See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: [Link]

net/publication/331198963

Parametric Study on Lead Rubber Bearings as base isolators in RCC Frames

Thesis · August 2018

CITATIONS READS

0 5,168

3 authors, including:

Vishnuprasad Ranganath Abhishek Pulgur

M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
1 PUBLICATION 0 CITATIONS 3 PUBLICATIONS 5 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Vishnuprasad Ranganath on 19 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead
Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced
Concrete Frames

M. Tech. Dissertation in Civil Structural Design (CSD)

Department of Civil Engineering

Submitted By : Vishnuprasad R

Reg. No. : 16ETCE039020

Supervisors : Mr. Abhishek Pulgur

Mr. Chethan Gowda RK

August – 2018

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

M. S. RAMAIAH UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES
Bengaluru -560 054
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Faculty of engineering and technology

Certificate
This is to certify that the Dissertation titled “Parametric Study on Seismic
Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete
Frames” is a bona fide record of the work carried out by Mr. Vishnuprasad
R, Reg. No. 16ETCE03902 in partial fulfilment of requirements for the award
of M. Tech in Civil Structural Design. Degree of M. S. Ramaiah University of
Applied Sciences in the Department of Civil Engineering.
August – 2018
Supervisors

Mr. Abhishek Pulgur Mr. Chethan Gowda RK

Asst. Professer -FET Asst. Professer -FET

Dr. H. M. Rajashekhar Swamy Dr. Arulanantham

Head of Civil Engineering Department Dean - FET

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames ii
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Declaration

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings

as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames

The dissertation is submitted in partial fulfilment of academic requirements

for the [Link]. Degree of M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences in
the Department of Civil Engineering. This dissertation is a result of my own
investigation. All sections of the text and results, which have been obtained
from other sources, are fully referenced. I understand that cheating and
plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations, hence this
dissertation has been passed through plagiarism check and the report has
been submitted to the supervisor.

Signature :

Name of the Student : Mr. Vishnuprasad R

Reg. No. : 16ETCE039020
Date : 18 August 2018

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames iii
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Acknowledgements

I am greatly thankful to Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru for

creating an opportunity to study advanced techniques in civil engineering.

I am greatly thankful to all the faculty of civil engineering department of RUAS for
providing continuous support for learning.

I Sincerely thank Dr. H M Rajashekar Swamy, Head of the Department, Civil

Engineering, for providing necessary support in learning.

I sincerely thank my guides Mr. Abhishek Pulgur, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering and Mr. Chethan Gowda R K, Asst. Professor, Department of Civil
Engineering, for providing necessary support for the completion of this project.

I sincerely thankful to Dr. Arulanantham, Dean-FET, Dr. Govind R. Kadambi, Pro Vice
Chancellor and Dr. M. R. Jayaram, Chancellor, RUAS for their support to pursue post
graduate education in civil engineering

I heartfully thank all my friends and well-wishers for their continuous Professional
and Personal support during my studies.

I heartfully thank my parents and my family for their support during my studies.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 1
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Abstract

Earthquake is the major calamity occurring in the nature. Engineers are continuously
inventing technologies in order to prevent or to minimize the damage caused to
buildings. One of the majorly used technique for mitigating the effects of earthquake is
base isolation. Base isolation refers to the separation of building from its foundation by
an energy dissipating device. There are several types in base isolation and Elastomeric
base isolators are more popular among isolators. Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB) are the
new type of elastomeric isolators which have higher damping capacity. The behaviour of
these bearings needs to be studied in detail. To minimize loss of life by improving the
damping capacity of Lead Rubber Bearing is the main motivation for this study.
Experimental analysis of parametric variation is tedious and expensive, hence Analytical
and Numerical methods of analysis emerged as better alternatives. FEM model is
validated with experimental results. Lead Rubber Bearings consists of rubber layers,
steel layers and lead core as the main components. The variation in these parameters
will affect the damping properties of the bearing. In this study Numerical analysis is
carried out by FEM modelling and analysis of Lead Rubber Bearings. By using the
properties of model with highest damping capacity obtained in FEM analysis further
dynamic Non-Linear Time-History analysis of fixed and base isolated structure was done.
The results of the FEM analysis show that the increase in steel plate thickness decreases
the damping effect of bearing. Increase in Lead core dia, rubber thickness increases the
damping effect of bearing. The dynamic response for the earthquake time history
analysis displacement, acceleration, base shear, storey drift is less in base isolated
structure than fixed base structure. 43% of input energy is dissipated in base isolated
structure with reduced structural response.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 2
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Table of Contents

Declaration ................................................................................................................ iii

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... 1
Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 2
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................ 3
List of Tables ............................................................................................................... 6
List of Figures .............................................................................................................. 7
Nomenclature ........................................................................................................... 10
Abbreviation and Acronyms ...................................................................................... 11
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 12
1.1 Earthquake resistant structures: .............................................................. 13
1.1.1 Conventional Techniques: ................................................................ 13
1.1.2 Advanced Techniques: ...................................................................... 14
1.1.3 Techniques under research: ............................................................. 14
1.2 Base Isolators ............................................................................................ 14
1.3 Lead Rubber Bearings ............................................................................... 15
1.4 Research issue........................................................................................... 16
1.5 Core Theme of research............................................................................ 17
1.6 Significance of this research ..................................................................... 17
2 Literature Review and Problem Formulation ......................................................... 18
2.1 Background Theory of Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB): ................................ 18
2.2 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 21
2.3 Summary of literature review ................................................................... 23
2.4 Problem Formulation: ............................................................................... 35
3 Problem Statement .............................................................................................. 36
4 Methods, Methodologies and Problem Solving ..................................................... 38

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 3
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.1 Methods and Methodology ...................................................................... 38

4.1.1 Analytical Analysis ............................................................................. 38
4.1.2 Experimental Analysis ....................................................................... 38
4.1.3 Numerical Analysis ............................................................................ 39
4.2 FEM Modelling and analysis ..................................................................... 39
4.2.1 Geometrical Modelling ..................................................................... 39
4.2.2 Material Modelling ........................................................................... 40
4.2.3 Contact, Loading and Boundary conditions ...................................... 41
4.2.4 Meshing............................................................................................. 41
4.2.5 Analysis type ..................................................................................... 41
4.3 Calculation of Damping ratio from hysteresis graph ................................ 42
4.4 Objective 3: Validation of FEM model ...................................................... 43
4.4.1 Given data for the Analysis: .............................................................. 44
4.4.2 FEM modelling in ABAQUS................................................................ 46
4.4.3 Results of the validation analysis: ..................................................... 48
4.5 Objective 4: FEM Analysis to obtain optimum combination of bearing
properties.............................................................................................................. 50
4.5.1 Variation of parameters and possible combinations........................ 50
4.5.2 List of Parametric combinations for the analysis ............................. 51
4.5.3 Effective height of the bearing and number of layers ...................... 54
4.5.4 Analysis of listed bearing models ..................................................... 56
4.5.5 Changes in Meshing and step increments ........................................ 57
4.5.6 Area under hysteretic curve and effective damping ratio................ 57
4.6 Objective 5: Dynamic analysis of a structure base isolated with optimum
isolator .................................................................................................................. 59
5 Results and Discussions ........................................................................................ 65
5.1 PART A – FEM analysis of objective 4 ....................................................... 65

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 4
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5.1.1 Hysteresis graph of different models ............................................... 66

5.1.2 Results of models showing stiffness and damping in tabular form.. 79
5.1.3 Comparison of results in graphical form .......................................... 84
5.2 PART B – Dynamic analysis of objective 5 ................................................ 96
6 Conclusions and Future Directions ...................................................................... 102
6.1 Conclusions of FEM analysis ................................................................... 102
6.2 Conclusions of dynamic analysis ............................................................. 103
6.3 Suggestions for future directions: .......................................................... 104
References .............................................................................................................. 106
Appendix A ............................................................................................................. 115
Part Module ........................................................................................................ 115
Property Module ................................................................................................. 117
Assembly Module................................................................................................ 118
Step Module ........................................................................................................ 121
Interaction Module ............................................................................................. 121
Load Module ....................................................................................................... 122
Mesh Module ...................................................................................................... 124
Job Module ......................................................................................................... 125
Visualization Module .......................................................................................... 125
Appendix B ............................................................................................................. 127
Start ..................................................................................................................... 127
Define .................................................................................................................. 128
Draw .................................................................................................................... 130
Select ................................................................................................................... 131
Assign .................................................................................................................. 131
Analyse ................................................................................................................ 131
Display ................................................................................................................. 131

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 5
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

List of Tables

Table 4. 1 Variation of rubber layers, steel layers and effective height of the bearings .. 55
Table 4. 3 Properties of the structure................................................................................ 61
Table 4. 4 Properties of link element ................................................................................. 63
Table 5. 1 Dimensionless representation of rubber and steel thickness .......................... 84
Table 5. 2 Dimensionless representation of lead core diameter ...................................... 85

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 6
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

List of Figures

Figure 1. 1 Destruction of buildings caused due to earthquake ........................................ 12

Figure 1. 2 Earthquake zone map of India ......................................................................... 13
Figure 1. 3 Base isolation concept ..................................................................................... 15
Figure 1. 4 Lead Rubber Bearing and its parts ................................................................... 15
Figure 2. 1 Circular Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) ................................................................. 18
Figure 4. 1 Hysteresis example .......................................................................................... 42
Figure 4. 2 Model figure showing different parts of Lead Rubber Bearings ..................... 44
Figure 4. 3 Material stress strain data for the analysis ...................................................... 45
Figure 4. 4 Validation results of Source (Left image) and analysis (Right image) ............. 48
Figure 4. 5 Force Displacement curves of analysis and experimental results ................... 48
Figure 4. 6 conversion between kip and kilonewton units ................................................ 49
Figure 4. 7 Lead Rubber Bearing C/S ................................................................................. 55
Figure 4. 8 calculation of area under the curve by vector method ................................... 57
Figure 4. 9 Plan of the selected structure .......................................................................... 59
Figure 4. 10 Elevation of the selected structure ................................................................ 60
Figure 4. 11 Time history data of Corralitos earthquake ................................................... 62
Figure 4. 12 Defining the ground acceleration in ETABS ................................................... 62
Figure 4. 13 Link input properties in ETABS ....................................................................... 64
Figure 5. 1 Effective stiffness with rubber and lead core .................................................. 86
Figure 5. 2 Effective stiffness with steel and lead core ..................................................... 86
Figure 5. 3 Damping ratio with steel and lead core ........................................................... 87
Figure 5. 4 Damping ratio with rubber and lead core ....................................................... 87
Figure 5. 5 Vertical stiffness at rest with rubber and lead core diameter ......................... 88
Figure 5. 6 Vertical stiffness at 150 mm lateral displacement with rubber and lead core88
Figure 5. 7 Vertical stiffness with steel and lead core diameter ....................................... 89

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 7
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 8 Vertical stiffness with rubber and steel thickness ........................................... 89

Figure 5. 9 Effect of lead yield strength ............................................................................. 90
Figure 5. 10 Effect of Lead core diameter ......................................................................... 90
Figure 5. 11 Effect of steel plate thickness ........................................................................ 91
Figure 5. 12 Effect of rubber layer thickness ..................................................................... 91
Figure 5. 13 Combined effect of rubber and steel plate thickness ................................... 92
Figure 5. 14 Combined effect of rubber thickness and lead core diameter ...................... 92
Figure 5. 15 effect of increase in rubber thickness and decrease in lead core diameter . 93
Figure 5. 16 combined effect of steel thickness and lead core diameter ......................... 93
Figure 5. 17 Combined effect of increase in all parameters.............................................. 94
Figure 5. 18 Effect of lead core diameter from 60 mm to 200 mm................................... 94
Figure 5. 19 Input acceleration with duration of 40 seconds ............................................ 96
Figure 5. 20 Base shear of different models ...................................................................... 96
Figure 5. 21 Base shear response ...................................................................................... 97
Figure 5. 22 Acceleration response of top storey .............................................................. 97
Figure 5. 23 Displacement response of top storey ............................................................ 98
Figure 5. 24 Maximum displacement of storey ................................................................. 98
Figure 5. 25 Link hysteresis of Validation model ............................................................... 99
Figure 5. 26 Link hysteresis of Model 156 ......................................................................... 99
Figure 5. 27 Energy dissipation by validation model ....................................................... 100
Figure 5. 28 Energy dissipation by Model 156 ................................................................. 100
Figure 5. 29 Response spectrum curves for the model ................................................... 101
Figure A. 1 ABAQUS GUI .................................................................................................. 115
Figure A. 2 Different Parts of Lead Rubber Bearings created .......................................... 117
Figure A. 3 Defined materials and sections ..................................................................... 118
Figure A. 4 instances crated in assembly module............................................................ 119
Figure A. 5 Fully assembled instances ............................................................................. 120

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 8
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure A. 6 Defining steps in the analysis ........................................................................ 121

Figure A. 7 Tie constraint between different parts ......................................................... 122
Figure A. 8 MPC Constraint for Control Point to top surface .......................................... 122
Figure A. 9 Boundary conditions and Loading of bearing ................................................ 123
Figure A. 10 Amplitude Function ..................................................................................... 123
Figure A. 11 Meshing of different parts of the bearing ................................................... 124
Figure A. 12 Meshed view of assembly ........................................................................... 125
Figure A. 13 Displacement contour plot of bearing......................................................... 125
Figure A. 14 Data extraction after the analysis................................................................ 126
Figure B. 1 ETABS GUI ...................................................................................................... 127
Figure B. 2 Defining Non-Linear Time-History analysis.................................................... 130
Figure B. 3 Energy Plotting in ETABS ................................................................................ 132

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 9
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Nomenclature

Fmax – Maximum value of shear force

Fmin – Minimum value of shear force
dmax – Maximum value of displacement
dmin – Minimum value of displacement
β – Effective viscous damping ratio
Wd – Dissipated energy (evaluated as the area under hysteretic loop)
Ws – Elastic energy
𝐾 ℎ 𝑒𝑓𝑓 – Effective horizontal stiffness of the bearings
𝛥max – Average of positive and negative maximum displacement
𝐿𝐷 – Lead Core Diameter
𝑇𝑟 – Rubber layer thickness
𝑇𝑠 – Steel layer thickness
𝑛 – Number of rubber layers
𝑚 – Number of steel layers
H – Effective height of the Lead Rubber Bearing
D – Diameter of the Lead Rubber Bearing
N – Unit Force (Newton)
N/mm2 – Unit Stress - Force per Unit area (Newton per Square millimetre)
mm – Millimetre

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 10
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Abbreviation and Acronyms

FEM – Finite Element Method

FEA – Finite Element Analysis
FRB – Fibre Reinforced Rubber Bearings
HDRB – High damping rubber Bearings
LRB – Lead Rubber Bearings
MRB – Magneto-Rheological Bearings
Dia – Diameter
GUI – Graphical User Interface
CAE – Complete Abaqus Environment
ADINA – Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear Analysis
ABAQUS – Abaqus - Computer FEM software package
ANSYS – ANalytical SYStems - Computer FEM software package

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 11
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

1 Introduction
Earthquake is a natural calamity occurring on earth. When earthquake occur the surface
of earth will shake horizontally and vertically. This is because of movement of tectonic
plates in the earths lithosphere. This process ranges from intensities that are not felt to
those often cause destruction of civilization progress.
These earthquakes will damage the buildings. The buildings will react dynamically to the
ground motion causing excessive stress formation in the frames and hence these effects
are also need to be considered while designing a building. This will lead to more
expensive design. The better solution is to isolate the building from the ground. This
technique will result in economical design of structures. proper knowledge of analysis,
design and construction is required to design a base isolated building.

Figure 1. 1 Destruction of buildings caused due to earthquake

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 12
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 1. 2 Earthquake zone map of India

1.1 Earthquake resistant structures:

There are different techniques of resisting the effects of earthquake on any
structure. Some of the techniques are described below.
1.1.1 Conventional Techniques:
a) Adding Heavy masonry cladding and Strong cross bracings to walls.
b) Modern methods mainly concentrate on strengthening the building and more
inelastic deformation capacity.
c) Adding shear wall at the corners of the buildings to transfer dynamic forces from
the building to bottom of the foundation. It also makes the building stiffer and
hence lateral sway of the building is minimised.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 13
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

1.1.2 Advanced Techniques:

a) Energy absorbing devices are commonly used in steel frame structures to absorb
the energy in a structural system. These are viscous dampers equivalent to
dashpots. They were introduced as a diagonal member of a bay. They will reduce
the vibration of the structure to greater extent.
b) Base isolation is widely used technique for resisting the earthquake. The
structure is isolated from its foundation by an isolator which is more flexible in
lateral direction hence it responses quickly to the ground movement and reduce
the lateral movement of the building. Elastomeric, friction pendulum, sliding
isolators are the different type of base isolators
1.1.3 Techniques under research:
a) Shape memory alloys
b) Muscle Fibres
c) Visco-Elastic dampers
d) Redirection of Seismic waves

1.2 Base Isolators

Seismic base isolators are of different types. Elastomeric, Frictional, Magnetic etc.
1. Elastomeric Bearings
• Laminated Rubber Bearings
• Fibre Reinforced Rubber Bearings
• Lead Rubber Bearings
• High Damping Rubber Bearings
2. Frictional Bearings
• Friction Pendulum Bearings
• Flat surface sliding Bearings
3. Magnetorheological Bearings

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 14
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 1. 3 Base isolation concept

1.3 Lead Rubber Bearings

Lead Rubber bearings consists of rubber layers, steel layers and energy dissipating
lead core. During earthquake the isolator will go plastic deformation dissipating a
large amount of energy applied to the system. Lead core is the main part that
contributes mainly to energy absorption. Lead rubber bearings generally exhibit
dissipation of 25% to 35% of input energy (Gordon P Warn, 2006).

Figure 1. 4 Lead Rubber Bearing and its parts

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 15
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Less flexible structures are isolated with these base isolators. General rule of
thumb is that base isolation must not be done for structures which are more than
13 stories (Radmila B. SALIC, et al., October 12-17, 2008). Several studies have
been done on performance of these isolators. Moein Ahmadipour did studies on a
Rectangular shaped Lead Rubber Bearing and found that the increase in lead core
diameter of the bearing increase its energy dissipating capacity (Moein
Ahmadipour & M. Shahria Alam, 2017). Keyvan Zeynali did experimental and
numerical studies on seismic response of a frame structure isolated with six cases
of Lead Rubber Bearings. From his studies he found that the response of the
frame structure for earthquake time history load will reduce after isolation of
structure with Lead Rubber Bearing (Keyvan Zeynali, et al., 2018).

1.4 Research issue

Currently the Lead Rubber Bearings exhibit energy dissipation capacity of 35%
(Moein Ahmadipour & M. Shahria Alam, 2017). This can be improved by
understanding the factors influencing this capacity in Lead Rubber Bearings. Hence
a parametric study on these bearings to find the properties affecting energy
absorption and to improve the energy dissipation capacity of the bearing. Some
researchers did study on variations with rubber layer thickness, number of rubber
layers and lead core diameter. These researchers found that increase in lead core
diameter increases the energy dissipation by the system. The energy dissipation in
Lead Rubber Bearings is mainly depends on the lead and its properties.
Further studies of these bearings need to be done to determine the influence of
steel plates and variation of lead core properties. The performance of these
isolators in dynamic analysis needs to be determined. The dynamic properties of
these isolators need to be determined with intention of minimizing the response
of an RCC structure safely.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 16
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

1.5 Core Theme of research

This research is titled as “Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber
Bearing as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames”.
• A static FEM analysis of Lead Rubber bearing is done with ABAQUS FEM
analysis package to determine its force displacement behaviour. Models with
variations in different parameters were analysed. After FEM analysis the
obtained Force-Displacement behaviour is analysed to obtain its equivalent
viscous damping properties and comparison of obtained results will be made
to determine the best isolator model and the influence of each parameters to
the final damping of isolator is determined.
• A Dynamic analysis of a structure with fixed base and an isolated base case
were done and comparison between these cases are made. The Non-Linear
Modal time history analysis is conducted in ETABS analysis software to
determine the response of the structure. The behaviour of structure to non-
linear properties of the isolator was studied.

1.6 Significance of this research

Findings of this research will improve knowledge about the behaviour of Lead
Rubber bearings. A preliminary knowledge required before the design of an
isolator is obtained. The results of this study will influence the design assumption
of the isolators. Dynamic analysis results of this research will provide information
regarding the influence of these parameters in reduction of seismic response of
any RCC structures. The significance of Non-Linear time history analysis of these
bearings will force someone to consider these non-linearities of isolator in future
researches.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 17
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

2 Literature Review and Problem Formulation

2.1 Background Theory of Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB):
Base isolation is an engineering method to reduce the dynamic response of a structure.
The isolators used in the structure has to exhibit several properties for reduction in
structural response (Satish Nagarajaiah & Andrei M. Reinhorn, 1990). These bearings
have to be studied extensively to obtain the most optimum isolator. There are several
types of base isolators available. The most common type is rubber or elastomeric
isolators. Elastomeric isolators include Natural rubber bearings, High damping rubber
bearings, fibre reinforced elastomeric bearings and Lead Rubber Bearings. Several
articles, conference proceedings, books and websites are referred to collect information.

Lead Rubber Bearings (LRB)

Figure 2. 1 Circular Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB)

LRB consists of Lead core, Elastomeric rubber layers, Internal steel layers or
reinforcements and End plates. Figure 2. 1 shows the typical circular Lead Rubber
Bearing. The damping of these isolators is nearly about 25% to 30%. This study is being
done to determine the factors which affect the performance of these isolators. Study on
this subject is not so extensive and still there are several gaps to fill like variation of

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 18
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

geometrical and materialistic properties of the bearing. The complex assembly of

different parts with different materials it will best suited for Finite Element Analysis.
Lead Rubber Bearings are passive control systems and hence they do not require
external power to dissipate seismic energy (Hosam-Eddin M Ali, 1995). In this study a
sensitivity analysis will be done to determine the hysteric behaviour of the bearing
under a constant vertical load and specified horizontal displacement. To draw compare
the effects induced by all the parameters the hysteretic damping ratio is extracted from
the curves.

Keyvan Zeynali, et al. presented the analysis of of Lead Rubber Bearings with varying
parameters to deteremine which combination will give better damping and how much
will be the damping of that isolator. In this study they found that the bearing with larger
diameter lead plug has larger energy dessipation capacity. The study presents the
analysis of a simple frame subjected to earthqake ground motion. Validation of dynamic
analysis with the experimental response of the frame subjected to ground motion has
done. Comparision of the dynamic response of frame with and without Lead Rubber
Bearing damper. This study concludes that the lead rubber damper considerably reduces
the respoce of structure up to 28% (Keyvan Zeynali, et al., 2018).

Moein Ahmadipour and M. Shahria Alam. Presented the sensitivity analysis of a

rectangular Lead Rubber Bearing. Analysis of 27 different configuration bearings with
their results is presented. The FEM analysis is done with ANSYS FEM package. The
experimental data for validation of analysis the work of Masato Abe (Masato Abe, 2004)
was used. The study compares the horizontal and vertical stiffness of the bearing with
varying lead type, rubber layers, lead diameter and plotted 3D graphs for the same. This
analysis data can be utilized for the optimization of Lead Rubber Bearing design (Moein
Ahmadipour & M. Shahria Alam, 2017).

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 19
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Weiguo Yang, et al. presented the studies on vertical stiffness variation in laminated
rubber bearings under lateral deformation. The ABAQUS FEM package is used for the
analysis of bearing. FEM model is validated with experimental studies on the laminated
rubber bearings. This article gives the methods of FEM modelling and analysis. the
research has found that the vertical stiffness f the bearing will decrease as the bearing
deforms laterally. The results are presented with normalized displacement and stiffness
values (Yang, 2017).

Manasa M S presented studies on comparison of Lead Rubber Bearings and laminated

rubber bearings. Analysis of both laminated and Lead Rubber Bearings and comparison
of the hysteresis of both the bearings is presented. The study has concluded that the
damping in laminated rubber bearing is very less whereas the damping in Lead Rubber
Bearing is much higher than laminated rubber bearings. The study did not considered
damage of rubber material hence the damping in laminated rubber bearing resulted less
(Manasa M S, 2017).

Cho, [Link]. performed comparative study on different hyper elastic material model of
rubber. Analysis of Lead Rubber Bearing with different material properties of rubber is
done. Presented all the parameters of material model which is calibrated with an
experimental data. Study has concluded that the Ogden model simulates the material
with less error than other material models (Cho, 2016).

Animesh Das, et al. presented the study on fibre reinforced elastomeric bearings. the
study explains the calculation of effective stiffness of the bearing in detail. the
simulation states that rubber dampers can have damping up to 28 %. The material
model for rubber is assumed to be hyper elastic with Ogden hyper elastic model and
viscoelastic with Prony shear relaxation model (Animesh Das, 2012).

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 20
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

I.N. Doudoumis presented a comparative study on Lead Rubber Bearings. studies on the
effect of bonding and no bonding between lead core and adjacent rubber and steel
layers is done. the bonded isolator had the highest energy dissipation capacity.
Validation of FEM model is done with experimental data from Skellerup experimental
studies. The study presents all the required data for simulation and my dissertation work
will be based on his work. (I N Doudoumis, 2005).

Radmila B SALIC, et al. did studies on dynamic response of Lead Rubber Bearing base
isolated RCC Structures. this study gives the procedure for non-linear time history
analysis of structures. three Lead Rubber Bearings with different properties are assigned
at symmetrically in the plan. The combined effects of this system are captured. This
research has found that the displacements, acceleration and base shear of the structure
are reduced after base isolation (Radmila B. SALIC, et al., October 12-17, 2008).

A.B.M. Saiful Islam did studies on dynamic response of a structure with fixed base and
Lead rubber isolated base. He found that relative displacement and acceleration of the
top storey is reduces after base isolation. inter storey drift is minimum in isolated case.
He has done Non-Linear time history analysis considering non-linear properties of the
Lead Rubber Bearings. he concluded that consideration of non-linear properties gives
better results than analysis with linear properties (A.B.M. Saiful Islam, et al., 2012).

2.2 Conclusions
The basic knowledge required for the FEM analysis of Lead Rubber Bearings are
presented in this Literature review. This will surely help any individual for better
understanding of the process of FEM and will improve Their knowledge to a greater
extent. All the authors of previous researches have contributed to the knowledge base
through their works and this is a consolidation of that knowledge.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 21
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

To summarize, Rubber is the most complicated material in engineering and the study of
it is necessary to improvise the knowledge and minimize error. To represent the
materialistic behaviour, we can use available hyper-elastic material model. Among
several hyper-elastic models Ogden, Arruda-Boyce, Neo-Hooke and Yoho models well
represent the hyper-elastic behaviour of rubber.
Study on Lead rubber bearings is minimum. The parametric study of these bearings
needs to be done extensively. Study on performance of isolators in earthquake analysis
are minimum.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 22
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

2.3 Summary of literature review

Methods and
Sl. Research Research Conclusions drawn by the
Authors Year Methodologi Limitations of the study
No Focus findings Author
es

• Rubber isolators are suitable

for small and moderate
• Only one type of
earthquakes
Application of Dynamic Response of building is analyzed
• Friction pendulum are
Base isolation inelastic the structure • The structure does not
Mengyu suitable for high magnitude
1 2017 system to response for 3 different contain any shear
Han earthquakes
RCC Frame history base isolation walls
• Combination of Rubber and
Structures analysis systems • Height of the building
friction pendulum system is
is less
the best suitable isolation
system

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 23
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

A
comparative
Seismic
study on
performance Displacement
aseismic
of base of the deck
performances • Friction type isolators are • Analysis of the
Kyu-Sik, isolation with 5 types of
2 2002 of base less sensitive structure is made
et al. systems for isolators for 3
isolation • EDF system is not effective numerically
multi-span Seismic load
systems for
continuous cases
multi-span
bridge
continuous
bridge

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 24
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Experimental
efficacy of
An setup with 3 • Study is done for basic
magnetorheol
Experimental storey structure only.
ogical (MR) • MR damper effectively
S.J. Dyke, Study of MR models. • The effect of MR
3 2002 dampers for reduces the peak response
et al. Dampers for Mathematical dampers in real
seismic of the structure
Seismic model of the structures in not
response
Protection experimental presented
reduction
setup
dynamic
Base isolation Bearing tests,
properties, • Isolator performed well in
using stable shake table • Durability properties
durability and bearing tests
Barry unbounded tests. of the bearings is not
limitations of • All the test results are
4 A.D. 2011 fibre Theoretical tested
SU-FREI presented
Foster reinforced model for • Shake table test done
• Efficiency of the system is
elastomeric prediction of in only one direction
60% 91%
isolators results.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 25
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Designing
Seismic different
performance base isolators
Response of
and for 13 storey
structure for • Friction Pendulum bearing is • The structure
economic building.
different base efficient than rubber analyzed is symmetric
feasibility of Preparing
Susan isolation isolators and basic
5 2017 structures by different
Paul, et configurations. • Combination Model 1A is • Dampers are not used
optimal patterns of
al. Suggestion of most economical system for in the building
positioning of base isolation
best suitable base isolation
combined combinations
combination
base isolation Analyzing the
systems structure by
ETABS

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 26
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Properties of
Low-Cost Experiments the bearing.
• STP do not slip even at 70 % • No standards for the
Seismic base to determine Response of
stains. specified type of
BAYEZİD isolation the the quarter
6 2006 • Experimental studies on the isolator
ÖZDEN using scrap properties of scaled
bearing will lead to the • Performance Analysis
tire pads the bearing. structure
further development for real scale structure
(STP) isolated with
is not done
STP
Experimental Damping of
3D numerical
and Lead Rubber
model of LRB
numerical Bearings.
Keyvan by ABAQUS • Model M6 exhibits highest • Only lead diameter is
investigation Dynamic
7 Zeynali, 2018 Dynamic amount of damping varied
of lead- response of
et al. Response of
rubber SDOF with
SDOF system
dampers in base isolator
by SAP 2000
frames

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 27
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Sensitivity Force –
analysis on Displacement
mechanical graphs for • Vertical stiffness in Lead
characteristic FEM different Rubber Bearings depends
Moein s of lead-core modelling parametric mainly on lead. • Proper data for the
8 Ahmadip 2017 steel and analysis combinations. • Radius and material validation part is not
our, et al. reinforced by ANSYS Comparison of properties of lead directly provided
elastomeric lateral stiffness affect the energy
bearings of the bearing dissipation of LRB
under cyclic with varying
loading parameters

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 28
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Vertical
stiffness
variation of
Vertical
the Laminated
stiffness
rubber bearing
degradation FEM
with different • Vertical stiffness of any
Weiguo of laminated modelling
lateral elastomeric bearing • Hysteric behaviour is
9 Yang 2017 rubber and analysis
displacement degrades by half as lateral not studied
bearings by ABAQUS
Variation of deformation exceeds
under lateral
vertical
deformation
stiffness in
different
geometrical
variations.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 29
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• Laminated Rubber
Performance bearing is not
The force-
of Lead FEM simulated well to
displacement • Laminated Rubber bearings
Manasa Rubber modelling capture its damping
10 2017 curve of the exhibit low damping than
MS Bearing as a and analysis effects
Lead Rubber Lead Rubber Bearings
base by ANSYS • Not studied
Bearings
Isolator variations of
geometry
Comparison of
FEA of LRB by FEM Analysis
response of • Ogden material model well
using strain of Lead
Cho, bearing with predicted the vertical
energy Rubber • Parameter variation
11 Sung 2016 different stiffness of the bearing
function of Barings by is not studied
Gook rubber • Lead dominates the
hyper-elastic ABAQUS
material performance
material
models

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 30
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• Numerical modelling and

analysis can be an
Modelling of FEM analysis Response of
alternative for
Animesh Fibre- of different different
experimental studies • Parameter variation
12 Das, et 2012 Reinforced shapes of shaped
• Circular Un-Bounded is not studied
al. Elastomeric isolator by isolators for
isolator has stable rollover
Base Isolators ANSYS cyclic loading
deformed shape at higher
displacement
Vertical and
Gordan P A Study of Experimental
horizontal • Only FEM model of
Warn Coupled study of
stiffness Laminated rubber
and horizontal- laminated • Laminated rubber bearings
curves of bearings is validated.
13 Andrew S 2006 vertical and Lead show less damping than
laminated and • Hysteric behaviour of
Whittake behavior of Rubber Lead Rubber Bearings
Lead Rubber the Bearings is not
r elastomeric Bearings
Bearings validated
and LRB

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 31
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Analytical
• Response of the bearing
modeling of
Quasi-static Shear force- with and without bonding
elastomeric
IN analysis by displacement of lead to rubber are
lead-rubber • No study regarding
Doudou ADINA curves of the different
14 2005 bearings with the parametric
mis considering Lead Rubber • Shear experienced by the
the use of variation effects
nonlinearity Bearings system is less when there is
finite
no bond between lead core
element
and rubber
micromodels
Shear force-
Experimental Experimental
displacement • Vertical stiffness decreases
observation study of
curves of as lateral deformation • No study regarding
Keri L of axial load different
15 2004 elastomeric increases the parametric
Ryan effects in base isolation
Bearings with • Damping will be less if variation effects
Isolation elastomeric
varying vertical vertical force is less
bearings bearings
load

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 32
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FEM analysis
of different
Numerical Shear force- • FEM can predict correct
elastomeric
simulations displacement results of the experiment
K. bearings • Hysteric material
of rubber curves of • Further improvement of
16 HIRATA 2000 Shake table model is not used for
bearing tests Elastomeric the material model the
test with simulation
and shaking Bearings hysteric behaviour also be
rubber
table tests captured by FEM
bearing
properties
Radmila Response of Response of • Natural period increases,
Non-Linear
B. SALIC, lead-rubber fixed and base Reduction of base shear, • the contribution of
dynamic
Mihail A. bearing isolated increase in displacements, specific type of
17 2008 analysis with
GAREVSK isolated structure to Reduction of inter-storey isolator can-not be
ETABS
I structure ground motion drift were observed in concluded properly
isolated case

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 33
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Response
Non-linear spectrum
time domain analysis with
• Displacement and
analysis of Bangladesh
A.B.M. Response of acceleration of
base isolated code - BNBC
Saiful fixed and base superstructure is less for • Dynamic responses
multi-storey 1993. Non-
Islam, isolated isolated case than fixed with different
18 2012 building Linear
Moham structure to case isolator properties is
under site dynamic
med ground motion • Base shear reduced not studied
specific bi- analysis of
Jameel significantly in isolated case
directional fixed and
than fixed case
seismic base isolated
loading structure by
SAP2000

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 34
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

2.4 Problem Formulation:

Based on the literature review following research gaps have been identified.
• Study on rubber damage is minimum
• Study on hysteretic behaviour of Lead Rubber Bearing isolators is minimum
• Study on Dynamic response of structure with base isolators considering its
non-linear properties in minimum
• Study on Circular cross section Lead Rubber Bearings is minimum
• Parametric studies on Lead Rubber Bearings are minimum
• Optimisation studies on Lead Rubber Bearings need to be done

From the above research gaps in mind following problem is derived.

• What will be the effect on effective damping of the isolators with variations
in different parameters of Lead Rubber Bearings?
• How will the structure response with Lead Rubber Bearings base isolators?
• What will be the influence of non-linear properties of Lead Rubber Bearing
on seismic response of any structure?

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 35
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

3 Problem Statement
This research consists of two parts. A static FEM analysis of Lead Rubber Bearings in
ABAQUS FEM package and a dynamic time history analysis of a RCC building base
isolated with Lead Rubber Bearings.
The properties of LRB will vary with the change in properties of components of the
bearing. There are four major components that affect the performance of a bearing.
Lead core, Rubber layer thickness and numbers, Steel layer thickness and numbers and
material properties of the lead core are the major components that affect the
performance of the bearing. This research formulation is to identify the affect caused by
variation of these properties in Lead Rubber Bearings.

Title

Parametric study on seismic response of Lead Rubber Bearings as base isolators in

Reinforced Concrete frames
Aim
To determine the effect of variable parameters of Lead Rubber Bearings

Objectives

1) To do an extensive literature survey

2) To select a suitable rubber bearing for the study
3) To Validate an experimental work using FEM software
4) To analyze the bearing or isolator using FEM Software for various parameter and
arrive the optimum combinations of parameters
5) To determine the dynamic response of a structure for the proposed Lead Rubber
Bearing

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 36
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Scope of Present Investigation

• Determining the factors that influence the overall damping affect of bearing will
be useful in design of the bearing.
• The initial assumptions of the design can be based on the results of this research.
• This research will provide information to enhance the damping effect of Lead
Rubber Bearings

Methods and Methodology/Approach to attain each objective

Objective Statement of the Method/ Methodology Resources Utilised

No. Objective
1 Extensive literature Searching for the source Library, RUAS and
survey documents internet sources
2 Select a suitable Selecting the bearing which Literatures
bearing for the study is not studied extensively
3 Validate an Mr. Doudoumis Conference ABAQUS FEM package
experimental work by paper containing both FEM Finite element analysis
FEM model and Experimental software
results of the bearing
4 Analyze and obtain Using ABAQUS FEM analysis ABAQUS FEM Package
optimum will be done Finite element analysis
combinations of software.
parameters
5 Dynamic response of Using ETABS software ETABS software for
a structure with base Analysis and design of
isolator structures

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 37
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4 Methods, Methodologies and Problem Solving

4.1 Methods and Methodology

4.1.1 Analytical Analysis
Ioannis did an analytical study on Lead Rubber Bearings by developing an analytical
model to predict the hysteric behaviour of Lead Rubber Bearing (Ioannis V Kalpakidis, et
al., 2010) . Proposed model consists of bilinear hysteresis curve of the bearings. its
characteristic strength is mainly dependent on the instantaneous temperature of lead
core. The model he presented accounted for time dependent temperature variation in
the system. He compared hysteresis plot derived from the analytical model and
experimental results. The model is in good agreement with the experimental results.

4.1.2 Experimental Analysis

Keri L Ryan did experimental analysis to determine the hysteric behaviour of 3 different
type of bearings. The oils Lead Rubber Bearing is analyzed with zero axial load and 78.3
kN axial load. The analysis results are presented as graphs (Keri L RYAN, 2004). Bearing
with high axial load shows high damping than bearing with no axial load was observed
form the experimental analysis.
Gordan P Warn did experimental study on a circular laminated and Lead Rubber
Bearings (Gordon P Warn, 2006). He did an extensive literature survey for the theory
behind the isolation and damping mechanism of the bearings. He did experiments with
several models of the laminated and Lead Rubber Bearings to determine the hysteric
behaviour of the dampers. The Lead Rubber Bearings show higher energy dissipation
capacity than the laminated rubber bearings. Energy damping in laminated rubber
bearings is only 20% of LRB.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 38
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.1.3 Numerical Analysis

Keyvan Zeynali did a numerical study on Lead Rubber Bearings (Keyvan Zeynali, et al.,
2018). His analysis consists of two parts, A static analysis and Dynamic analysis. The Lead
Rubber Bearings are first analyzed by numerical FEM method with a FEM software. The
results obtained from the Static analysis were carried to SAP for dynamic analysis of a
frame which is fitted with this damper. The analysis shows that the Model M6 shows
highest damping value and the dynamic response of the structure was reduced
considerably by utilizing the damper. FEM package ABAQUS is used for the analysis.
Moein Ahmadipour did his study by varying parameters of the rubber bearing (Moein
Ahmadipour & M. Shahria Alam, 2017). He has validated his FEM model with the
experimental results from (Masato Abe, 2004). He varied 3 parameters namely lead core
diameter, lead type (Yield strength of lead) and number of rubber layers. totally he has
done analysis for 27 different combinations and compared the hysteresis graphs of
those. For analysis he has used ANSYS. He concluded that there is no significant change
in damping ratio with varying number of rubber layers. there is some change in damping
ratio with varying lead diameter. There will be considerable change in damping ratio
with varying lead type or yield stress of lead.

4.2 FEM Modelling and analysis

4.2.1 Geometrical Modelling
Geometrical modelling is done according to the experimental model with some
assumptions and adjustments to make the model less complex. The outer rubber
covering can be neglected for the FEM model development since it will not contribute
much for the lateral stiffness of the bearing (M Jabbareh Asl, 2014).
Manish Kumar gives the methods to model an elastomeric bearing in ABAQUS (Manish
Kumar, 2012). The different techniques of modelling are discussed in his study. He
majorly represents 3 methods to model a laminated rubber bearing.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 39
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

I. Model the bearing with part by parts and assemble them to get final bearing.
II. Model the whole bearing as single part and then partition it to assign
different materials.
III. Model an axis symmetric model and perform analysis.

The first two methods are helpful to my study. But the axis symmetric model can only be
used when loading is also axis symmetric. In my case we have to implement horizontal
displacement on top of the bearing which is not axis symmetric to the model. Hence, we
cannot use this method.

4.2.2 Material Modelling

There are different material models are available in ABAQUS for rubber elasticity.
Rubber is categorized as hyper elastic material. Cho studied 5 hyper elastic material
models and conclude that 3 terms Ogden material model will estimate the results better
than other hyper elastic material models (Akihiro MATSUDA, 2002).
Hysteric behaviour of rubber will not be captured by the hyper elastic models alone. This
elastic model is combined with a damage model which was presented by Bergstrom-
Boyce (Husnu Dal, 2009) and this is implemented in ABAQUS software.
Another way to model hysteric behaviour is to model the rubber as hyper elastic and
viscoelastic this was done by Juliana a Lopez (Juliana E Lopes Pacheco, 2015)
Junji Yoshidha present the material modelling of high damping rubber materials (Junji
Yoshida, 2004)
L A Gracia presents the modelling of rubber components with different technique of
assigning different material model to mesh layers. namely, hyper elastic, viscoelastic and
elasto-plastic mesh. This results in hysteric behaviour of rubber component (L A Gracia,
2010).

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 40
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.2.3 Contact, Loading and Boundary conditions

Contact between the parts of the bearing is assumed to be bonded (Keyvan Zeynali, et
al., 2018). This type of contact can be implemented in ABAQUS with TIE constraint
(ABAQUS, 2014).
A Reference Point is created at the top of the bearing and it is utilized as a control point
for the MPC constraint of the top surface of the bearing. The vertical compressive load is
applied as point load at this point. A horizontal displacement is specified at this point.
The bottom surface of the bearing is fixed for all rotation and translations (Yang, 2017).

4.2.4 Meshing
There are no statements are conclusions found in literatures regarding size of the mesh
elements. Most authors preferred 8 Node Hexahedral elements. The reason being they
predict deformation accurately.
The Rubber are by default assigned as hybrid elements. (Internet Browsing)

4.2.5 Analysis type

Most of the authors state that the cyclic analysis of the Lead Rubber Bearing is quasi
static. I prefer to call it Non-Linear Static Analysis. The analysis is done considering two
types of non-linearities.
Material Non-Linearity and Geometrical Non-Linearity. There will be 10 increments in
first step of time period 1 second for vertical loading. There will be 80 increments in
second step of time period 4 seconds for horizontal displacement (I N Doudoumis,
2005).

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 41
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.3 Calculation of Damping ratio from hysteresis graph

General theoretical guidelines for determining the effective damping is well explained
(Animesh Das, 2012).
The shear force is plotted against the applied horizontal displacement. The plots
obtained were analyzed to obtain the effective horizontal stiffness (Kheff) and damping
ratio (β).

Fmax is maximum value of shear force

Fmin is minimum value of shear force
dmax is maximum value of displacement
dmin is minimum value of displacement
The area contained in the hysteresis loop in force vs displacement curve gives the
energy dissipated. The damping ratio was calculated as

Wd is the dissipated energy and evaluated as the area under hysteretic loop
Ws is elastic energy and is written as

𝛥max is average of positive and negative maximum displacement and expressed as

Figure 4. 1 Hysteresis example

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 42
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.4 Objective 3: Validation of FEM model

The FEM model validation is done based on the work of Doudoumis (I N Doudoumis,
2005). A conference paper titled “Analytical modeling of Elastomeric Lead-Rubber
Bearings with the use of Finite Element Micromodels” is used as the source paper for
validation of FEM model.
This paper was presented at 5th GRACM International Congress on Computational
Mechanics. Limassol, 29 June – 1 July, 2005
This study is regarding the effect of bonding between lead core and adjacent steel and
rubber layers of the bearing. The study gave results as the bonding between the core
and adjacent rubber and steel layers will improve its energy absorption capacity.
The FEM analysis is conducted in ADINA “Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear
Analysis” analysis software.
The Lead Rubber Bearing specifications and experimental data are taken form the
“Evaluation findings for skellerup base isolation elastomeric bearings” (Prepared by the
Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center, 1998).
America: ASCE, Technical evaluation report, (CERF report: HITEC 98-12).
Based on the dimensions of the bearing and material specifications the FEM model is
developed and analysed by the author. This he has done in ADINA computer code.
The results of the FEM analysis results are in good agreement with the experimental
results. Hence this paper is selected as the source for validation of the project.
Rubber is the most complicated engineering material. Even today people struggle to
properly simulate the properties of rubber numerically. Very few researchers were
worked on the material behaviour of rubber. The modelling, working and understanding
the key concepts of ABAQUS FEM package are described in Appendix A.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 43
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.4.1 Given data for the Analysis:

Figure 4. 2 Model figure showing different parts of lead rubber bearings

The Figure 4. 2 shows the different parts of the Lead Rubber bearings.

The Geometrical dimensions of these parts are given as following

• Top and Bottom Loading Plate – 600 mm dia – 32 mm thick – Steel material
• Top and Bottom Fixing Plate – 430 mm dia – 25 mm thick – Steel material
• Rubber layer – 430 mm dia – 9.5 mm thick – 11 numbers
• Steel layer – 430 mm dia – 3 mm thick – 10 numbers
• Lead Core – 120 mm dia – 184.5 mm height

The Materialistic properties are given as following

• Steel:
o Young’s Modulus = 2 x 105 N/mm2
o Poisons ratio = 0.3
o Yield stress = 240 N/mm2

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 44
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• Lead:
o Young’s Modulus = 18 x 103 N/mm2
o Poisons ratio = 0.43
o Yield stress = 19.5 N/mm2
• Rubber:
o Arruda-Boyce Hyper-elastic material model for stress strain relation
o Shear modulus = 0.620 N/mm2
o Bulk modulus = 1500 N/mm2
o Mu = 0.4283
o Lambda m = 3.9142
o D = 0.001712

Figure 4. 3 Material stress strain data for the analysis

• Loading and boundary conditions of the bearing

o Vertical load of 667 kN is applied in axial direction of the bearing
o Displacement of 150 mm with an amplitude function to complete one
cycle of displacement is applied to the top of the bearing
o The bottom plate is modelled as fixed support

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 45
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.4.2 FEM modelling in ABAQUS

For detailed step by step procedure of modelling and analysis refer Appendix A.
To learn and practice the working with ABAQUS took around 2 weeks of constant
learning. The flow of the work in ABAQUS is represented in this section.
• Creating parts:
Fixing plate, loading plate, Rubber layer, Steel layer and Lead core are created as
separate parts. Each part is colour coded by different colours by default.
• Defining Materials and sections:
The three main materials steel, lead and rubber are defined in this section.
These defined materials are used to define sections. A Solid homogeneous
material section is defined in the project.
• Assembly of parts:
The created parts are assembled to form structure of Lead Rubber Bearing.
Several constraints are used to define the position of different components.
• Define step:
There will be a pre-defined initial step is present by default.
Two steps are defined for the analysis.
1st step with total time duration of 1 second with 10 increments for vertical
loading.
2nd step with total time duration of 4 seconds with 80 increments for horizontal
displacement of the bearing.
• Define interaction:
The several parts of the bearing are generally glued together. Hence to simulate
this bonding between several parts, all contacts with zero tolerance are defined
as tie constraint. this define perfectly bonded connection between the surfaces.
An MPC control point is created on top of the bearing controlling all the nodes in
top surface of the bearing. The vertical loading and horizontal displacement are

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 46
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

applied to this node. This is done to capture the net reaction and net
displacement of the top surface of the bearing in a single graph.
• Loading:
Boundary conditions for the fixed support for the bearing is defined in initial step
Vertical load is defined in 1st step. Load is applied to the top control point
Horizontal displacement is applied to the control point in 2nd step.
• Meshing:
The meshing is done with 8 node solid hexahedral brick elements. Abbreviated in
the software as C3D8R for steel and lead material, C3D8H for Rubber material.
• Job:
Creating job file and submitting it for analysis will be the last step in modelling.
After the analysis results can be visualized.
• Visualization:
The results of the analysis are viewed in this section. the main results we are
concentrated is the hysteretic graph of the bearing. This is obtained by plotting
the horizontal displacement of control point on x axis and reaction force of
control point on y axis. Since the material model for lead is assumed to be
bilinear elasto-plastic model the resultant graph will be in the shape of
parallelogram

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 47
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.4.3 Results of the validation analysis:

The force displacement curves of the bearing are extracted from the analysis.
Displacement on x axis and reaction force on y axis.
The analysis results are well agreed with the source literature results.
Comparatively these two are similar with approximately 2% error.

Figure 4. 4 Validation results of Source (Left image) and analysis (Right image)

Figure 4. 5 Force Displacement curves of analysis and experimental results

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 48
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 4. 6 conversion between kip and kilonewton units

For all forwarding analysis of this project are based on this analysis.
Material models for all materials is same as the validation analysis.
Validation is necessary for the verification of the FEM Model. Because, some complex
systems FEM models which are not studied extensively need to confirm that the
numerical results are matching the experimental results. There may be deviation of
results in the analysis. This error must be minimum and the error developed must be of
negligible amount.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 49
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.5 Objective 4: FEM Analysis to obtain optimum combination of bearing properties

4.5.1 Variation of parameters and possible combinations
This section is derived based on the validation analysis that is section 4.3 of this report.
The variable parameters for the analysis are determined from the literature review.
The following variations are listed based on the extensive literature review.
• Geometrical variations
- Rubber layer thickness – 5, 10, 15, 20 mm
- Steel layer thickness – 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 mm
- Lead Core diameter – 150, 160, 180, 200 mm
• Materialistic variations
- Lead core yield stress – 10.5, 15.5, 19.5 N/mm2
There are totally 192 combinations are possible with these four sets of variables
Appendix B shows the list of all possible parametric combinations with above mentioned
variations are generated with a simple Matlab code.
The listing represents the parameters as shown below
Rubber layer Steel layer Lead core Yield strength
1 thickness thickness diameter of Lead
(mm) (mm) (mm) (N/mm2)

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 50
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.5.2 List of Parametric combinations for the analysis

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 51
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 52
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Matlab Program

a = {[10.5 15.5 19.5] [150 160 180 200] [2 2.5 3 3.5] [5 10 15 20]};

[w, x, y, z] = ndgrid(a{:});

cartProd = [ z(:) y(:) x(:) w(:)];

disp(cartProd)

The above Matlab code is developed to generate the above listed combinations.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 53
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.5.3 Effective height of the bearing and number of layers

The effective height of the Lead Rubber Bearing considerable is equal to height of the
lead core. The loading plate is assumed to be rigid and hence it will not contribute to the
effective height of the bearing.
The validation model is of height 185 mm. In this project the height of the bearing was
kept between 180 to 190 mm.
There are variations in steel and rubber thickness in different combinations hence the
number of steel and rubber layers will change from combination to combination.
The number of rubber and steel layers will be dependent on rubber thickness, steel
plate thickness and total height of the bearing.
With this context following formulation was developed to determine the number of
rubber layers and steel layers based on their thickness.
𝑡𝑟 = Rubber layer thickness
𝑡𝑠 = Steel layer thickness
𝑛 = Number of rubber layers
𝑚 = Number of steel layers (𝑚 = 𝑛 − 1)
effective height of the bearing = 185 mm
Excluding the thickness of top and bottom fixing plate = 185 – 25 – 25 = 135 mm
Therefore,
𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) + 𝑡𝑠 (𝑚) = 135
𝑡𝑟 (𝑛) + 𝑡𝑠 (𝑛 − 1) = 135
135+𝑡𝑠
𝑛=( )
𝑡𝑟 +𝑡𝑠
The obtained “n” value will be rounded off to next whole number and then the total
height of the bearing will be revised.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 54
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Table 4. 1 Variation of rubber layers, steel layers and effective height of the bearings
Number of rubber Number of Steel Effective height of
Combinations
layers layers the bearing
1-12 20 19 188
13-24 18 17 182.5
25-36 17 16 183
37-48 16 15 182.5
49-60 11 10 180
61-72 11 10 185
73-84 11 10 190
85-96 10 9 181.5
97-108 8 7 184
109-120 8 7 187.5
121-132 8 7 191
133-144 7 6 176
145-156 6 5 180
157-168 6 5 182.5
169-180 6 5 185
181-192 6 5 187.5

Figure 4. 7 Lead Rubber Bearing C/S

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 55
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.5.4 Analysis of listed bearing models

FEM analysis of the combination models is done in ABAQUS FEM package. The modelling
and analysis of the bearing is same as the methods adopted in validation analysis. The
detailed modelling procedure in ABAQUS is shown in Appendix A.
All the procedures, definitions will be same as the validation analysis expect the changes
in the parametric variability.

The major changes to the model happen are effective height, steel layers, rubber layers,
steel thickness, rubber thickness and yield strength of lead.
The process of analysis is as follows,

The combinations are grouped with 12 models in each group. Because to ease the
process of modelling in ABAQUS
These 12 models in a group will be of same height and assembly. This was advantageous
for the analysis. Each 12 models can be defined under a same ABAQUS file.
Now these models require changes in lateral dimensions of the parts not affecting the
height of the bearing. If height of the bearing changes then the assemble must be
defined from start. So, these models will be changed without losing assembly which is
previously defined. Now refreshing the assembly module, software will automatically fix
all the adjustments and major work can be completed in a smart way.
For every batch of 12 bearings the process of modelling has to be repeated.
The results of each model are acquired after the analysis. The depreciation of the
equivalent viscous damping of the bearing is observed with increasing steel plate
thickness. Hence majorly 48 combinations of last steel thickness variation are neglected.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 56
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.5.5 Changes in Meshing and step increments

During the analysis of models with higher lead core diameter the analysis abort due to
non-convergence of the solution, need of more increments and with other errors. This is
mostly caused due to course mesh and high time increment values.
These errors can be overcome by the following measures
• Reducing the global mesh element size
• Decreasing the time increment size
• Models with contact must be defined with proper contact properties
• Making global mesh element size of slave surface finer than master surface
• Avoid using your computer for other purposes while running analysis, because a
software glitch or fault may abort the analysis

4.5.6 Area under hysteretic curve and effective damping ratio

Figure 4. 8 calculation of area under the curve by vector method

The above figure shows the method for calculation of area under the curve by vector
method. point (x2, y2) is selected as vector base. The required data is extracted from the
graphs and inputted in excel sheet.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 57
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Equivalent viscous damping ratio can be calculated from the following formulations.

The results of the FEM analysis are derived in PART A of Results and Discussions section

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 58
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

4.6 Objective 5: Dynamic analysis of a structure base isolated with optimum isolator
Dynamic analysis is carried out with ETABS 15 software package. Non-linear modal time
history analysis is carried out. This type of analysis is termed as Fast Non-Linear Analysis
(FNA) in ETABS software. In this analysis the non-linear properties of link element that is
isolator are considered. The Force-displacement data of the link elements is bi-linear and
this will influence the behaviour of structure for earthquake loading. Hence to simulate
the seismic response effectively we need to consider the non-linear properties of
bearings. also, initial stiffness of the bearing will keep the bearing in elastic limit for
small forces. In this stage the energy dissipation will not happen. Hence the
consideration of these effects is necessary.

Figure 4. 9 Plan of the selected structure

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 59
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

A plan symmetric structure is selected for the analysis. generally base isolation is done
only for plan symmetric structures. The Figure 4. 9 shows plan of the frame structure.
The column to column spacing is 5 m. total plan area is 25 m x 25 m.

Figure 4. 10 Elevation of the selected structure

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 60
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

The total height of the building is 39 m. each storey having a height of 3 m, the building
consists of 13 stories. Columns at the base are connected by beams to prevent excessive
stress formation at the joints of storey 1 level. Generally, all isolated buildings are
connected the columns with beams in base level. Detailed analysis procedure is
presented in Appendix B.

Table 4. 2 Properties of the structure

Parameters Dimensions
Materials M30 concrete and Fe550 steel
Beam 300 mm x 450 mm
Column 300 mm x 300 mm
Slab 150 mm thick
Storey height 3m
Number of stories 13
Plan dimension 25 m x 25 m
Span length of beams 5m

Loading:
All beams in the structure are loaded with 5 kN/m. the weight of brick infill wall will be
10 kN/m but some beams may not carry walls. Io idealize equal distribution of load over
all the structure a uniform load of 5 kN/m is applied to all beams.
Floor load of 5 kN/m2 is applied to all the floors. This load includes imposed dead and
live load. This load is defined in dead load case in order to consider the mass
contribution from this load also.
Earthquake time history data of Corralitos, California state, USA is used to define ground
acceleration.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 61
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 4. 11 Time history data of Corralitos earthquake

The earthquake time history data shown in Figure 4. 11 is ground acceleration data in
north-south direction presented in cm/s2. The peak ground acceleration is 618 cm/s2.

Figure 4. 12 Defining the ground acceleration in ETABS

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 62
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

The acceleration is defined in x direction with a scale factor of 32. The number of output
steps and step time decides the fineness of the steps and total analysis time.
The earthquake data is available from 0 to 40 seconds. According to output steps 300
and step time 0.2 the analysis will run for 60 seconds. So the response of the structure
for free vibration is also accounted for 20 seconds after the ground acceleration
duration of 40 seconds.
With referring to the Figure 4. 12
• The scale factor 32 is used for converting the time history data from 0.63g to 2g.
• The acceleration data file is in units cm/s2 so, multiply 10 to convert into mm/s2.
• Multiply 3.2 to get 2g magnitude of acceleration
• That is 618 x 10 x 3.2 = 19776 mm/s2 = 2.01g
• The input units of acceleration in ETABS is mm/s2
• g = 9810 mm/s2
From the FEM analysis Model 156 which has got highest energy dissipation capacity and
the model which is used in validation analysis are taken for dynamic analysis.

Table 4. 3 Properties of link element

Model Validation Model 156

Vertical stiffness = 889 kN/mm Vertical stiffness = 5080 kN/mm

Multilinear plastic link Multilinear plastic link

Force kN Displacement mm Force kN Displacement mm

-250 -150 -410 -150

-105 -10 -340 -10

0 0 0 0

105 10 340 10

250 150 410 150

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 63
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 4. 13 Link input properties in ETABS

The Force-Displacement characteristics obtained in FEM analysis are used here to

simulate the multi-linear behavior of isolator. Table 4. 3 shows the input parameters of
link element. Figure 4. 13 shows the values which are inputted in ETABS.
Degrading hysteresis type is selected because, the experimental studies on Lead Rubber
Bearings shows that the hysteresis will decay over number of cycles (Masato Abe ,
2004). The energy dissipation capacity of the bearing will reduce over cycles of
displacement.
Please refer Appendix B for detailed procedure of modelling and analysis in ETABS
software.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 64
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5 Results and Discussions

This section consists of results from the analysis and related explanations. This section is
divided majorly into two parts PART A and PART B.
PART A consists of results from the FEM analysis that is objective 4. The results of
different models are presented and comparison of these results with graphs has made in
this part.
PART B consists of results from the dynamic analysis of base isolated structure that is
Objective 5. Relevant results of the analysis and comparison with graphs is presented in
this report.

5.1 PART A – FEM analysis of objective 4

After the analysis of every model the following results are obtained
• Displacement of control point in horizontal direction and Reaction force
developed at the control point to respective displacement
• Displacement of control point in vertical direction and applied concentrated
force at control point
• Plot of horizontal displacement on x axis vs reaction force on y axis
• Plot of vertical displacement on x axis vs applied concentrated force on y axis
These results are also collected in their numerical form. Later these are used to plot
graphs and then analysis of graphical data is done to determine the equivalent viscous
damping ratio

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 65
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5.1.1 Hysteresis graph of different models

FO RC E - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 TO 6
400000

300000

200000
Model 1
100000
Force in N

Model 2
0 Model 3
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 4
-100000
Model 5
-200000
Model 6

-300000

-400000
Displacement in mm

FO RC E - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 7 TO 1 2
600000

400000

200000 Model 7
Force in N

Model 8
0 Model 9
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 10
-200000 Model 11
Model 12
-400000

-600000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 66
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 3 TO 1 8

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 13
Force in N

100000 Model 14
0 Model 15
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 16
Model 17
-200000
Model 18
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 9 TO 2 4

600000

400000

200000 Model 19
Force in N

Model 20
0 Model 21
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 22
-200000 Model 23
Model 24

-400000

-600000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 67
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 2 5 TO 3 0

600000

500000

400000

300000
Model 25
200000
Force in N

Model 26
100000
Model 27
0
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Model 28
-100000
Model 29
-200000
Model 30
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 3 1 TO 3 6

800000

600000

400000
Force in N

200000 Model 31
Model 32
0 Model 33
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 34
-200000
Model 35
-400000 Model 36

-600000

-800000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 68
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 4 9 TO 5 4

400000

300000

200000

Model 49
100000
Force in N

Model 50
0 Model 51
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 52
-100000
Model 53
-200000 Model 54

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 5 5 TO 6 0

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 55
Force in N

100000 Model 56
0 Model 57
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 58
Model 59
-200000
Model 60
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 69
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 6 1 TO 6 6

400000

300000

200000

Model 61
100000
Force in N

Model 62
0 Model 63
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 64
-100000
Model 65
-200000 Model 66

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 6 7 TO 7 2

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 67
Force in N

100000 Model 68
0 Model 69
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 70
Model 71
-200000
Model 72
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 70
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 7 3 TO 7 8

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 73
Force in N

100000
Model 74
0 Model 75
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 76
Model 77
-200000
Model 78
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 7 9 TO 8 4

600000

400000

200000 Model 79
Force in N

Model 80
0 Model 81
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 82
-200000 Model 83
Model 84
-400000

-600000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 71
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 9 7 TO 1 0 2

400000

300000

200000

Model 97
100000
Force in N

Model 98
0 Model 99
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 100
-100000
Model 101
-200000 Model 102

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 0 3 TO 1 0 8

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 103
Force in N

100000 Model 104

0 Model 105
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 106
Model 107
-200000
Model 108
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 72
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 0 9 TO 1 1 4

400000

300000

200000

Model 109
100000
Force in N

Model 110
0 Model 111
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 112
-100000
Model 113
-200000 Model 114

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 1 5 TO 1 2 0

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 115
Force in N

100000 Model 116

0 Model 117
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 118
Model 119
-200000
Model 120
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 73
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 2 1 TO 1 2 6

400000

300000

200000

Model 121
100000
Force in N

Model 122
0 Model 123
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 124
-100000
Model 125

-200000 Model 126

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 2 7 TO 1 3 2

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 127
Force in N

100000 Model 128

0 Model 129
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 130
Model 131
-200000
Model 132
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 74
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 4 5 TO 1 5 0

400000

300000

200000

Model 145
100000
Force in N

Model 146
0 Model 147
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 148
-100000
Model 149
-200000 Model 150

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 5 1 TO 1 5 6

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 151
Force in N

100000 Model 152

0 Model 153
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 154
Model 155
-200000
Model 156
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 75
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 5 7 TO 1 6 2

400000

300000

200000

Model 157
100000
Force in N

Model 158
0 Model 159
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 160
-100000
Model 161
-200000 Model 162

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 6 3 TO 1 6 8

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 163
Force in N

100000
Model 164
0 Model 165
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000
Model 166
Model 167
-200000
Model 168
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 76
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 6 9 TO 1 7 4

400000

300000

200000

Model 169
100000
Force in N

Model 170
0 Model 171
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
Model 172
-100000
Model 173
-200000 Model 174

-300000

-400000

Displacement in mm

FO RCE - DI SPLACE ME NT CURVES FO R MO DE L 1 7 5 TO 1 8 0

500000

400000

300000

200000
Model 175
Force in N

100000
Model 176
0 Model 177
-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200
-100000 Model 178
Model 179
-200000
Model 180
-300000

-400000

-500000

Displacement in mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 77
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

In section 5.1.1 the hysteretic graphs of the 144 models is presented. Each graph
contains response of 6 models. Refer section 4.5.2 for combination of models. Taking
the area of hysteresis graphs gives the energy dissipated. The non-linear properties of
the isolator can be extracted from these graphs.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 78
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5.1.2 Results of models showing stiffness and damping in tabular form

Vertical vertical stiffness

Rubber Steel Total Horizontal Damping
Rubber Steel Lead-Dia Lead-Yield stiffness at at Lateral 150 mm
Layers Layers Height stiffness Ratio
rest displacement

stiffness
Stiffness- kN/m beta % stiffness kN/mm
kN/mm

Val 9.5 3 116.8 19.5 11 10 184.5 1666.67 27.59 889.33 427.56

1 5 2 150 10.5 20 19 188 1574.76 27.60 3037.28 916.67

2 5 2 150 15.5 20 19 188 1905.33 33.23 3473.68 891.89
3 5 2 150 19.5 20 19 188 2173.66 36.74 3793.10 854.92
4 5 2 160 10.5 20 19 188 1668.19 29.41 3414.38 929.71
5 5 2 160 15.5 20 19 188 2049.83 35.43 3985.51 887.10
6 5 2 160 19.5 20 19 188 2352.87 39.25 4214.56 857.81
7 5 2 180 10.5 20 19 188 1883.17 32.94 4313.73 952.38
8 5 2 180 15.5 20 19 188 2364.31 39.35 5062.90 902.87
9 5 2 180 19.5 20 19 188 2749.29 42.33 5066.79 865.80
10 5 2 200 10.5 20 19 188 2021.57 38.19 5500.00 979.23
11 5 2 200 15.5 20 19 188 2617.35 41.99 6000.00 962.10
12 5 2 200 19.5 20 19 188 3094.04 46.60 6000.00 917.05

13 5 2.5 150 10.5 18 17 182.5 1893.48 22.82 3193.19 963.28

14 5 2.5 150 15.5 18 17 182.5 2225.89 28.63 3628.77 928.96
15 5 2.5 150 19.5 18 17 182.5 2489.51 32.11 3802.06 903.43
16 5 2.5 160 10.5 18 17 182.5 1992.30 24.62 3574.33 956.41
17 5 2.5 160 15.5 18 17 182.5 2371.05 30.55 4123.20 918.72
18 5 2.5 160 19.5 18 17 182.5 2678.13 34.12 4187.82 886.01
19 5 2.5 180 10.5 18 17 182.5 2230.49 27.94 4561.48 995.88
20 5 2.5 180 15.5 18 17 182.5 2711.71 34.11 5086.71 945.67
21 5 2.5 180 19.5 18 17 182.5 3100.83 37.80 5086.71 904.65
22 5 2.5 200 10.5 18 17 182.5 2293.03 33.90 5788.97 1093.40
23 5 2.5 200 15.5 18 17 182.5 2888.85 39.93 6036.22 1029.50
24 5 2.5 200 19.5 18 17 182.5 3365.57 42.81 6036.22 982.58

25 5 3 150 10.5 17 16 183 2248.39 19.05 3604.19 1086.99

26 5 3 150 15.5 17 16 183 2584.77 24.59 4056.80 1044.12
27 5 3 150 19.5 17 16 183 2849.72 28.04 4132.75 1013.78
28 5 3 160 10.5 17 16 183 2352.76 20.84 4031.77 1115.81
29 5 3 160 15.5 17 16 183 2736.81 26.92 4596.42 1057.30
30 5 3 160 19.5 17 16 183 3039.91 30.07 4632.23 1022.62
31 5 3 180 10.5 17 16 183 2619.43 23.78 5059.41 1140.13
32 5 3 180 15.5 17 16 183 3100.67 29.96 5540.63 1081.15
33 5 3 180 19.5 17 16 183 3485.72 33.19 5540.63 1037.74
34 5 3 200 10.5 17 16 183 2591.34 30.17 6328.51 1197.97
35 5 3 200 15.5 17 16 183 3187.21 36.21 6523.03 1127.11
36 5 3 200 19.5 17 16 183 3663.96 39.53 6523.03 1075.92

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 79
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Vertical vertical stiffness

Rubber Steel Total Horizontal Damping
Rubber Steel Lead-Dia Lead-Yield stiffness at at Lateral 150 mm
Layers Layers Height stiffness Ratio
rest displacement

stiffness
Stiffness- kN/m beta % stiffness kN/mm
kN/mm

37 5 3.5 150 10.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

38 5 3.5 150 15.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
39 5 3.5 150 19.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
40 5 3.5 160 10.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
41 5 3.5 160 15.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
42 5 3.5 160 19.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
43 5 3.5 180 10.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
44 5 3.5 180 15.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
45 5 3.5 180 19.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
46 5 3.5 200 10.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
47 5 3.5 200 15.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
48 5 3.5 200 19.5 16 15 182.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

49 10 2 150 10.5 11 10 180 1360.33 31.71 1930.11 405.18

50 10 2 150 15.5 11 10 180 1691.37 37.34 2284.13 392.37
51 10 2 150 19.5 11 10 180 1958.09 40.64 2624.67 380.39
52 10 2 160 10.5 11 10 180 1453.79 33.67 2212.17 408.09
53 10 2 160 15.5 11 10 180 1831.66 39.42 2699.19 393.91
54 10 2 160 19.5 11 10 180 2136.43 42.57 3179.19 380.51
55 10 2 180 10.5 11 10 180 1663.93 37.36 2943.80 421.11
56 10 2 180 15.5 11 10 180 2144.13 41.78 3873.24 402.44
57 10 2 180 19.5 11 10 180 2528.53 43.70 4306.97 387.64
58 10 2 200 10.5 11 10 180 1833.79 42.41 3937.95 461.54
59 10 2 200 15.5 11 10 180 2431.92 46.18 5209.16 434.21
60 10 2 200 19.5 11 10 180 2904.73 49.21 5233.94 418.97

61 10 2.5 150 10.5 11 10 185 1502.06 28.68 2066.63 400.05

62 10 2.5 150 15.5 11 10 185 1833.03 34.42 2432.19 387.37
63 10 2.5 150 19.5 11 10 185 2100.02 37.87 2768.80 375.41
64 10 2.5 160 10.5 11 10 185 1597.87 30.77 2371.71 403.34
65 10 2.5 160 15.5 11 10 185 1976.21 36.78 2867.82 388.81
66 10 2.5 160 19.5 11 10 185 2281.22 40.17 3322.09 375.45
67 10 2.5 180 10.5 11 10 185 1822.32 34.48 3154.12 417.68
68 10 2.5 180 15.5 11 10 185 2302.18 40.09 4049.83 399.18
69 10 2.5 180 19.5 11 10 185 2689.01 43.17 4299.06 382.82
70 10 2.5 200 10.5 11 10 185 1951.69 39.39 4194.50 460.95
71 10 2.5 200 15.5 11 10 185 2546.12 44.89 5201.97 437.10
72 10 2.5 200 19.5 11 10 185 3021.81 47.36 5203.86 418.65

73 10 3 150 10.5 11 10 190 1698.66 25.04 2309.95 411.90

74 10 3 150 15.5 11 10 190 2029.79 31.27 2703.48 397.67
75 10 3 150 19.5 11 10 190 2297.29 34.66 3045.97 385.02
76 10 3 160 10.5 11 10 190 1803.25 27.50 2661.61 416.69
77 10 3 160 15.5 11 10 190 2180.86 33.51 3176.90 400.85
78 10 3 160 19.5 11 10 190 2483.08 36.58 3627.77 388.40
79 10 3 180 10.5 11 10 190 2041.75 30.73 3486.35 434.20
80 10 3 180 15.5 11 10 190 2521.99 36.37 4389.47 413.58
81 10 3 180 19.5 11 10 190 2905.48 39.84 4556.75 398.08
82 10 3 200 10.5 11 10 190 2116.49 36.30 4590.35 473.13
83 10 3 200 15.5 11 10 190 2710.65 42.07 5486.28 447.76
84 10 3 200 19.5 11 10 190 3186.12 44.96 5486.28 428.36

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 80
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Vertical vertical stiffness

Rubber Steel Total Horizontal Damping
Rubber Steel Lead-Dia Lead-Yield stiffness at at Lateral 150 mm
Layers Layers Height stiffness Ratio
rest displacement

stiffness
Stiffness- kN/m beta % stiffness kN/mm
kN/mm

85 10 3.5 150 10.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

86 10 3.5 150 15.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
87 10 3.5 150 19.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
88 10 3.5 160 10.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
89 10 3.5 160 15.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
90 10 3.5 160 19.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
91 10 3.5 180 10.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
92 10 3.5 180 15.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
93 10 3.5 180 19.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
94 10 3.5 200 10.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
95 10 3.5 200 15.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
96 10 3.5 200 19.5 10 9 181.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

97 15 2 150 10.5 8 7 184 1223.94 35.01 1455.99 242.30

98 15 2 150 15.5 8 7 184 1553.83 40.56 1748.81 234.80
99 15 2 150 19.5 8 7 184 1812.19 43.47 2059.28 231.98
100 15 2 160 10.5 8 7 184 1312.73 36.85 1691.48 250.05
101 15 2 160 15.5 8 7 184 1690.31 41.99 2108.15 240.89
102 15 2 160 19.5 8 7 184 1994.77 45.01 2573.50 232.44
103 15 2 180 10.5 8 7 184 1528.59 40.97 2270.69 255.01
104 15 2 180 15.5 8 7 184 2009.03 44.41 3142.11 243.05
105 15 2 180 19.5 8 7 184 2389.97 47.66 4067.30 236.22
106 15 2 200 10.5 8 7 184 1719.77 45.06 3108.37 279.04
107 15 2 200 15.5 8 7 184 2313.97 49.23 4830.42 264.45
108 15 2 200 19.5 8 7 184 2786.95 50.64 5099.91 255.42

109 15 2.5 150 10.5 8 7 187.5 1316.45 32.56 1535.63 236.04

110 15 2.5 150 15.5 8 7 187.5 1648.54 38.19 1838.75 227.74
111 15 2.5 150 19.5 8 7 187.5 1912.17 41.34 2133.78 222.04
112 15 2.5 160 10.5 8 7 187.5 1406.32 34.69 1780.22 242.53
113 15 2.5 160 15.5 8 7 187.5 1788.91 40.47 2201.61 231.32
114 15 2.5 160 19.5 8 7 187.5 2092.66 43.26 2651.03 223.70
115 15 2.5 180 10.5 8 7 187.5 1624.49 37.68 2414.40 253.76
116 15 2.5 180 15.5 8 7 187.5 2109.20 43.25 3261.35 239.76
117 15 2.5 180 19.5 8 7 187.5 2492.62 45.99 3919.01 231.34
118 15 2.5 200 10.5 8 7 187.5 1788.01 42.78 3280.16 282.49
119 15 2.5 200 15.5 8 7 187.5 2381.23 47.32 4739.34 268.05
120 15 2.5 200 19.5 8 7 187.5 2861.29 49.68 4814.71 253.60

121 15 3 150 10.5 8 7 191 1446.57 29.34 1646.38 234.63

122 15 3 150 15.5 8 7 191 1778.95 35.36 1963.88 226.31
123 15 3 150 19.5 8 7 191 2042.35 38.68 2264.69 220.69
124 15 3 160 10.5 8 7 191 1538.35 31.65 1909.72 241.57
125 15 3 160 15.5 8 7 191 1924.29 37.69 2346.25 229.29
126 15 3 160 19.5 8 7 191 2225.71 40.91 2791.29 222.79
127 15 3 180 10.5 8 7 191 1769.22 34.64 2589.56 253.56
128 15 3 180 15.5 8 7 191 2254.88 40.68 3437.14 239.56
129 15 3 180 19.5 8 7 191 2640.53 43.47 3934.66 230.15
130 15 3 200 10.5 8 7 191 1904.32 40.73 3500.77 276.40
131 15 3 200 15.5 8 7 191 2497.02 45.61 4779.84 262.59
132 15 3 200 19.5 8 7 191 2967.87 47.58 4807.34 253.99

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 81
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Vertical vertical stiffness

Rubber Steel Total Horizontal Damping
Rubber Steel Lead-Dia Lead-Yield stiffness at at Lateral 150 mm
Layers Layers Height stiffness Ratio
rest displacement

stiffness
Stiffness- kN/m beta % stiffness kN/mm
kN/mm

133 15 3.5 150 10.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

134 15 3.5 150 15.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
135 15 3.5 150 19.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
136 15 3.5 160 10.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
137 15 3.5 160 15.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
138 15 3.5 160 19.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
139 15 3.5 180 10.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
140 15 3.5 180 15.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
141 15 3.5 180 19.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
142 15 3.5 200 10.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
143 15 3.5 200 15.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
144 15 3.5 200 19.5 7 6 176 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

145 20 2 150 10.5 6 5 180 1164.98 37.01 1130.97 176.24

146 20 2 150 15.5 6 5 180 1495.72 42.31 1391.55 171.12
147 20 2 150 19.5 6 5 180 1757.77 44.68 1657.71 168.07
148 20 2 160 10.5 6 5 180 1253.24 38.41 1326.98 182.86
149 20 2 160 15.5 6 5 180 1631.62 42.95 1695.27 176.67
150 20 2 160 19.5 6 5 180 2066.63 44.93 1960.63 136.00
151 20 2 180 10.5 6 5 180 1577.95 39.66 1645.19 149.22
152 20 2 180 15.5 6 5 180 1960.27 46.49 2611.28 169.02
153 20 2 180 19.5 6 5 180 2338.77 48.60 3626.57 162.15
154 20 2 200 10.5 6 5 180 1836.59 41.82 2262.60 125.07
155 20 2 200 15.5 6 5 180 2259.34 49.80 4291.85 182.92
156 20 2 200 19.5 6 5 180 2736.36 51.73 5030.79 175.48

157 20 2.5 150 10.5 6 5 182.5 1227.84 34.62 1256.12 179.99

158 20 2.5 150 15.5 6 5 182.5 1555.09 39.99 1519.85 175.94
159 20 2.5 150 19.5 6 5 182.5 1823.49 42.67 1787.22 169.93
160 20 2.5 160 10.5 6 5 182.5 1324.74 36.72 1464.16 183.76
161 20 2.5 160 15.5 6 5 182.5 1695.97 41.74 1840.25 180.44
162 20 2.5 160 19.5 6 5 182.5 1996.77 44.39 2265.08 175.80
163 20 2.5 180 10.5 6 5 182.5 1539.36 40.08 2007.09 194.95
164 20 2.5 180 15.5 6 5 182.5 2018.02 44.75 2806.06 187.11
165 20 2.5 180 19.5 6 5 182.5 2399.97 47.50 3729.42 181.42
166 20 2.5 200 10.5 6 5 182.5 1714.71 44.08 2776.36 214.98
167 20 2.5 200 15.5 6 5 182.5 2317.78 48.94 4432.21 199.02
168 20 2.5 200 19.5 6 5 182.5 2792.97 50.63 4779.28 191.10

169 20 3 150 10.5 6 5 185 1404.43 30.37 242.51 110.36

170 20 3 150 15.5 6 5 185 1727.97 36.48 335.28 112.44
171 20 3 150 19.5 6 5 185 1982.47 39.80 449.41 114.60
172 20 3 160 10.5 6 5 185 1496.64 32.22 240.82 106.93
173 20 3 160 15.5 6 5 185 1870.05 38.50 345.53 109.04
174 20 3 160 19.5 6 5 185 2162.46 41.50 483.44 111.21
175 20 3 180 10.5 6 5 185 1734.49 35.86 251.31 103.85
176 20 3 180 15.5 6 5 185 2205.09 41.03 404.59 106.57
177 20 3 180 19.5 6 5 185 2583.28 44.29 643.18 108.61
178 20 3 200 10.5 6 5 185 1872.77 41.05 268.75 96.54
179 20 3 200 15.5 6 5 185 2461.86 45.92 487.66 99.09
180 20 3 200 19.5 6 5 185 2932.74 48.31 836.67 100.89

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 82
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Vertical vertical stiffness

Rubber Steel Total Horizontal Damping
Rubber Steel Lead-Dia Lead-Yield stiffness at at Lateral 150 mm
Layers Layers Height stiffness Ratio
rest displacement

stiffness
Stiffness- kN/m beta % stiffness kN/mm
kN/mm

181 20 3.5 150 10.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

182 20 3.5 150 15.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
183 20 3.5 150 19.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
184 20 3.5 160 10.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
185 20 3.5 160 15.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
186 20 3.5 160 19.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
187 20 3.5 180 10.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
188 20 3.5 180 15.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
189 20 3.5 180 19.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
190 20 3.5 200 10.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
191 20 3.5 200 15.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!
192 20 3.5 200 19.5 6 5 187.5 0.00 #DIV/0! #DIV/0! #DIV/0!

The above table shows the effective stiffness, equivalent viscous damping ratio, vertical
stiffness at rest and vertical stiffness of the bearing at 150 mm displacement of different
models.
The increase in steel layer thickness decreased the effective damping ratio of the
bearings hence the combinations with steel thickness 3.5 mm are neglected.
Hence results of 144 models is presented.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 83
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5.1.3 Comparison of results in graphical form

For comparison of results the parameters of the analysis are made dimensionless. The
Rubber layer thickness and steel layer thickness are divided by effective height of the
bearing. Lead core diameter is divided by cross sectional diameter of the bearing. Table
5. 1 shows different effective height of the bearings. the yield stress of the lead is kept
as it is.

Table 5. 1 Dimensionless representation of rubber and steel thickness

𝑇𝑅 𝑇𝑆
Models 𝑇𝑅 𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑆 𝑚𝑚 𝐻 𝑚𝑚
𝐻 𝐻
1-12 5 2 188 0.0266 0.0106
13-24 5 2.5 182.5 0.0274 0.0137
25-36 5 3 183 0.0273 0.0164
37-48 5 3.5 182.5 0.0274 0.0192
49-60 10 2 180 0.0556 0.0111
61-72 10 2.5 185 0.0541 0.0135
73-84 10 3 190 0.0526 0.0153
85-96 10 3.5 181.5 0.0511 0.0193
97-108 15 2 184 0.0815 0.0109
109-120 15 2.5 187.5 0.0800 0.0133
121-132 15 3 191 0.0785 0.0157
133-144 15 3.5 176 0.0852 0.0199
145-156 20 2 180 0.1111 0.0111
157-168 20 2.5 182.5 0.1096 0.0137
169-180 20 3 185 0.1081 0.0162
181-192 20 3.5 187.5 0.1067 0.0182

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 84
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

𝐻 = 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑇𝑅 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝑇𝑆 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝐿𝐷 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

Table 5. 2 Dimensionless representation of lead core diameter

𝐿𝐷
𝐿𝐷 𝑚𝑚 𝐷 𝑚𝑚
𝐷
150 430 0.3488
160 430 0.3721
180 430 0.4186
200 430 0.4651

Making the results comparison dimensionless has advantage of reduced error for the
reader. And also, these dimensionless parameters can be applied to different baring
model.
The Table 5. 1 shows the conversion of rubber layer thickness and steel layer thickness
for different models. Effective height of the bearing will change from model to model.
These figures are having closer values hence it can also be represented with assuming
effective height to be average of these heights that is 185 mm.
The Table 5. 2 shows the dimensionless ratios of lead core diameter with bearing
diameter. because the diameter of the bearing will remain constant in all the models
and the plane of measurement of these two parameters is same.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 85
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 1 Effective stiffness with rubber and lead core

Figure 5. 2 Effective stiffness with steel and lead core

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 86
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 3 Damping ratio with steel and lead core

Figure 5. 4 Damping ratio with rubber and lead core

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 87
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 5 Vertical stiffness at rest with rubber and lead core diameter

Figure 5. 6 Vertical stiffness at 150 mm lateral displacement with rubber and lead core

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 88
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 7 Vertical stiffness with steel and lead core diameter

Figure 5. 8 Vertical stiffness with rubber and steel thickness

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 89
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 9 Effect of lead yield strength

Figure 5. 10 Effect of Lead core diameter

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 90
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 11 Effect of steel plate thickness

Figure 5. 12 Effect of rubber layer thickness

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 91
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 13 Combined effect of rubber and steel plate thickness

Figure 5. 14 Combined effect of rubber thickness and lead core diameter

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 92
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 15 effect of increase in rubber thickness and decrease in lead core diameter

Figure 5. 16 combined effect of steel thickness and lead core diameter

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 93
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 17 Combined effect of increase in all parameters

Figure 5. 18 Effect of lead core diameter from 60 mm to 200 mm

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 94
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

From the Figure 5. 1 Effective stiffness with rubber and lead coreFigure 5. 1 to Figure 5.
18 the following discussions were made
• Increase in rubber layer thickness increases effective damping
• Increase in steel layer thickness decreases effective damping
• Increase in lead core diameter increases effective damping
• Increase in lead core yield stress increases effective damping
• Lead properties dominates the energy dissipation in Lead Rubber Bearing
isolators
• Post yield stiffness increases with increase in steel layer thickness
• Models with lower post yield stiffness have higher energy dissipation capacity

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 95
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

5.2 PART B – Dynamic analysis of objective 5

Input accelaration
800

600

400
Accelaration mm/s2

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

-200

-400

-600
Time in seconds

Figure 5. 19 Input acceleration with duration of 40 seconds

Figure 5. 20 Base shear of different models

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 96
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 21 Base shear response

Figure 5. 22 Acceleration response of top storey

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 97
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 23 Displacement response of top storey

Figure 5. 24 Maximum displacement of storey

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 98
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 25 Link hysteresis of Validation model

Figure 5. 26 Link hysteresis of Model 156

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 99
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 27 Energy dissipation by validation model

Figure 5. 28 Energy dissipation by Model 156

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 100
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure 5. 29 Response spectrum curves for the model

Following discussions have been derived from the results

• Base shear of the structure reduces in isolated case than fixed case
• Acceleration displacement of top stories will reduce after base isolation
• Validation isolator model reduced displacements more than model 156. but the
validation model exceeded more than design displacement of 150 mm
• Energy dissipation of the model 156 isolator is more than validation model
• Maximum storey drift in Model 156 case is minimum than validation model and
fixed base case

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 101
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

6 Conclusions and Future Directions

6.1 Conclusions of FEM analysis

The conclusions of FEM analysis are presented considering models with yield strength
19.5 N/mm2. The following conclusions are derived from the FEM analysis.
• Effective stiffness of models with Rubber thickness 0.0266H and Lead core
diameter 0.4651D is higher than model with rubber thickness 0.1111H and lead
core diameter 0.3488D.
• Effective stiffness of models with Steel plate thickness 0.0164H and lead core
diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with steel plate 0.0106H and lead core
diameter 0.3448H.
• Equivalent viscous damping ratio of models with Rubber thickness 0.1111H and
Lead core diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with Rubber thickness
0.0266H and lead core diameter 0.3488D.
• Equivalent viscous damping ratio of models with Steel thickness 0.0106H and
Lead core diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with Steel thickness 0.0164H
and lead core diameter 0.3488D.
• Vertical stiffness at rest of models with Rubber layer thickness 0.0266H and lead
core diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with Rubber layer thickness
0.1111H and Lead core diameter 0.3488D.
• Vertical stiffness at rest of models with Steel layer thickness 0.0106H and lead
core diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with Steel layer thickness 0.0164H
and lead core diameter 0.3488D.
• Vertical stiffness at 150 mm lateral displacement of models with Rubber layer
thickness 0.0266H and lead core diameter 0.4651D is higher than models with
Rubber layer thickness 0.1111 and Lead core diameter 0.3488D.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 102
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• Change in Yield strength of lead from 10.5 N/mm2 to 19.5 N/mm2 increases
damping ratio from 27.6 % to 36.74 %
• Change in lead core diameter from 0.3488D to 0.4651D increases damping ratio
from 36.74 % to 46.6 %
• Change in steel plate thickness from 0.0106H to 0.0164H decreases damping
ratio from 46.6% to 39.53 %
• Change in rubber layer thickness from 0.0266H to 0.1111H increases damping
ratio from 46.6 % to 51.73 %
• Combined effect of increase in both rubber thickness from 0.0266H to 0.4651H
and steel layer thickness from 0.0106H to 0.0164 increases damping ratio from
46.6% to 47.58 %
• Increase in lead core diameter from 0.1395D to 0.4651D increases damping ratio
from 13.47 % to 44.96 %

6.2 Conclusions of dynamic analysis

The Model 156 which obtained highest damping ratio and the model which is validated
are used for the dynamic analysis.
Link properties of these two bearings is presented in section 4.6 .
The following conclusions are drawn according to the results obtained from dynamic
analysis which are mentioned in section 5.2 .
• Base shear of the structure is reduced from 24144 kN to 8443 kN with validation
model and 13862 kN with model 156
• Acceleration and displacement response of the structure is reduced after base
isolation
• Storey drift is reduced after base isolation and Storey drift of the Model 156 is
less than Validation Model

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 103
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• Link hysteresis shows that Validation model did less energy dissipation than
Model 156
• Energy dissipated in validation model is 37 % and Model 156 is 43.75 %
• Considering Non-Linear properties of Lead Rubber Bearing results in better
results in finding response of the structure
• Initial stiffness of the bearing influences the behaviour of the structure
• For earthquake intensities less than 1g isolators with initial stiffness <10000
kN/m are suggested
• Validation model displaced above 160mm which is greater than design
displacement value of 150 mm
• Model 156 was within 140 mm for the same structure and same earthquake time
history
• Lead Rubber Bearing with high initial stiffness are most suitable in heavy mass
systems such as less flexible building, Bridges, Nuclear reactors and other
systems
• The Bridge and nuclear reactors can be idealized as SDOF system hence grater
horizontal force is generated by ground motion

6.3 Suggestions for future directions:

• Extension of this project can be done by studying the dynamic behavior of RCC
Frame structures with different isolator properties and its comparison
• The dynamic response of bridges, nuclear reactors can be studied with base
isolation with different isolators
• FEM analysis study can be extended for analysis of bearings with greater cross
sections with varying lead core diameter

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 104
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

• For better results the nonlinear properties of Lead Rubber Bearings must be
considered in dynamic analysis
• New isolation systems can be studied to achieve more than 50% damping
• Detailed studies on influence of initial stiffness of the Lead Rubber Bearing can
be done with dynamic response analysis

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 105
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

References
1. A.B.M. Saiful Islam & Mohd Zamin Jumaat, 2015. Incorporation preference for
rubber-steel bearing isolation in retrofitting existing multi storied building.
Computers and Concrete, 16(4), pp. 503-529.
2. A.B.M. Saiful Islam, Raja Rizwan Hussain & Mohammed Jameel, 2012. Non-linear
time domain analysis of base isolated multi-storey building under site specific bi-
directional seismic loading. Automation in Construction, ELSEVIER, 22(1), pp. 554-
556.
3. ABAQUS, 2014. ABAQUS Documentation 6.14. [Online].
4. Ahmed K. Noor & John A. Tanner, 1994. Computational Modeling of Tires. 1 ed.
Virginia, USA: NASA.
5. Akihiro MATSUDA, 2002. Finite element analysis of high damping rubber bearings
using nonlinar visoelastic constitutive model. Chiba, Japan, Japan Mechanical
society proceedings.
6. Akihiro Matsuda, 2004. Evaluation for Mechanical Properties of Laminated
Rubber Bearings Using Finite Element Analysis. Journal of Pressure Vessel
Technology, pp. 236-135.
7. Anantha Narayan Chittur Krishna Murthy, 2005. Application of visco-hyperelastic,
Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
8. Animesh Das, 2012. Modeling of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Base Isolators.
Chicago, WCEE, p. 10.
9. Anusha R Reddy & Dr. V Ramesh, 2015. Seismic Analysis of Base Isolated Building
in RC Framed Structures. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering
Research, 3(1), pp. 170-176.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 106
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

10. Asif Hameed, Min-Se Koo & Thang Dai Do, 2008. Effect of Lead Rubber Bearing
Characteristics on the Response of Seismic isolated Bridges. KSCE Journal of Civil
Engineering, 12(3), pp. 187-196.
11. Cho, 2016. Finite Element Analysis of Lead Rubber Bearing by Using Strain Energy
Function of Hyper-Elastic Material. Journal of the Korean Society of Civil
Engineers, 36(3), pp. 361-374.
12. Computers & Structures, Inc, 2016. CSI Analysis Reference Manual. 1st ed.
California, USA: Computers & Structures, Inc.
13. CSI, 2013. Example Problems, Problem O,. In: CSI, ed. SAP 2000 Reference
manual,. 1 ed. California, USA: Computers and Structures, pp. 1-12.
14. CSI, 2018. Damping. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 10 june 2018].
15. Deepak R. Pant & Anil C. Wijeyewickrema, 2013. Appropriate viscous damping for
nonlinear time-history analysis of base-isolated reinforced concrete buildings.
Internatinol assosiation for earthqake engineering (Earthquake Engng Structural
Dynamics), 1(1), pp. 1-19.
16. Demin FENG, 2004. A Performance test study on chinese G4 Lead Rubber
Bearings. Vancouver, Canada, WCEE.
17. Keyvan Zeynali, 2018. Experimental and numerical investigation of lead-rubber
dampers in chevron concentrically braced frames. Archives of Civil and
Mechanical Engineering, pp. 162-178.
18. Dia Eddin Nassani & Mustafa Wassef Abdulmajeed, 2015. Seismic Base Isolation
in Reinforced Concrete Structures. International Journal of Research Studies in
Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(2), pp. 1-13.
19. Eurocode 5, 1995. Design of timber structures—Part 2: Bridges. 2 ed. London:
British standards institution.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 107
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

20. Farzad Naeim & James M Kelly, 1999. Design of Seismic isolated strucutures From
theory to practice. 1st ed. California, USA: John Wiley and Sons Inc.
21. Fediuc, D. O., 2015. Finite Element Modelling of Elastomeric Bearings. Buletinul
Institutului Politechnic Din Iasi, pp. 20-25.
22. Fujino Y, 1993. Synchronization of human walking observed during lateral
vibration of a congested pedestrian bridge. Journal of Earthquake engineering
and structural dynamics, ASCE, 22(9), pp. 741-758.
23. G Arya, 2014. Nonlinear finite element analysis of high damping rubber bearings
for base isolation. International Journal of Civil Engineerign and Technology
(IJCIET, 5(9), pp. 252-259.
24. Gordon P Warn, 2006. A Study of the Coupled Horizontal-Vertical Behavior of
Elastomeric and Lead-Rubber Seismic Isolation Bearings, New York: Earthquake
engineering to extreme events.
25. Hamid AHMADI, 2013. High Damping Natural Rubber Seismic Isolators Historical
Development and Performance. Rome, Italy: SILER International Workshop.
26. Hosam-Eddin M Ali, 1995. Modeling of Rubber and Lead Passive-Control Bearings
for Seismic Analysis. Journal of Structural Engineering, pp. 1134-1144.
27. Hsiang-Chuan Tsai, 2001. Mechanical properties of isolation bearings identified
by a viscoelastic model. International Journal of Solids and Structures , pp. 53-74.
28. Husnu Dal, 2009. Bergstrom-Boyce model for nonlinear finite rubber
viscoelasticity: Theoretical aspects and algoritmic treatment for the FE method.
Journal of Computational mechanics, pp. 1-15.
29. I N Doudoumis, 2005. Analytical modeling of Elastomeric Lead-Rubber Bearings
with the use of Finite Element Micromodels. Limassol, GRACM International
Congress on Computational Mechanics, pp. 1-9.
30. Ian G Buckkle, 1990. Seismic isolation: History, Application and Performance - A
world view. Earthquake Spectra, 6(2), pp. 161-201.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 108
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

31. Ifmoss, 2010. Wikipedia. [Online]

Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 30 may 2018].
32. Ioannis V Kalpakidis, 2010. Modeling strength degradation in lead–rubber
bearings under earthquake shaking. Eathquake Engineering and Structural
Dynamics, pp. 1553-1549.
33. iopscience, 2018. Experimental study on high damping bearings. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 16 april 2018].
34. ISO, 2007. Bases for design of structures—Serviceability of buildings and
walkways against vibration. 1 ed. London: ISO 10137.
35. J Plagge, 2016. A Physically Based Model of Stress Softening and Hysteresis of
Filled Rubber Including Rate and Temperature Dependency. Internatinol Journal
of Plasticity, pp. 1-27.
36. James M. Kelly, 1997. Earthquake-Resistant Design with Rubber. 2nd ed.
California 94804, USA: Springer.
37. Jong Wan Hu, 2014. Response of Seismically Isolated Steel Frame Buildings with
Sustainable Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) Isolator Devices Subjected to Near-Fault
(NF) Ground Motions, Korea: Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center.
38. Jorgen Bergstrom, 2016. Non-Linear Mechanical Modeling of Thermoplastics
using COMSOL Multiphysics. BOSTON, CAMSOL Conference.
39. Juliana E Lopes Pacheco, 2015. Viscoelastic Relaxation Modulus Characterization
using Prony Series. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 12(3), pp.
420-448.
40. Junji Yoshida, 2004. Constitutive Model of High-Damping Rubber Materials.
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, pp. 129-141.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 109
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

41. K Hirata, 1998. Numerical simulations of rubber bearing tests and shaking table
tests, Japan: Central Research Institure of Electric Power Industry.
42. Keri L RYAN, 2004. Experimental observation of axial load effects in isolation
bearings. Vancouver, CANADA, 13th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering.
43. L A Gracia, 2010. Finite element simulation of the hystereticbehaviour of an
industrial rubber. Application to design of rubber components. Finite Elements in
Analysis and Design, pp. 357-368.
44. L. M. Megget, 1978. Analysis and design of a Base-Isolated Reinforced concrete
frame buildings. Bulletin of the newsealand national society for earthquake
engineering, 11(4), pp. 245-254.
45. M Jabbareh Asl, 2014. Numerical Analysis of Seismic Elastomeric Isolation
Bearing in the Base-Isolated Building. Open Journal of Earthquake Research, pp.
1-4.
46. Manasa M S, 2017. Performance of Lead Rubber Bearing as a Base Isolator.
International Journal of Science Technology and Engineering, pp. 1-4.
47. Manish Kumar, 2012. Analysis of Elastomeric Bearings in Compression, Buffalo:
Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University of
Buffalo.
48. MASARU KIKUCHI & IAN D. AIKEN, 1999. An analytical hysteresis model for
elastomeric seismic isolation bearings. Earthqake engineering and structural
dynamics, 26(2), pp. 215-231.
49. Masato Abe , 2004. Multiaxial Behaviors of Laminated Rubber Bearings and Their
Modeling. 2: Modeling. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(8), pp. 1133-1144.
50. Masato Abe, 2004. Multiaxial Behaviors of Laminated Rubber Bearings and Their
Modeling. 1: Experimental Study. Journal of Structural Engineering, pp. 1119-
1132.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 110
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

51. math tutorial, 2018. Calculate area between 2 curves. [Online]

Available at:
[Link]
[Accessed 20 april 2018].
52. MIT, 2018. Hyperelastic. [Online]
Available at:
[Link]
[Accessed 02 june 2018].
53. Moein Ahmadipour, 2017. Sensitivity analysis on mechanical characteristics of
lead-core steel reinforced elastomeric bearings under cyclic loading. Engineering
Structures, pp. 39-50.
54. Ms. Minal Ashok Somwanshi & Mrs. Rina N. Pantawane, 2015. Seismic Analysis of
Fixed Based and Base Isolated Building Structures. International Journal of
Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 3(1), pp. 747-757.
55. MSC Software, 2005. Material Contact Properties Table. america: MSC.
56. Nailing Xiang, 2017. Experimental and numerical study on seismic sliding
mechanism of Laminated-Rubber Bearings. Engineering Structures, pp. 159-174.
57. Nimmy Mariam Abraham & Abhishek P V, 2018. Structural Dynamics and stability
analysis. Bengaluru: RUAS.
58. NPL, 2007. Manual for the calculation of elastic-plastic materials models
parameters, Scotland: National Physical Laboratory.
59. Ohsaki, M., 2015. Finite-element analysis of laminated rubber bearing of building
frame under seismic excitation. Eathquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics,
p. 18.
60. Peyman M Osgooei, 2014. Finite element analysis of unbonded square fiber-
reinforced elastomeric isolators (FREIs) under lateral loading in different
directions. Composite Structures, pp. 164-173.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 111
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

61. Polimer FEM, 2018. Material model calibration. [Online]

Available at: [Link]
calibration/25141-material-model-calibration-abaqus-ansys
[Accessed 22 april 2018].
62. Prepared by the Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center, 1998.
Evaluation findings for skellerup base isolation elastomeric bearings, America:
ASCE, Technical evaluation report,(CERF report: HITEC 98-12).
63. R Ravi, 1998. Finite element analysis of laminated rubber bearings- Verification
with kaeri HDRB, Almr HDRB and Criepi LRB data. Hertford, UK, Third Research
Co-ordination meeting (RMC).
64. Radmila B. SALIC, Mihail A. GAREVSKI & Zoran V. MILUTINOVIC, October 12-17,
2008. Response of Lead-Rubber bearing isolated structure. Beijing, China, The
14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE).
65. Rajeshwari Patil & Shweta Anoor, 2017. Analysis and Design of residential
building by using SAP-2000. International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), 4(5), pp. 2491-2497.
66. Satish Nagarajaiah, 2002. Stability of Elastomeric Isolation Bearings: Experimental
Study. Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(1), pp. 3-11.
67. Satish Nagarajaiah & Andrei M. Reinhorn, 1990. NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
OF 3-D BASE-ISOLATED STRUCTURES. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
117(7), pp. 2035-2050.
68. Science Shack - Millennium Bridge. 2001. [Film] Directed by Adam-Hart-Davis.
London (United Kingdom): Open University Repeat.
69. Simuleon, 2018. Tips to solve non convergence in ABAQUS. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
with-abaqus-fea
[Accessed 23 april 2018].

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 112
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

70. Stefano Morlacchi, 2015. Compression and stress relaxation of a viscoelastic

rubber seal, Oxfordshire: SSA.
71. Swapnil Ambasta, Dushyant sahu & G.P. Khare, 2018. Analysis of Base isolated
building(Lead Rubber Bearing) in ETABS. International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(1), pp. 404-410.
72. W. H. ROBINSON, 1982. Lead rubber hysteretic bearings suitable for protecting
structures during earthquake. Earthqake engineering and structural dynamics,
10(1), pp. 593-640.
73. [Link], 2002. Vibration of foot bridges under pedestrian loads. Paris,
IABSE.
74. Wikipedia, 2018. Arruda Boyce Model. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 02 june 2018].
75. Y. J. PARK, 1986. Random vibration of hysteretic systems under bi-directional
ground motions. Earthqake engineering and structural dynamics, 14(1), pp. 543-
557.
76. Yale Li, 2017. Experimental study on mechanical properties of high damping
rubber bearing model. japan, 3rd International Conference on Energy Materials
and Environment Engineering. IOP.
77. Yang, W., 2017. Vertical stiffness degradation of laminated rubber bearings
under lateral deformation. Construction and Building Materials, Issue ELSEVIER,
pp. 310-318.
78. Youtube, 2018. Calculating Frequency and Mode Shapes in STAAD. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 16 april 2018].

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 113
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

79. youtube, 2018. High damping rubber vs natural rubber experiment. [Online]
Available at: [Link]
[Accessed 16 april 2018].
80. Yozo Fujino, 2016. A Conceptual Review of Pedestrian-Induced Lateral Vibration
and Crowd Synchronization Problem on Footbridges. Journal of Bridge
engineering, ASCE, 21(8), pp. 1-12.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 114
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Appendix A

Step by step modelling and analysis of Lead Rubber Bearing in ABAQUS FEM package is
presented in this appendix. ABAQUS Student version is used for the analysis.
Modelling and analysis of model 3 is described in detail. In ABAQUS units needs to be
consistent hence all the length units are in millimetres and all the force units in
Newtons. 5 2 150 19.5
At start page chose Standard/Explicit Model.

Figure A. 1 ABAQUS GUI

Part Module
Click of Create Part  enter name as Rubber_Layer  select modelling space 3D 
select Deformable type  select solid shape and revolution type  give approximate
size as 600  click on continue. (Sketching window will open)  Click on create lines
Rectangle  input these co-ordinates of cross section sketch 75,0 press enter and 215,5
press enter  click cancel procedure  click on done  Provide revolution angle 360
degree  Rubber_Layer part is created.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 115
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Click of Create Part  enter name as Steel_Layer  select modelling space 3D  select
Deformable type  select solid shape and revolution type  give approximate size as
600  click on continue. (Sketching window will open)  Click on create lines Rectangle
 input co-ordinates of cross section sketch 75,0 press enter and 215,2 press enter 
click cancel procedure  click on done  Provide revolution angle 360 degree 
Steel_Layer part is created.
Click of Create Part  enter name as Fixing_Plate  select modelling space 3D  select
Deformable type  select solid shape and revolution type  give approximate size as
600  click on continue. (Sketching window will open)  Click on create lines Rectangle
 input co-ordinates of cross section sketch 75,0 press enter and 215,25 press enter 
click cancel procedure  click on done  Provide revolution angle 360 degree 
Fixing_Plate part is created.
Click of Create Part  enter name as Loading_Plate  select modelling space 3D 
select Deformable type  select solid shape and revolution type  give approximate
size as 600  click on continue. (Sketching window will open)  Click on create lines
Rectangle  input co-ordinates of cross section sketch 0,0 press enter and 300,32 press
enter  click cancel procedure  click on done  Provide revolution angle 360 degree
 Loading_Plate part is created.
Click of Create Part  enter name as Lead_Core  select modelling space 3D  select
Deformable type  select solid shape and revolution type  give approximate size as
600  click on continue. (Sketching window will open)  Click on create lines Rectangle
 input co-ordinates of cross section sketch 0,0 press enter and 75,188 press enter 
click cancel procedure  click on done  Provide revolution angle 360 degree 
Lead_Core part is created.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 116
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure A. 2 Different Parts of Lead Rubber Bearings created

Property Module
Click on Create Material  Give name Rubber  click on Mechanical  Elasticity 
Hyperelastic  Select stain energy potential Arruda-Boyce  select input source
Coefficients  Mu = 0.4283, Lambda m = 3.9142, D = 0.001712  click OK  Rubber
material is created.
Click on Create Material  Give name Steel  click on Mechanical  Elasticity  Elastic
 Young’s Modulus = 200000; Poisons ratio = 0.3  click on Mechanical  Plasticity 
Plastic  Yield stress 240, Plastic strain 0; Yield stress 240, Plastic strain 1  click OK 
Steel material is created.
Click on Create Material  Give name Lead  click on Mechanical  Elasticity  Elastic
 Young’s Modulus = 18000; Poisons ratio = 0.43  click on Mechanical  Plasticity 
Plastic  Yield stress 19.5, Plastic strain 0; Yield stress 19.5, Plastic strain 6  click OK 
Lead material is created.
Click on Create Section  give name Rubber  select solid – Homogeneous  click
continue (new dialog opens)  select material rubber and click ok.
Click on Create Section  give name steel  select solid – Homogeneous  click
continue (new dialog opens)  select material steel and click ok.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 117
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Click on Create Section  give name Lead  select solid – Homogeneous  click
continue (new dialog opens)  select material Lead and click ok.
Click on assign section  select Loading_Plate by dragging mouse  click on done
(dialog opens)  select steel section and click ok.
Click on assign section  select Fixing_Plate by dragging mouse  click on done (dialog
opens)  select steel section and click ok.
Click on assign section  select Steel Layer by dragging mouse  click on done (dialog
opens)  select steel section and click ok.
Click on assign section  select Rubber_Layer by dragging mouse  click on done
(dialog opens)  select Rubber section and click ok.
Click on assign section  select Lead Core by dragging mouse  click on done (dialog
opens)  select Lead section and click ok.

Figure A. 3 Defined materials and sections

Assembly Module
Click on create instance  Chose create instance from parts, instance type dependent 
Check auto offset from other instances  select Loading_Plate and click apply  select
Fixing_Plate and click apply  select Lead core and click apply  select Rubber_Layer
and click apply  select steel layer and click apply  again select Fixing_Plate and click
apply  again select Loading_Plate and click apply  click close.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 118
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of fixing plate  select top
side of Loading_Plate  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok  leave
the distance 0 and press enter.

Figure A. 4 instances crated in assembly module

Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Fixing_Plate  select curved
side of Loading_Plate  click OK.
Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of Lead core  select top side
of Loading_Plate  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok  leave the
distance 0 and press enter.
Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Lead core  select curved side
of Loading_Plate  click OK.
Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of Rubber_Layer  select top
side of Fixing_Plate  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok  leave
the distance 0 and press enter.
Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Rubber_Layer  select curved
side of Loading_Plate  click OK.
Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of Steel Layer  select top
side of Rubber_Layer  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok  leave
the distance 0 and press enter.
Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Steel Layer  select curved side
of Loading_Plate  click OK.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 119
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

(Zoom to the slightly assembled part by box view zoom)

Select Linear pattern  Holding shift key select both steel and Rubber layers  click
done (dialog box appears)  in direction 1 – number = 1; in direction 2 – number = 20
and offset = 7  click OK.
Select Delete feature  select the top steel layer  click on done and yes.
(Click on autofit view to see rest of the instances)
Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of Fixing_Plate  select top
side of top Rubber_Layer  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok 
leave the distance 0 and press enter.
Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Fixing_Plate  select curved
side of Loading_Plate  click OK.
Select create constraint face to face  select bottom side of Loading_Plate  select top
side of top Fixing_Plate  Click on Flip if arrows not in same direction  click ok 
leave the distance 0 and press enter.
Select create co-axial constraint  select curved side of Loading_Plate  select curved
side of Loading_Plate  click OK.
(click on Auto-fit view and apply iso view to see the fully assembled model)

Figure A. 5 Fully assembled instances

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 120
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Step Module
Click on Create step  Step1: select static, General  click continue (dialog opens) 
Non-Linear geometry on; time period 1;  under incrementation tab – select automatic,
Max increments 100, increment size 0.1 initial, 0.1 Maximum, leave minimum as it is 
click OK
Click on Create step  Step2: select static, General  click continue (dialog opens) 
Non-Linear geometry on; time period 4;  under incrementation tab – select automatic,
Max increments 150, increment size 0.05 initial, 0.05 Maximum, leave minimum as it is
 click OK

Figure A. 6 Defining steps in the analysis

Interaction Module
Click on Find contact pairs (dialog opens)  click Find contact pairs (takes a while) 
Click on separation (arranges in increasing order)  delete pairs having separation
greater than zero  double click on type (dialog opens)  select Tie constraint  click
ok  leave discretization surface to surface  click OK
Click on create constraint  select MPC constraint  click continue  click on create
datum point offset from point  select top center point  enter co-ordinate 0,10,0 
press enter (a datum point is created)  click on create reference point  select the
datum point created (reference point is created)  Press escape  Click on the
reference point and click on the top surface of the Loading_Plate  click on done 
select MPC type – Beam  Click OK

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 121
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure A. 7 Tie constraint between different parts

Figure A. 8 MPC Constraint for Control Point to top surface

Load Module
Click on Create Boundary Condition  BC-1, initial step, Mechanical,
Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre  click continue  Select bottom face of bottom
Loading_Plate  click done  Select ENCASTRE  click OK
Click on Create Load  Load-1, Step-1, Mechanical, Concentrated Force  Continue 
select RP-1 (Reference Point)  Check create set and name it CP (Control Point)  Done
(dialog opens)  CF2 = -667000  click OK.
Click on Create Boundary condition  BC-2, Step-2, Mechanical, Displacement/Rotation
 Continue  select RP-1 (Reference Point)  Check create set and name it T (Control
Point)  Done (dialog opens)  check U1 = 150, UR1 = 0, UR2 = 0, UR3 = 0  click

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 122
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Create Amplitude (dialog opens)  Amp-1, Tabular  Continue (dialog opens)  select
Time span as Step time, smoothening use solver default  in Time/Frequency column
enter 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and in Amplitude Column enter 0, 1, 0, -1, 0  click OK  Select
Amplitude as Amp-1  Click OK

Figure A. 9 Boundary conditions and Loading of bearing

Figure A. 10 Amplitude Function

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 123
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Mesh Module
Chose Parts in Object  Select Fixing_Plate  click on Seed Part  Approximate global
size 30  Click OK  click on Mesh part  click Yes  Click on assign element type 
Select 3D Stress, check Reduced integration, observe C3D8R element type  click OK.
Select Rubber_Layer  click on Seed Part  Approximate global size 30  Click OK 
click on Mesh part  click Yes  Click on assign element type  Select 3D Stress, check
Reduced integration and Hybrid formulation, observe C3D8RH element type  click OK.
Select Steel Layer  click on Seed Part  Approximate global size 30  Click OK  click
on Mesh part  click Yes  Click on assign element type  Select 3D Stress, check
Reduced integration, observe C3D8R element type  click OK.
Select Lead Core  click on Seed Part  Approximate global size 20  Click OK  click
on Mesh part  click Yes  Click on assign element type  Select 3D Stress, check
Reduced integration, observe C3D8R element type  click OK.
Select Loading_Plate  click on Seed Part  Approximate global size 40  Click OK 
click on Mesh part  click Yes  Click on assign element type  Select 3D Stress, check
Reduced integration, observe C3D8R element type  click OK  Chose Assembly in
Object.

Figure A. 11 Meshing of different parts of the bearing

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 124
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure A. 12 Meshed view of assembly

Job Module
Click on Create Job  give name Model_3_Job-1  Continue  write 5, 2, 150, 19.5 in
description  click OK  Click on Job Manager  Select job file and click on submit
(Analysis will start)  click on Monitor (To see progress of analysis)  After completion
of analysis Click on Results (Takes to Visualization Module).

Visualization Module
Select Plot contours on deformed shape  in Field output dialog chose Primary – U – U1

Figure A. 13 Displacement contour plot of bearing

Double click XY Data  Select OBB Field output and click continue  Variables – Position
– Unique nodal – check U1, U2, RF1, CF2 from the list Elements/Nodes – select Node
sets – CP (Control Point)  double click on CP (saves the data for current ABAQUS
Session).

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 125
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Double click XY Data  Select Operate on XY data  select Combine from operations list
 add U1, RF1 to expression  Click on Plot expression (Graph will be plotted).
Rename the temp data to Horizontal  double click on graph for chart options.
Double click XY Data  Select Operate on XY data  select Combine from operations list
 add U2, CF2 to expression  Click on Plot expression (Graph will be plotted).
Rename the temp data to Vertical  double click on graph for chart options.
Right click on Horizontal and click edit  Copy the data to EXCEL
Right click on Vertical and click edit  Copy the data to EXCEL

Figure A. 14 Data extraction after the analysis

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 126
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Appendix B

The modelling and analysis of RCC structure base isolated with Model 156 isolator is
presented in this section. All inputs are in meters for length units and Newton for Force
units. Special units are mentioned. ETABS Evaluation version 30 days trial is used.

Start
Model initialization  choose Use built in settings with  select Metric SI units  Indian
section database IS 800  Indian concrete design IS 456  Click OK.
New model Quick Template window popups  Choose uniform grid space, input
number of grids in X and Y as 6  Spacing of grids 5  choose simple story data 
number of stories 13  story height and bottom story as 3 and 3  In add structural
objects choose grid only  Click OK.

Figure B. 1 ETABS GUI

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 127
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Define
Define  Material Properties  Add new material  Select Region India  Material
type concrete  Indian standard  M30 grade  Click OK (Material property data
popups)  Click OK  Add new material  Select Region India  Material type Rebar 
Indian standard  HYSD Grade 550 grade  Click OK (Material property data popups) 
Click OK  Click OK.

Define  Section Properties  Frame sections  Add new property  Section type
Concrete rectangular  Chose rectangle shape under Concrete (Frame section property
popups)  Property name Beam  Material M30  Depth 450  width 300  Under
reinforcement click on modify or show rebar  Design type chose M3 Beam design only
 Chose HYSD 550 for rebar materials  Covers to bars is 50  Click OK  Click OK.
Select Beam  Add copy of property  Name Column  Change depth to 300  Under
reinforcement click on modify or show rebar  Design type chose P-M2-M3 column
design only  Click OK  Click OK  Click OK.

Define  Section Properties  Slab sections  click on slab1  click on modify 

choose slab material M30  Thickness 150  Click OK  Click OK.

Define  Section Properties  Link/Support properties  Add new property  Change

link type to multilinear plastic  Give name M156  Under directional properties, tick
U1, U2, U3 and under non-linear tick corresponding to U2 and U3  Click on
modify/show for U1  Enter effective stiffness 5300000  Click OK  Click on
modify/show for U2  Effective stiffness 2600  Effective damping 0.51  Distance
from end J 0.09  Under Multilinear force-displacement relation in displacement
column enter -150, -10, 0, 10, 150  in force column enter -410, -340, 0, 340, 410. 
Select hysteresis type degrading  Click OK  Click on modify/show for U2  Effective

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 128
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

stiffness 2600  Effective damping 0.51  Distance from end J 0.09  Under
Multilinear force-displacement relation in displacement column enter -150, -10, 0, 10,
150  in force column enter -410, -340, 0, 340, 410.  Select hysteresis type degrading
 Click OK  Click OK  Click OK.

Define  Spring Properties  Point springs  Add new property  Property name
M156  Make everything zero in Simple spring data  At single joint links at point click
on Add  Chose M156  Click OK  Click OK.

Define  functions  Time History function  Choose function type to add From File 
Click Add new function (Time history definition pop up)  Under function file click on
Browse  Browse to installation directory in my case it is C:/Program files/Computer
and structures/ ETABS 2015/Time History Functions/[Link].  Values at equal
intervals of 0.02 (Depends on input file)  Header lines to skip 2 (Depends on input file)
 Number of points per line 8 (Depends on input file)  Prefix 0 (Depends on input file)
 choose Format type as Free format  Click OK  Click OK.
Define  Mass Sources  Modify/show mass source  Tick specified load pattern  in
Load pattern chose Live  click ADD  Click OK  Click OK.

Define  Load Case  Add new case  Give Load case name GX  Select Time History
for load case type  select Non-Linear Modal (FNA)  under loads applied, click on Add
 Select Load type as acceleration  Load name U1  Function CORRALIT-1  Scale
factor 32  Number of output steps 300  Output step size 0.2  Click OK  Click OK.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 129
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Figure B. 2 Defining Non-Linear Time-History analysis

Draw
Keep in plan view story 13  Click on Quick Draw Beams  in Properties of object select
beam for frames  Set working to all stories  click mouse and drag over the grid area
to add beams at every grid line  Press escape.

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 130
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Click on Quick Draw Columns  in Properties of object select Column  click mouse and
drag over the grid area to add columns at every grid line intersection  press escape.
Change the working to similar stories  click on quick draw floors/walls  Select slab1
in properties  click mouse and drag over the grid area to add slabs at every grid line
patch  press escape.
Change the working to one story  set plan view of base  Click on Quick Draw Beams
 in Properties of object select beam for frames  Set working to all stories  click
mouse and drag over the grid area to add beams at every grid line  Press escape.

Select
Click mouse and drag over the grid area to select the objects in plan  click on Select 
Deselect  Object types  leaving the joints select everything in the list  Click on
deselect (Now only joints in the base are selected).

Assign
Click on Assign  Joints  Restraints  select Node  Click OK  Click on Previous
selection  Click on Assign  Joints  Springs  Select M156  Click OK  Click on
Close. The assignment of section frames, columns and slabs is done while drawing those
objects.

Analyse
Click on Analyse  Run Analysis.

Display
Click Display  Story response plots.
Click Display  Plot functions  Click on define plot function  Add new Energy
function  Rename it to input energy  select energy component Input  click OK 

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 131
 Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences – Faculty of Engineering and Technology (FET)

Add new energy function  Rename to hysteretic damping energy  Select energy
component Non-Liner Hysteretic damping  click OK.
Click on specify vertical functions  Add Both input and hysteretic damping energy and
remove others  Click OK  Select export table to excel.

Figure B. 3 Energy Plotting in ETABS

Parametric Study on Seismic Response of Lead Rubber Bearings as Base Isolators in Reinforced Concrete Frames 132

View publication stats