DEPARTMENT – PHARMACY

COURSE TITLE - FIRST AID AND ACCIDENT PREVENTION

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CREDIT Hr = 2
TARGET AUDIENCE – 4th Yr. CLINICAL PHARMACY STUDENTS

SAMUEL M…..
GENERAL OBJECTIVE COURSE

 AT THE END OF THIS COURSE THE STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO:

 Prevent Accidental Injuries And Care For The Injured Or Suddenly Ill.

 Perform Life Saving Measures And Apply The Knowledge Into Practice.

 Explain The Importance Of Lifting And Transporting Casualties

Safely To Prevent Possible Complications.

 Distinguish Between What To Do And What Not To Do

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 CONTENT
Chapter One : Introduction To First Aid And Accident Prevention
⁃ Definition
⁃ types of emergency
⁃ Purpose/aim of why first aid is given
⁃ General direction of first aid
Chapter two : Respiratory Emergencies and Artificial respiration
⁃ Introduction
⁃ Causes Of Respiratory Failure
⁃ Artificial Respiration
⁃ Cardiac Arrest
⁃ Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ( CPR ) 3
 CON’T
 CHAPTER THREE : Wound & Bleeding Control
⁃ Definition Of Wound

⁃ Common Cause Of Wound

⁃ Classification Wound
⁃ First Aid Management For Wound & Bleeding

CHAPTER FOUR : Bone And Joint Injuries

⁃ Definition Of fracture, dislocation, sprain, strain
⁃ Common Cause Of fracture, dislocation, sprain, strain

⁃ Classification fracture

⁃ First Aid Management For fracture, dislocation, sprain, strain 4

 CON’T
CHAPTER FIVE : SPECIFIC INJURES
⁃ Eye injury

⁃ Head injury

⁃ Neck injury

⁃ Chest And Abdominal injury

⁃ Burn

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 CON’T
 CHAPTER SIX : SHOCK
⁃ Definition
⁃ Common Cause
⁃ Type
⁃ First Aid Management
CHAPTER SEVEN : SUDDEN ILLNESSES
⁃ Seizure
⁃ Heart Attack
⁃ Syncope ( Fainting )
⁃ Stroke 6
 CON’T
CHAPTER EIGHT : POISONING
⁃ Definition

⁃ Common Cause
⁃ Prevention & First Aid Management
CHAPTER NINE : Emergency Short Distance Transfer
⁃ Definition

⁃ Ways of lifting and moving casualty from danger

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 CON’T
 Teaching Methods:
Interactive lecture
Discussion
Demonstration
Assessment Method:
 Assignment & Quiz …………………………………………………….. 15%
 Mid exam…………………………………………………………………………40%
 Final exam………………………………………………………………………..45%
 Total …………………………………………………………………………………100%
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 References
 First Aid and Accident Prevention for Health Science

Students Haromaya University

American Red Cross Society Responding to Emergencies

manual

British Red Cross Society first aid manual

Caroline L. Nancy. Emergency care in the streets

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 CHAPTER ONE :
INTRODUCTION TO FIRST AID AND
ACCIDENT PREVENTION
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 “There is a space between stimulus

11 and response’’ …………VICTOR FRANKL

“THE FIRST STEP OF LEARNING IS ACCEPTING RESPONSIBILITY”

……. JOHN MAXWELL

 Introduction….
Session Objective :
At The End Of This Session The Students Will Be Able To:
⁃ Define emergency, first aid and first aider
⁃ List the types of emergency
⁃ Understand the Purpose/aim of why first aid is given
⁃ List PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID
⁃ Recognize and apply General direction of first aid

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 Emergency - is a serious, unexpected, and potentially
dangerous situation demanding /requiring immediate
intervention/action.
First Aid - Is The Initial Assistance / Support Or
Treatment Given To An Injured Or Accidentally Ill Person
Using Whatever Materials Or Equipment Available At The
Time Before He / She Reaches To A Health Facility. Or

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 CON’T
First aid provider - is someone trained in first aid who should
recognize, assess and prioritize the need for
first aid.
 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) - is a network of services
coordinated to provide first-aid and medical assistance from
primary response to definitive care.
EMERGENCY MEDICAL DISPATCHER (EMD): A telecommunicator who

has received special training to respond to a request for medical

services 14
 CON’T

EMERGENCY MEDICAL RESPONDER (EMR): Is someone

trained in basic emergency care and relay information to the
paramedic.
 EMERGENCY MEDICAL TECHNICIAN (EMT): A person who has
completed training EMT training Program and ASSIST EMR
at the emergency scene, and work on stabilizing and
preparing the patient for transport.

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 CON’T
 PARAMEDIC- A person who has completed training in advanced
EMS , such as, advanced training in clinical decision making,
patient assessment, cardiac rhythm interpretation,
defibrillation, drug therapy, and airway management.

LAY RESPONDER: A layperson who does not have special or

advanced training or skill who recognizes an emergency and
decides to act

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 TYPES OF EMERGENCIES
Emergencies Can Be Classified As …….
[Link] - is damage to the body part from an external force ( e.g.
fracture )
2. SUDDEN ILLNESS - is a physical condition that requires
immediate medical attention ( e.g. heart attack )
Emergencies can also be Classified based on risk as….
 Life-threatening - is a situation that impairs a person’s ability to circulate
oxygenated blood to all parts of his or her body
 Non-life-threatening - is a situation that does not have an immediate
impact on a person’s ability to circulate oxygenated blood but still requires
medical attention. 17
 RECOGNIZING EMERGENCY SITUATION

 The ability to recognize that an emergency has occurred is the first step
toward taking appropriate action.
 You may become aware of an emergency from certain indicators:
⁃ Unusual noises.
⁃ Unusual sights.
⁃ Unusual odors.
⁃ Unusual appearances or behaviors.

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 EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS
# Emergency action steps are three steps you should
perform in any emergency situation : ( 3 C )
 CHECK

 CALL

 CARE

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 PURPOSE/AIM OF FIRST AID

Main aim’s OF First Aid includes:

⁃ SUSTAIN LIFE

⁃ PREVENT WORSENING OF THE PROBLEM

⁃ TO PROMOTE HEALING AND RECOVERY

⁃ TO MINIMIZE OR AVOID CASUALTY SUFFERING

⁃ TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF PERMANENT DAMAGE

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 PRINCIPLE’s OF FIRST AID

 KEY PRINCIPLE’S OF FIRST AID CAN BE SUMMARIZED IN THREE :

⁃ Preserve Life

⁃ Prevent Deterioration

⁃ Promote Recovery

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 GENERAL DIRECTION OF FIRST AID
 GENERAL DIRECTION’s the First Aider To Consider While In The
Management Of Casualty:
 Assessment of the situation and casualty

 Identify the problem

 Giving immediate & adequate treatment based on priority

 Arrangement for transport according to the seriousness of

the condition
 Prevent cross infection
 Provision of psychological and emotional support 22
 GENERAL ASSESSMENT OF THE SITUATION

Regardless Of When Or Where You Respond To An Emergency

Call, Before Initiating Any Patient Care…

the first step is to evaluate the overall scene safety and stability.

Involves Assessment Of The Overall Situation And The General

Condition Of The Casualty.

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 CON’T

 During The Process Of Assessment The Following Principles Has To

Be Considered:
⁃ Be Calm And Confident
⁃ Check Safety Of Casualty And Of Yourself
⁃ Talk, Listen & Reassure The Conscious Causality
⁃ Check For Breathing, Bleeding And Level Of Consciousness
⁃ Get Others To Help / Call To Emergency Medical Service

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 CON’T
 COMPONENTS OF ASSESSMENT PROCESS:

1. Assessment of the situation and safety ( scene size up )

2. Initial assessment

3. Physical examination

4. Vital sign

5. Focused History taking

6. Ongoing assessment
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1. ASSESSMENT of the SITUATION ( Scene size up )

 SCENE SIZE UP - refers to quick assessment of the scene

current situation and the surroundings
 ASSESSING The scene will provide valuable information to
the first responder and will ensure the well-being of the first
responder.
 SCENE SAFETY in relation to personal protection, casualty
and bystander protection is important.

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 CON’T
 If the scene is unsafe, make it safe, Otherwise, Do not enter
“The safety of you and your partner comes first!”

 The goals of scene size-up includes…….

1. Quickly Gather Facts About The Situation,
2. Analyze Problems And Potential Problems, And
3. Determine The Appropriate Response.
 SCENE SIZE-UP is a continuous evaluation of the scene with A
focus on maintaining situational awareness for changing
conditions.
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 2. INITIAL ASSESSMENT

 After observing of situation and surroundings, the first aider can

proceeds to initial assessment.
 COMPONENTS OF INITIAL ASSESSMENT:
1. Develop a general impression
2. Assess mental status (Patient response)
3. Assess the adequacy of :
 Airway
 Breathing
 Circulation
4. Identify patient priority 28
 2.1. GENERAL IMPRESSION
 General Impression - Involves initial visual assessment of the patient’s chief
complaint and the setting
 General Impression - determines the priority of patient care based on ;
⁃ signs and symptoms ( the chief complaint )
⁃ the mechanism of injury,
⁃ the patient’s surroundings,
 General Impression - also DETERMINE whether the patient ;

⁃ Appears stable
⁃ Appears stable, but could become unstable
⁃ Appears unstable 29
 [Link] Of Casualty Responsiveness
 Assessment of level of consciousness is early priority for any
casualty who has been injured or sudden illness
 Assessment of mental status provide a first clue to an alteration in
patient condition. And is one of the primary indicators of how sick a
casualty is.
 Assessment of level of consciousness / responsiveness – can be
done using…. AVPU scale and/or GCS

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 CON’T
AVPU scale……………
⁃ A - Alert: awake and oriented
⁃ V - Verbal: responds to verbal stimuli
⁃ P - Painful: responds to painful stimuli
⁃ U - Unresponsive: does not respond to stimuli
 The Level Of Responsiveness / Consciousness Can Be Expressed As:
⁃ Full consciousness – able to speak & answer questions normally
⁃ Drowsiness- Easley aroused (awoken) but lapses in to unconsciousness
⁃ Stupor – Can be aroused with difficulty and is aware of painful stimuli
⁃ Coma – Cannot be aroused by any stimuli
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 2.3.1 Assessment of Airway ( A )
The first aider must assess the airway of any casualty to ensure
it’s openness and patency
During assessment inspect, open , and clear compromised airway
To open airway We can use two maneuver to open airway ;
⁃ Head tilt/chin lift maneuver
⁃ Jaw thrust maneuver

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 2.3.2 Assessment of Breathing (B)
Assess a patient’s breathing Focusing on two key questions:
1. Is The Patient Breathing?
2. Is The Breathing Adequate?
# Observe The Effort Of Breathing
Patient’s Breathing Status Can Be Assessed Using (LLF) Method
⁃ Look, Listen, and Feel for presence of air moving in and out of
the lungs

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2.3.3 Assessment of Patient’s Circulation (C)

Assessment of Patient’s Circulation focus on :

⁃ Looking For Bleeding
⁃ Checking For A Pulse, And
⁃ Evaluating The Skin
⁃ Capillary Refill Time

Common Sites pulse can be checked

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 2.4 Identify Patient Priority
 During initial assessment, When there is multiple casualty the first
aider must identify life threats, priority patients and decide the order
in which they will be evaluated and treated depending on their……
1. Urgency of the problem………..
⁃ Airway and Breathing status
⁃ Hemodynamic status
⁃ Alteration of mentation
⁃ Mechanism of injury
⁃ level of injury, 35
 CON’T

 Priority patients are unstable patients or potentially

unstable patients who need stabilization and rapid
transport to an emergency facility
 Start giving appropriate treatment from the worst
casualty.

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 [Link] Examination
 The First Aider Should Perform And Complete A Physical Examination
From Head To Toe Using These Techniques…………
 Inspection
 Palpation
 Auscultation
The nature and extent of injuries can be readily observed and a
detailed examination of the casualty is not required.
Always don’t forget to Take care of the urgent needs of casualty
Do physical examination in the sequence of:
⁃ Head ‣ Neck ‣ Chest ‣ Abdomen ‣ Pelvic ‣ Extremities ‣ Posterior Body
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 [Link] Sign
Vital Sign Is An Outward Signs Of What Is Occurring Inside The Body.
⁃ Are key signs used to evaluate the patient’s condition.
⁃ The first set of vital signs that you obtain is called the baseline vital
sign.
⁃ You should take vital sign every 5 minutes for unstable patient and every
15 minutes for stable patient.
 Commonly used parameters of Vital signs include….
Respiration,
Pulse,
Blood Pressure , And
Temperature, 38
 [Link] Rate (RR)
 Respiration (or breathing) is a continuous movement of air in and out
of the lungs ….. Has 2 phases …….
 Inspiration (or inhalation) is the act of breathing in, and
 expiration (or exhalation) is the act of breathing out.
 Assessment of causality Respiratory Rate will be through watching
the patient chest rise and fall.

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 [Link] Rate
 PULSE - is the pressure wave palpated (felt) as throbbing
sensation over a peripheral artery
Pulses result from a wave of blood being pumped into the arterial
circulation by the contraction of the left ventricle
 Assessment of causality Pulse Rate will be through…….
1. Palpation
2. Auscultation

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 [Link] Pressure
 Blood pressure - is the pressure of circulating blood against the wall of
arteries.
 Systolic pressure : The amount of pressure exerted against the
walls of the arteries when the left ventricle contracts.
 Diastolic pressure: The pressure exerted against the wall of the
arteries when the left ventricle is at rest.
 The initial step in measuring blood pressure is determining the appropriate
cuff size
 Assessment of causality Blood Pressure will be through…….
1. Palpation
2. Auscultation……… will be measured on different site’s 41
 CON’T
Blood pressure level varies with age.
 The Normal Ranges For Blood Pressure:
 Adults: 89 to 139 mm Hg (systolic)/60 to 89 mm Hg
(diastolic)
Children (1 to 8 years): 80 to 110 mm Hg (systolic)
diastolic (50-80mHg)
Infants (newborn to age 1 year): 75 to 100 mm Hg
(systolic) and 50- 70 mm Hg ( diastolic)
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 [Link]
 Measurement of balance between heat lost and produced by the body.
Routes to measure temperature measurement
 Oral: By mouth
 Rectally: By rectum
 Axillary: Under the arm in the armpit
 Tympanic: In the ear
 Average normal body temperature
 Oral: 37 oC
 Rectally: 37.5 oC
 Axillary: 36.5 oC
 Tympanic: 37.5 oC
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 5. Focus History taking
Complete History Taking May Include Information Gathered
From Patient/Client, Family And Other Care Givers
For Medical Patients The History May Be Completed Prior To
The Physical Examination.
The History Of How The Accident Happened Or The Illness
Began Of Casualty Can Be Taken From The Casualty Himself
Or Herself.

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 CON’T
 Points to be considered during history taking :
 Take “SAMPLE” history
⁃ S = Signs /Symptoms,
⁃ A = Allergies,
⁃ M = Medications,
⁃ P = Pertinent past History ([Link] ,Epilepsy),
⁃ L = Last Oral Intake (drug , alcohol type, food or fluid)
⁃ E = Event

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 6. Ongoing Assessment
While waiting for additional EMS / resources, the First aider
should continue to assess the patient…….
Components of Ongoing assessment
 Repeat Initial Assessment
 Repeat physical examination as needed
 Check Interventions
 Calm and Reassure
 Monitor vital signs
 Hand Off Report 46
 EQUIPMENT’s FOR FIRST AIDS FOR EMERGENCY CARE
 First-aid equipment must be adequate and must be stored in an area where they
are readily available for emergency access.
 Example of the minimal contents of a workplace first aid includes:
⁃ Oxygen Resuscitation/Cylinders
⁃ AED, Thermometers
⁃ Back Boards
⁃ Stretchers
⁃ Resuscitator Bag
⁃ First Aid Kit
⁃ Casualty’s Medication
⁃ Analgesic Inhalers
⁃ Analgesic Gas Equipment
⁃ Resuscitation Mask Or Barrier
⁃ Spacer Device
⁃ Cervical Collars 47
 CON’T
⁃ Personal Protective Equipment
⁃ Relevant Texts And Documentation,
⁃ First Aid Principles, Policies And Procedures
⁃ Relevant Occupational Health And Safety Act And Regulations
⁃ First Aid Code Of Practice/Compliance Codes
⁃ Workplace Records And Blanks Communication Systems And Equipment
 First-aid kit : should be
 Portable And Be Made Of Material That Will Protect The Contents From Dust,
Moisture And Contamination
 Clearly Marked In The Workplace,
 Checked Regularly For That The Kit Is Stocked, And Replaced For Any Expired Items
As Required 48
 CON’T
 The minimum contents of a first aid box are:
⁃ Wound cleaner / antiseptic (100ml)
⁃ Swabs for cleaning wounds
⁃ Cotton wool for padding (100g)
⁃ Sterile gauze (minimum quantity 10)
⁃ 1 pair of forceps (for splinters)
⁃ 1 pair of scissors (minimum size 100mm)
⁃ 1 set of safety pins
⁃ 4 triangular bandages
⁃ 4 roller bandages (75mm x 5m)
⁃ 4 roller bandages (100mm x 5m)
⁃ 1 roll of elastic adhesive (25mm x 3m)
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 CON’T
⁃ 1 Non-allergenic adhesive strip (25mm x 3m)

⁃ 1 Packet of adhesive dressing strips (minimum quantity 10 assorted sizes)

⁃ 4 First aid dressing (75mm x 100mm)

⁃ 4 First aid dressings (150mm x 200mm)

⁃ 2 Straight splints

⁃ 2 Pairs large and 2 pairs medium disposable latex gloves

⁃ 2 CPR mouth pieces or similar devices

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Thank you!

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