ANS 22023
Ruminant Management
(3: 23/45)
1
ANS 22023: RUMINANT MANAGEMENT
ANS 22023: RUMINANT MANAGEMENT (3: 23/45)
Objectives
• Students will understand the different breeds of cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep
• Understand the strategies involved in proper management of different stages
of animals with regard to housing, feeding, breeding and other management
aspects towards maximum productive and reproductive efficiency
2
Learning Outcomes:
• Be able to select suitable breed according to the need
• Demonstrate the ability to manage different stages of animals
to meet their housing and feeding requirement
• Able to breed the animals to maximize reproductive efficiency
• Able to assist and manage the animals at the time of
parturition
• Will be in a position to get maximum output from the animals
• Ensure production of high quality, hygienic livestock produce
3
Course Contents
Theory
• Breeds of ruminants
• Routine management practices and tools used
• Types of housing
4
• Management of cattle and buffalo: herd composition, new
born calf, weaning, calf management, heifer management and
breeding, pregnant and lactating cow management, clean
milk production and milking, dry cow management, calving,
stud bull management, draught animal management
5
• Goat and sheep management - Herd composition, herd management
• Techniques used in determining age, body weight, sex, body
condition, production and reproduction performance of farm animals
• Farm records and planning
• Interpretation of production/reproduction data
6
Practical
• Identification of ruminant breeds
• Management of records for ruminants
• Restraining
• Leading handling of farm animals for various purposes
• Feeds and feeding methods
• Housing
• Use of farm equipment and measurement of physical and physiological parameters
7
Recommended Readings
• Carol Ekarius. (2004) How to build animal housing; 60 plans for coops, hutches,
barns, sheds, pens, nest boxes, feeders, stanchions, and much more. Storey
publishing, LLC.
• Chamberlain, A.T. and Wilkson, J.M. (1993) Feeding the dairy cow.
ChalcombeChristoph, meske.
• Heather smith thomas. (2005) Getting started with beef & dairy cattle. Storey
publishing, LLC.
• Heather smith thomas. (2008) Essential guide to calving; giving your beef or dairy
herd a healthy Start. Storey publishing, LLC.
• Kellems, R.O. (2009) Livestock feeds and feeding. 6th Edition. Prentice hall
8
• Perera, E.R.K. (2001) Water Buffalo Production. Printing Unit, Faculty of
Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya. Sri Lanka.
• Abeygunawardena, H. and Sriwardene, J.A. (1999) Cattle and Buffalo Farming;
Hand book for Veterinarians. National Science Foundation Press, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
• Ibrahim, M.N.M. (2000) Dairy Cattle Production. Peradeniya Printers and
Publishers, Sri Lanka.
• Abeyratne, A.S. (2007). A review of the livestock industry in Sri Lanka. 1st
Edition.
9
Ruminants
Complex
stomach
Rumination
10
11
Value added products
Milk Meat
12
13
14
Livestock and Poultry Farm
Department of Animal Science
15
16
17
Difference between ruminants and other
animals
• Ruminant animals - animals that have specially adapted digestion
tracts help them survive on coarse herbage
• Most of the carbohydrate that is stored in plant material is the
form that cannot be digested by monogastrics
– due to the presence of B-links which joined cellulose
18
• Ruminant animals - have micro-organisms (bacteria, protozoa
and fungi) living in the rumen
– These can breakdown the B-links to release energy
in the form of VFAs
19
Common terms used in
Ruminant Animal Production
• Calf:- Young cattle /buffalo of either sex
• Heifer:- A young female cattle that is yet to give birth
• Bull:- A matured male bovine (cattle or buffalo)
• Cow:- A matured female bovine that has given birth at least once
20
Sheep
• Lamb:- Young sheep
• Ewe:- Female sheep which has lambed
• Ram:- Adult male sheep, usually used for breeding
21
Goat:
• Kid: Young one
• Buck:- A matured male goat
• Doe:- A matured female goat
22
Livestock sector of Sri Lanka
• Livestock rearing - still a rural livelihood activity
– Idling labour
– Underutilized agricultural by products
– Marginal lands
• Strong symbiotic relationship between - crop and livestock
23
• GDP contribution of livestock sector – 1% (2018)
• Livestock production
Rural employment
creation
• Help to improve the nutritional status
Livelihood
• Offers many possibilities for value addition improvement
• Complements other industries
Poverty alleviation
• Wastes- Energy production
Source: Livestock statistical bulletin,2019
24
Dairy Sector
• Milk - 'cash crop' for smallholders - Contribute 75%
local milk production
Low value Cheap Value-added
Crop
agricultural family market
residues
by-products labour commodity
25
2019
• Total population
• Cattle : 1, 521,060
• Buffalo: 472, 192
• Goat: 550, 883
72,400 families depend solely on dairy as their main source of
income - Majority Eastern & Northern provinces of Sri Lanka
26
Source: Livestock statistical bulletin,2019
2019
• Total national milk production – 424.1 million liters
• Cow milk : 356.6 million liters
• Buffalo milk: 67.5 million liters
• Average farm gate price of milk : LKR 70.83 per liter
Source: Livestock statistical bulletin,2019
27
2019
• National milk consumption requirement: 1,200 million liters per annum = 54
liters per annum per capita
• 45% of total milk requirement only filled
Demand
Over the years, Imported
Imports milk powder and
quantities and the cost have
dairy products – 98, 838 MT
grown by 6.3%
Value : LKR 55,646,632,137
Supply
28
Source: Livestock statistical bulletin,2019
Identify the
existing gaps
Sustainable
self
sufficiency
Introduce in milk
appropriate
measures &
interventions
29
Essentials in dairy management
Habits
Comfort
Environment
Cleanliness
Clipping
Grooming
Leisure
30
31