i2-7i^ 2+7i
6+28i+ i(21 + 8)
4+ 49 2:2 -(a+ib).(a-ib)
-22 +29i
53
2
-22 29
53 + i53

(2 +i)(1-i)
Example 4: Express 4-3i in the form of a +ib.

Solution:
(2+i)(1-i) (2+1) +i(1- 2) 3-i
4-3i 4-3i 4-3i
3-i 4+3i (12 +3) + i(9– 4)
X
4-3i 4+3i 16+9
15 +i(5) 155
2s
25 25 i

1+4i +2y
Example 5: Separate into real and imaginary parts:
3+i
Solution :

+4i
1

3+i 1+4i3
3 +i 3-i

(a,3, -L,b)+i([Link]) =2,2.

-X-y
(14)(-)-(2-(-)]fi(-z+)

4-3à
=r(hoiSm )
 187
Complex Numbers
Math 123

(3 + 4) + i(12 -1) 7+11i

9+1 10

7 11
+
10

Here, real part =a= 10

11

And imaginary part =b= 10

of a complex number:
Extraction of square roots
numbers
root of the compla
Example 6: Extract the square
21 20i. -
Solution:

Let a + ib =21 -20i

Squaring both sides

(a + ib)' =21 -20 i

ab+ 2abi = 21-20 i

Comparing both sides

a-b= 21. ..(1)

2ab =-20... .(2)

10
From (2) b= a
Put b in equation (1),

100
a? =21

a-21a-100 =0
(a-25) (a + 4)=0
a=25 Or a' =4
a =+5 a =t-4 =+2i

so the real value of a is

But a is not imaginary,

a =5 a =-5
value of b is
The corresponding
 188

Math 123 Complex Numbers

b=-2 b=2
of 21-20i are:
Hence the square roots

5-2i and

Factorization of complex numbers:

a

7: Factorise: a'+b?
Example
Solution:

We have a' +b²= a--b)

=a'i b' ,P=-I
=(a)'- (ib)
=(a +ib) (a – ib)
Additive Inverse of a Complex Number:
7.5
then the numbera-ib
Let Z =a+ib be a complex number,by-Z
is called theadditive inverse of Z. It is denoted i.e.,

Z-Z =0
- Z =-a-ib. Also

Find the additive inverse

of 2 -5i
Example 8:
Solution: Let Z -2-5i
Then additiveinverse of
Z is:

-Z =-(2-5i) = -2+5i.
of a complex number:
7.6 Multiplicative inverse
Let a+ib be a complex number, then x +iy is said to be

multiplicative inverseof a ib if+

(x +
iy) (a + = ib) 1

Or x+iy =
a + ib

1 a- ib
a+ib ^ a-ib
a-ib
x+iy a+b
b
x+iy -+ -a? + b2
 189

Math 123 Complex Numbers

a b
So
y=a+b
Hence multiplicative inverse of (a,b) 1s+ba+b')
Example 9: Find the multiplicative inverse of 4 +3i or (4,3).
Solution:

The multiplicative inverse of 4 +3i is:

4 +3i

1 3-3i
Since,
4 +3i X
4+3; 4-3i

4-3i 4 3 3)
16+9 25 25i 25 25)

7.7 Conjugate of a complex number:

Two complex numbers are called the conjugates of
each other if
their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts differ only
in sign.
If Z =a + bi, the complex number a -bi is called the conjugate

of Z. it is denoted by Z.

i.e., Z= a+bi = a- bi

Moreover Z.Z =(a + bi) ( –bi) =a +b

a

Z+Z =2a and Z-Z=2 b

Theorem: IfZ, and Z2 are complex numbers, then

(i) = + Z Z

(ii) = Z1 .Z2
 190
Math 123
Complex Numbers

(ii) (

Prooft:

)
Let -a
Z+
+bi

Z,= (a,
and

t a)+i(b
Z,=a,
+ b)
t bi

+z-(a1 +a2 )-i(b +b)/

=(aj - + ibi) (a2 -ib:)

=Z1 tZ2
(ii) ZZ,=(aj +ib) (a, + ib)
=(aj ay-b b2) +i(ajb, + bjb)

Z .Z2 =(aja, -bib)-i(ajb t bja)

= aja,- a,-
iajb iby bjb

-aj(a2-ib)- ibja, +i b b,

-aj(aj -ib)- ib (a, -ib)

=a,(a2-ib) - -ib) ib(a,

= -ib)(a,-ib)
(a1

= . Z1 Z2

aj + ib aj +ib a,-ib
(iii)
a, tib, a,+ib) a)-ib,

(aj+ib) (a)-ibz)

az +b
(ajaz+b,bz)
+iazb-a,b,)
az+ b a+b

(afib)a2-ib)_(a ib Xa-ib2) by (i)

a'+ b
a,+ b,

-(a, mib) (9, i b,)

(2,9,+b, b +i(al,-a)
 190
Math 123
Complex Numbers

(ii)

Proof:

Let = + and Z,= a,+

Z aj bi b,i

Z + Z= (a, + +i(b +b) az)

+ z2 (a1 +a) -i(b +b)/

= - (aj ib,) +(a,-ib,)
=Z) +Z,
(ii) Z, Z =(aj + + ib,)
ib) (a,

= a-b,
(aj b) + i(ajb,+bjb)

Z.Z2 (aja, -bjb)- i(a,b, bya) +

= aja,- iajb, - ib a,- bjb,

-aj (a2- ib)- ibja, +i b, b,

-aj (aj -ib) – ib (a, -ib)

=a(a,ib)- ib(a, -ib:)

= -ib) (a,
(aj ib)

= Z. Z2

aj + ib, aj + ib az-ib2
(iii) a, +ib: a) +ib, a, -ib,

(aj+ib;)(az-ibz)
az +b
(ajaztb,b2)
+jl42b1-a,b)
az +bž až + b

( (a,tib) (a,- ib,) (a1tib )(a, -ib: )by

+ as+b,
(ii)
a, b,

a+9,2b-4b+L, -(4,-ib) (4, b)

 191

Complex Numbers
Math 123

(aj-ib) (a) ib) + aj- ib

(a)- ib) (a, ib) + az -ib

Z2

Example 10:Evaluate (3+4)(3+4) , - 12- a+b

Solution:

(3 + 4i) (3 +4i) =(3 + 4i) (3 –4i) =9+ 16=25

Example 11: Find the conjugate of thecomplex number 2i(-3 + 8i)

Solution:
2i(-3+ 8i) =-16–6i
, 3+3))
(2i)(-3+s)
2i(-3 + 8i) =-16 +6i
2. -(2:)3+9)
+ =2i (-3 +8i)
2i(-3
- 213+81)
8i)
Alternately

By above theorem = 2i(-3 -8i)

=-16 + 6i = -2 (-3-st)
Exercise 7.1

Q.1: Write each ordered pair (complex number) in the form:a + bi. +6
() (2, 6) (ii) (5, -2)
(-7,-3) (iv) (4, 0)
(ii)

Write each complex number as an ordered pair.

Q.2:
(-3+i) (ii) (4i) (iv)(0)
(2+3i) (ii)

Find the value of x and y in each of

the following:
Q.3:
(i) x +3i+3 =5+ yi (ii) x+2yi =x +y t 1

(ii) (x,y) (1, 2)=(-1, 8) (iv) (x,-y)(3, -4) =(3,-29)

 192
Math 123
Complex Numbers

(v) (2x - 3y) +i(x – y) 6 = 2-i(2x -y+3)

Q4: Simplifythe following:
() (2-3i) + (1 +2i) (ii) (3 + 5i)- (5-3i)

(ii) (9+7i)-(9+ 7i) + (-18+ i) (iv) (2-3i)(3 + 5i)

(v) (4-31) (vi) (3 +4i) (4 + 3i)(2 -5i)

(vii) (1 +iV3 y (vii)

(ix)
1
+ 1 (x)
2+i
1-3i
8 +3i 8-3i

(3 +4i) (1 - 2i) 2+-1

(xi) 1+i
(xi)
3-4
3

(xii)

of the following:
Q.5: Find the conjugateof each
-2+3i (ii) +
(1 i)(-2-i)
+ 3i)(2-3i)
(ii) -3i(2 +5i) (iv) (-5

to the form
+ a bi.

Q.6: Reduce of the following

(2 +3i) (3 +2i)
3-i (ii) 4-3i
3 +2i
) (iv) (4+i) (-1+3i)
(ii) (2-3i)' (3 +4i

(v) (1-i'(1 +i) (vi)

1-7
(vii) (2+-3)(2 -V-3)
the following:
Q.7: Factorize
4m'+9n? (ii)
49a +625b?
a' b
(iii) 9 81
inverse of the following:
Q.8: Find the multiplicative
3,4) (i) 2,-V5)
 193

Math 123 Complex Numbers

2
(iii) (iv) -6-3i

(v) 4--7
Q.9: Extract the square root of the following complex numbers:
(i)-3 + 4i (i) 8- 6i

(ii) 24 + 10i

1
Cos-i Sin =Cos 0 +iSin 0
Q.10: Prove that :

Q.1l: Express x+y'=a in terms of conjugate co-ordinates.

Q.12: The resultant impedance Z of two parallel circuits of impedances

Z and z is given by the formula 11 Find the
resultant
impedance z when
Z =3+ 4i,
Z -4-2i

Answers 7.1

(1) () 2+6i (i) 5-2i (ii) -7-3i 4

(iv)
(2) (2, 3) (ii) (-3, 1) (iii) (0,4) (iv) (0,0)
(3) () X=2, y =3 (i) x=2, y =1 (iii) x=3,y=2
23 11
(iv) x=5, y =3 () X= 10» Y= -
(4) 3 +i (ii) -2 + 8i
(iii) i

(iv) 21+i (v) 7-24i (vi) 125 +50 i

16
(vii) 8 (vii) 1
(ix)
73
1 7 (9-13i) 4
(x) i0i (xi)
10 2 (xii)
13 13
(xii) 1

(5) (i) -2 -3i

(ii) -1+3i (ii) 15 +6i

(6) (i)
(7-9i) (-39 +52i)
13 (ii)
25 (ii) -6-17i

-7-1li
(iv) (v) 2-2i (vi) 8 81
(vii) 7
 194
Math 123
Complex Numbers
(7) () (2m +3ni) (2m -3ni) (ii) (7a+25bi)(7a - 25bi)

or

4 1,1
(8) (i)
2525 (ii)
(77)i)
6 3 4.7.
23 23I
(iv) 25T'45 (v)

(9) () +(1+ 2i) (ii) +(3-i) (iii) t(5+i)

(11) zZ =a (12) Z=3.018 + 0.566i

78Graphical Representation: Y
Since a complex number Z =a+ib
Imaginary axis

can also be represented by an ordered pair

(a, b), each point in the plane can be

a
viewed as the graph of complex number.
a
B : Z(a.b)
(a+ ib)

P.
Thus, the graph of the complex number

(a,b) or a + ib, is as shown in fig. [Link]

the real part a of a + ib taken as the X

coordinateof P, in this context the x-axis is

called the real axis. Similarly, since the A

+X
imaginary part b of a + ib is taken as Fig.1
Real axis

is called the
y-coordinateof P, the y-axis
imaginary axis.
often
A plane on which complex numbers are thus represented is

called a complex plane. It is also sometimes called an Argand or Gauss

Robert Argand and the great
Plane, after the French Mathematician Jean
Carl Friedrich Gauss.
German Mathemation
7.9 Modulus of a Complex Number:
The Modulus or the absolute value of the complex number

Z=a+ib is denoted by r, |Z| or la + ib| and is given by,

r=|Z|= + ib|=ya +b
la

Thus the modulus a + just the distance from the

ib| is origin to the

point (a,b)
 195

Math 123 Complex Numbers

Note:

Since 22 -a+b, SO

Example 1 1: Find The modulus of (3, - 5) and-7-i

Solution:

(3,- 5)|=|3- 5i| -3+-5 -9+25

=34
And -7-i| =Ve7)' +-1 -y49 +1
=V50
Theorem:

For complex numbers z and zz

)
(ii)

(ii)

(iv) 1z1-z2 z- 122

Proof:

Let Z =aj + ib, and

(i) z1 2 |(al +ib)

+ ibi) (a2
=\(aj a,-bib) + (ab, +bja)|i

=V(aja,-bjb,) +(a,b, bja)

=ya,'a+b'b +a'b, + a? b

b')+ b
-Vaj'(a+ (a +b)
=V(a + b)(a + b) w

-ya' + [Link] +b

aj + ib aj +ib X a, - ib:

a, +
(ii)
Z2 a, + ib ib, a, - ib
 196
Math 123
Complex Numbers

(aja, +b|b) + i(bja, -ajb) this is tslf a Cmplex t

a + b,

aja, + bjb
bjb:bja, - ajb
Z2 a, + b ay“ + b

aj + b b + b' a +a b

a,
(a +b,

(a+ b, (a +b)
(az +b,y
a' +b a +b
a, + bTVa' +b
Z1

|Z2 |
(ii) Z t Z +ib) +(a, + ib)
(aj

=(aj + a) + i(b, + b)

|1 +Z =V(a + a,)' +(b + b

=Va+ a+2aja, + b' +b,+ 2b,b,

=V(aj' +b) + (a +b,) +2(aja,+bjb2)
Squaring both sides:

as
+z
2

-
1
=(a'+ b + (a +b2) +2 (aja,+bb)

2
2

+2
+ 1 +2(aa + bb

< a'b,+b'a,
2

+2aa2 +bb2
) + 2a1a2 bb2

2a, a,b b,
2 2 2

So |z, + za <lz| + |za|

+2Va'a,+ b'b, + a'b, +ba,?

2 2

<z| +|z + 2V(a + b) (a + b

2 2

S +
2
+21l |z
121+ z+l]
 197

Complex Numbers
Math 123

So

(iv ) |
|
21

-(-20) +z
+ za slz + (z

<-+1 by (ii)

Or

7.10 Polar form of a complex number

In the fig. 2, we join the point P
with the origin, we obtain the line r and
the angle 0. Then the numbers or order
a ib

pair (r, ) are called the polar coordinates p

(r,0)
(a.b)

of the point P to distinguish them from the

rectangular co-ordinates (x, y).
b
We call r the absolute value or
modulus of z and 0, angle from the the
positive real axis
line, to
as the this
argument or amplitudeofz and is denoted
by arg 1.e.,
Z arg z. Fig.2

By use of Pythagoreantheorem we have

Cos Sin =b
a =rCos br Sin

r-|z=Va' +b r>0
b
and, tan 9 a

= argZ=tan
Therefore, the complex number
Z=a+ib
=rCos 0 +ir Sin 0
Z=r(Cos 0 +i Sin
-Am2+T;
0).... ...(1)
-
2--

This is sometimes written as Z =rCis 0

arg6)-Ar 2+oT
 198
Math 123
Complex Numbers
The hand side of equation
right
(1) is called the
Trigonometric or polar form of Z.

The argZ has any oneof an infinite number of real values differing
by integral multiple 2kt, where k = 0, + + 2,........The
1, values
satisfyingthe relation, n <0<n iscalled the principle value of thearg Z,
denoted by Arg. Z.

Thus arg Z =Arg Z +2 k n --

Example 12: Express the complex number 1 +iy3 inpolar form.
Solution:

Here, we have a =1,b=y3

r=ya +b'=y1 +3 =2
b
and tan 9 ==y3a

=tanV3 = 60°

Hence 1 +iy3 =2 [Cos 60° + i sin 60] =2 Cis 60

Example13:Write 4(Cos225°+i Sin225°)in rectangular form.
Solution:

Since Cos 225°

-1 and Sin225° = -1

V3

So,4 (Cos 22s° +i Sin 225") -4-5i6

4 4

--242 -2/2i
=rCos =4|
Alternately, a
4'.26
And brSin

a+ib -2 12 -22i
Example 14: Find the magnitude (modulus) and argument of
(4 + 7i)(3– 2i)
 199
Math 123 Complex Numbers
Solution:

(4+ 7i)(3-2i) = (12 + 14) + i(21 8)

-
=26 + 13i

=y26 + 13 =y676 + 169 =29,1

13
tan 9
26 2

=tan = 26°34'

Example 15: Find z such that |Zi=V2 and arg Z=

Solution:

Since,
9=argz 4
a rCos 6 /2 Cos4 2.1
and b r Sin 6 \2 Sin
42
1

Z =a + bi=1+i
Example 16: Show that the equation il z+ =
4 represents a
circle and find its centre and radius.
Solution:

|Z+il=4
Or |x + iy + il +I=4
Or x + i(y + 1)=4
Or Vx +(y+ 1y =4
Or x*+ (y+ = 16 1

Which representsthe circle with centre at (0,-1) and radius 4.

 200
Math 123
Complex Numbers

Q.1:

)
Find the magnitude (Modulus)of

(v)
-2 (i) 3+2i

(-2, 1) (vi)
Exercise

the following:

(-2,-1)
51
7.2

(iii)

(vii)
1+2i
2-i
(iv) (2, 0)

(3- 5i) (1 +i)

(viii)
4 + 2i

Q.2:Express of the following complex number in the polar

(Trigonometric) form:

(i) 2+2/3i (ii) 1-i (iii) -1-i

(iv) -1 +iy3 (v) -V3+i (vi) -3 - 4i

(vi) 8- 15i (vii) -2 (ix) 2V3-2i

2
(2+i) 1+2i
(x) (xi) 1-3i
(3-i)

Q.3: Write each complex number in the form a + bi

) 4 Cis 240° (ii) 3 Cis 300°

6 Cis (-30°) (iv) 12Cis420°

(iii)

Q.4: Find the magnitude and the principle argument of:

(i) 5–7i (i) 8+ 5i (iii) (5- 7i)) (8 +5i)

5-7i 1 +i
(iv) (v) 1+i
8+5i

Q.5: Find z such that:

1-8V2 ,arg Z (ii) |Z=5, arg Z =-:

2
(i) 4

(i) Z2, arg -

Z 6
(iv) |ZV6,arg Z =
3

(V) , arg Z 3 (vi) (Z=V3,argZ =

 201

Math 123 Complex Numbers

Q.l: )
(v)
2 (i)
Answers

VI3 (i)
7.2

5 (iv)

(vii)
2

(vi) V5 (vii) 1

Q.2: () 4 Cis 60°

2 Cis 120°
(i) V2 Cis 315°
2 Cis 150°
(iii) 2 Cis 225°

(iv) (v) (vi) 5 Cis 233° 10

(vi) 17Cis 298° (viii) 2 Cis n(ix) 4 Cis 330°
1
(x) Cis 135°

Q.3: (i) -2-2 V3i (ii)

33i 3/3-3i
2 2 (ii)

(iv) 6+6V3i
Q.4: (i) 8.602, - 54° 28' (ii) 9.434, 32°

(ii) 81.16, - 22° 28' (iv) 0.912, - 86° 28'

(vi) 1, 90°

Q.5: (i) 8 +8i (i) -5i (ii) V3 +i

3
(iv) 6! (vi) -V3

7.11 Multiplication and Division of

Complex Numbers in Polar Form:
Generally addition and subtraction are better dealt with using
Cartesian forms, but the multiplication and division of complex numbers
can be found quite easily when the complex numbers are written in

Trigonometric or polar form.

Multiplication:

Let

ZZ
Z=I

-[r(Cos
,+i Sin
(Cos

Z2n (Cos 6 +iSin )

6 +i Sin )] [n(Cos
) +i Sin 6-)]
 202
Math 123 Complex Numbers

[(Cos 6 Cos 02- Sin Sin )+ i(siné cos +cos1siné2)]

Za T{Cos ( + 62)+i Sin (6+2)]
Or Z Z2 =It; Cis (0 + 0:)

two complex numbers

Hence the absolute value of the product of
argument of the product of
is the product of their absolute values and the
two complex numbers is the sum of their arguments.
complex numbers is itself
a/
Note: Since the product of two
the product of any number
complex number, we may find
repeated application
of this
of complex numbers by
theorem.

i.e. ZZ =In[Cos(0, +0}) + Sin (0, +0;)]

i

Or
Similarly

A repeated application
-r'
-[r (Cos (20,)

Cis 20,

=Cis 30,
of this process,
+

for
i Sin (20;)

we get,
Z=r(Cos 0 +iSin
)
Z"r (Cos n +i Sin n0) Cisne

Similarlyit z is the n-th root of Z, then put n = 1/n in above

equation. then,

zln = lin (Cos +i Sin )-r Cis

+ Sin 30') by 2 (Cis 60° +iSin60°)

Example 17: Multiply 4(Cis 30°
i

Solution:
Let Z, =4(Cos 30° +iSin 30°)
And Z, = 2(Cos 60° +iSin 60)
Then Zi Z= 4 x 2[Cos (30° +60°) +iSin (30° +60)]
Zi, Z, =8 (Cis90° +iSin 90) =8 Cis 90°
3
1 iV3 in the form a +bi
Example 18: Write--2

Solution: Let Z- 22 , iNB

first we write it in polar form
 203
Math 123 Complex Numbers

2
0 tan'

0 tan-l 3

0= 240°
Z=r[Cos +i Sin 0) = 1 (Cos 240° + Sin 240) i

=1'[(Cos 3 (240") + Sin 3 (240)]

,
i

=Cos 720° +iSin 720 =1

,
rn(Cos
I; (Cos
+iSin ,)
+ Sin 0,)

,
i

0
,
,,
I(Cos +i Sin ) (Cos 62 -iSin 62)
+
n (Cos 0, iSin ,) (Cos - iSin 02)
(Cos ,cos +Sin 9, Sin ,)+ i(Sin Cos 0, -cos ;Sin 2)|
r(Cos +Sin 0)
2 Cos (0, -0,) + i Sin(®; -0)]
Or Cis (01 -02)

Hence the absolute value of the quotient of

two complex numbers
isthe quotient of their absolute values
and the argument of the quotient is
the angle of the dividend minus the angleof the divisor.

Example 19:
8 Cis 540°
2Cis 2250
=4Cis (540°-225°)
=4 Cis (315)
=4(Cos 315° + i Sin 315°)

Since Cos 315° and

Sin 31,8° =-b
8 Cis 540°
So
2 Cis 2250 -.
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Math 123
Complex Numbers

=2/2 -2y2 i

Example 20: Find the quotient of 1 + 3iand 1 +i.

Solution:

We first write each of them in polar form.

Let Z=1+y3 i and Z,=1+i

=1+3=2
I| and r,=V1+l=y2
6 tan'3-60° and 0, =tan (1)=45°

So, Z=2(Cos 60° +i Sin 60) and Z,=y2(Cos 45°+iSin 45°)

2(Cos 60° +i Sin 60)
Now, Z2 V2(Cos 45° + i Sin 45°)

=y2 [Cos (60° – 45°) +iSin (60° – 45°)]

=y2 [Cos 15° + Sin 15°] =y2 Cis 15°
i
Exercise 7.3

Q.1: Perform the indicated operations in each and express the results in
the form a + ib.

() [3(Cos 22° +iSin 22°] [2(Cos 8° + i Sin 8°]

(ii) [4(Cos29º+ I Sin 29)1;Cos 16° +iSin 16)|

(iii) V5 Cis 28)(V5Cis 8°) (2 Cis 9°)

6(Cos 51° +i Sin 51°)
(iv)
2(Cos 21° +
iSin 21)

10(Cos 143° +i Sin 143°)

(v) 5(Cos 8°+i Sin 8)

(Cis 180)(6 Cis 99°)

(vi)
3 (Cos 39° +i Sin 39°)

15(Cos 48° + iSin 48°)

(vii)
(3Cis 46) (2 Cis 32°)
Q.2: Perform the indicated operations and give the results in polar form.

(i) (1+)(1V3i) (ii) (V3-i)(-1 +i)

 205

Math 123 Complex Numbers

(ii) (1+i)' (iv) (1-iy3'

-1 -i
(v) (vi) -1 +i
(1+i y3)(3+)
(vii)
1+i
1 +2i
Q.3: Show that 2-i =1
Answers 7.3
Q.1: () 3V3 +i) (iü) V2(1+i) (ii) 5V2(1 +i)
(iv) 1.5 (V3+i) () V2(-1 +) (vi) -5 (1+iy3 )
(vii) 1.25 (V3-i)
Q.2: (i)

(iüi)
2y2Cis 345°
Cos 180°
(ii)

(iv)
2 2 Cis 345°

4 Cis 240°
(v) Cis45° (vi) Cis 90°

(vii) 2v2
y2 Cis 45°
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Math 123 Complex Numbers

Short Questions

Writethe short answers of the following:

Q.1: VWrite the conjugate and modulus of- 2 +i

Q.2: Write the conjugate and modulus of

0.3: Simplify the complex numbers:

(iii) (-5+3)(2-31)
()(2 +5 i) +(-3 +i) (ü)X(7-2i)-(4 +5i)

9+ 4i
(iv) 8- 3i

Find the addition inverse of (3, - 8).

Q.4:
1+i
Q.5: Find the conjugate and modulus of;

Q.6: Prove that if Z =Z,then Z is real.

Q.7: Find the values of x and y from the equation.

(2x - y-1)-i(x-3y) =(y- x) -i(2-2y)

Show that
|1+2 =1
Q.8: 2 -i

Prove that ZZ=13

Q.9: If Z =2 +3 i

inverse of (-3,4)
Q.10: Find the multiplication +2 i
1

of complex number 2-i

and modulus
Q.11: Find the conjugate

Q.12: Factorize
36a + 100b
Q.13: actorize
2x +5y'

Q.14: Factorize
9a' + 64b
+ Voi in polar (trigonometric)form.
Write complex number -V2
Q15: form.
Express complex number 3-3i in polar(trigonometric)
Q.16:
complex number in the form x +iy
Express the following
 207
Complex Numbers
Math 123

3A
Q.17: When |Z = 6and arg Z= 4
Q.18: When 1Z 3 and arg Z=
Q.19: Express (Z| 2, - arg 2 =3
Q.20: Show that z'+Z2 is a real number

Answers
2 4 \52
Q1. -2-i,V5 Q2. -3 9i
84 5
Q3. (i) 1 t6i (ii)) 3 -7i (iii) - 1 +21 i (iv)
73 + 73

Q4. -3+ 8 i
Q5. i, 1

3
Q7. x=-5, y-7 Q10. Q11. -i,
25 25 1

Q12. (6a-10bi)(6a + 10bi) 13.2x- \5 y) (2x+\5y)

Q14. (3a–8bi)(3a +8bi) Q15. 2 V2 [cos60° - i sin 60°]

Q16. 2/3[cos 30° - isin 30°] Q17. - 3V2 +3 y2i

Q18. 0 -3i Q19. 1 tiy3

 208
Math 123
Complex Numbers

Objective Type Questions

Q.1 Each questions has four
possible answers.
answer and encircle it. Choose the correct

1. The additive inverse of a + ib is:

(a) -a +ib (b) a-ib (c) -a-ib (d) a +ib

2. Sum of -3+5i and 4- 7i is:
(a) 1-2i (b) -1-2i (c) 1-12i (d) -7+12i
Conjugate of (2+ 3i) +[1-i]
3.
is:

(a) 3-2i (b) 3+4i (c) 3– 4i (d) 3+ 2i

4. Modulus of 3 +4i is:

(a) 47 (b) 16 5 (d) 3

(c)
5. Product of 2 + 3iand 2-3i is:

(a) V13 (b) 13 (c) N2 (a)

6 Ordered pair form of -3 - 2i is:

(a) (3,2) (b) (-3,-2) (c) (-3,2) (d) (3, -2)

7. If z=a +ib then Z+ Z is equal to:

(a) 2a (b) 2b (c) (d) 2a +2ib

8. (1+ 2i) (3–5i)is equal to:

(a) 13 +i (b) -2 -i (c) -4+3i (d) 3i

9. i[2-i] is equal to:

1+2i (b) 2i+i (c) 3 (d) 3i
(a)

10. Ifz=a+ib then, Z is equal to:

(a) a +ib (b) a-ib (c) a+b (d) a-b

ANSWERS
1. C 2. a 3. a 4, 5. b
6. b 7. a 8. 9. a 10. b