Chapter one

1.1 Introduction
The development of the Internet revolutionized the expansion of the betting industry, particularly

at the start of the current century, as predicted by Brindley (1999). For bettors, searching costs on

the prices offered by different bookmakers have decreased, resulting in lower transaction costs.

Because of the lower searching costs, the level of competition among bookmakers rises, and for

market organization, the traditional markets of "bookmakers" coexist with the new "betting

exchanges" (Che et al., 2017; Flepp et al., 2017; Gomez-Gonzalez & del Corral, 2018).

One of the primary objectives of Internet gambling research has been to identify behavioral

characteristics of Internet gamblers who may have gambling-related problems (Braverman &

Shaffer, 2012; LaBrie & Shaffer, 2010; Xuan & Shaffer, 2009).

R. Etuk et al (2022). Please follow the propoer way of referring sources) Because of sports

betting around the world, roughly one in every 400 adults (0.23% of the current general adult

population) has sought help for gambling problems, either in the previous 12 months or at some

point in their lifetime.

In our country, Online gaming betting terminals can be found all over Addis Ababa, the capital

of Ethiopia and the continent's second-most populous country. As stated by the public lottery

agency, Ethiopia had approximately thirty game wagering enterprises in March 2020 G.C.

(NLA). From that point forward, the National Lottery Administration (NLA) will not consider

any new requests for the establishment of new sports wagering organizations until the new

legislation governing the requirements and tactics of sports gambling has been completed and

distributed.
Getu (2018) discovered that problematic gambling predicts drug abuse, psychological effects,

and social consequences among adolescents in an Ethiopian study. Similarly, Sewanyana and

Bitanihirwe (2018) stated that problem gambling is a major problem among youth in Sub-

Saharan Africa and a widely recognized problem among health professionals and policymakers.

Check the statement, please

However, preliminary findings indicate that when new types of betting are developed, improved,

and disseminated via the Internet, cell phones, and other related devices, they may expose certain

groups of people to greater risks (Abbott, Romild, &Volberg, 2013).

Online gambling has grown significantly in popularity over the last decade, and it is expected to

continue to grow in the coming years (Gray et al., 2012). As a direct consequence, the researcher

observed hundreds of able-bodied youths in various Addis Ababa areas of the city spending the

majority of their time hoping to win if they predicted correctly. However, sports betting has

caused a social problem at the household and community level because the majority of those

who participate have abandoned any productive work in favor of gambling. In Ethiopia,

however, it is a relatively recent phenomenon and a developing business. but have a significant

impact on the youth generation in various ways, the purpose of this study will be to investigate

the socioeconomic effects of betting among youths in the case of Addis Ababa.

Comments:

The introduction part seems more general and focused on the experiences of other nations. I

agree with what is stated for this proposal level, but I need to see more research works and

specific experiences in Ethiopia in general and your study area in particular

1.2 Statement of the problem

Sports betting is a well-known phenomenon today on a global scale, especially among sports

fans, and the majority of them engage in it and have become addicted to it. As a response,

numerous research on the effects of betting have been conducted from various angles the

majority of these studies concentrated on regulation gaps, kid-targeted advertising, connection to

mental health, etc.

Looking at sports betting houses full of young participants has now become the norm in our

country. The Ethiopian Ministry of Women, Children, and Youth (MoWCY) have also expressed

concern that sports betting is a harmful gambling practice that exploits children, fosters

addiction, and reduces youth productivity (Reporter magazine, 2020).

Rachel (2016) studied the effects of gambling on university students. As shown by the result of

this study, 78% of Kenyan university students participate in gambling. The reason is money,

which influences the student's behavior.

Shaheed Babajide (2020) studies gambling addiction and its implications for peace, security, and

stability. terms of the findings, technology contributes to betting, and unemployment and poverty

are major factors in its rise, which has a significant impact on the Nigerian state's peace, security,

and stability.

The 2018 study by Christopher Bunn et al., "Global Reach and Public Health Concerns of Shirt

Sponsorship by Gambling Companies in the UK Leagues," The findings indicate that after rules

liberalize shirt sponsorship, gambling becomes more prevalent, which is a public health concern

that requires debate and attention. We recommend going over the rules again.
From an economic standpoint, Borna and Lowry (1987) define gambling as "a deliberate

reallocation of wealth involving gain for one party and loss for another, usually without the

introduction of productive work on either side."

Saidi Annda Mustapha and Oluwafemi Enilolobo (2019), discuss the effects of gambling on the

welfare of Nigerian youth in the case of Lagos City, Nigeria's unemployed youth have a strong

desire to gamble to supplement their income and meet their daily spending needs. These

activities have reduced youth-initiated crime rates while increasing displacement effects on

household welfare and spending.

Furthermore, Joxe, Pilar, and Luis Muga (2021) conducted a document analysis on the

importance of gender in the pricing process of the sports betting industry, specifically the impact

of gender on the price of offers in tennis matches. The analysis of 51,881 matches reveals that

betting firms quote higher prices for women's matches than men's matches, even when

considering uncertainty due to the surprise factor, and media attention strengthens the evidence

for the use of the media as a source of gender-related information asymmetry.

In addition, a gambling disorder study compared the clinical profile of online sports betting to

slot machine gamblers to define clinical predictions for developing online sports betting disorder.

As stated by Nuria Argay et al. (2021), younger age, university education level, higher weekly

expenditure, and non-smoking habits were associated with online sports betting disorders when

compared to slot machine disorders.

Hannah Pitt et al. (2017) also conducted research on sports betting advertising and how it affects

children's attitudes, product knowledge, and desire to try sports betting. stated that as a result,
children had a detailed recall of sports betting advertisements as well as extensive knowledge of

sports betting products and terminologies.

There are very few research efforts to address this broad issue, particularly in Ethiopia. Estifanos

(2020), for instance, focused on licensing requirements, the adequacy of legal protective

measures to prevent minor involvement, legal rules, and an analysis of the Ethiopian legal and

institutional framework governing the regulation of sports betting and evaluated the adequacy to

prevent or manage the business's potential vices. The findings also show that Ethiopia's current

legal framework has many gaps and is insufficient to effectively prevent the potential side effects

of sports betting, and the current regulatory institution lacks the necessary structure,

independence, and powers and responsibilities.

Besides this, Haji Yonas and Arefayne (2022) attempted to assess problematic gambling and its

associated factors in Jimma Town sports. This study's findings revealed a high prevalence of

problematic gambling among sports bettors.

Furthermore, most research has focused on the legal aspects of betting and betting advertising,

with a strong emphasis on the clinical characteristics of betting impacts that ignore the social,

economic, and behavioral consequences for youth. In terms of the research topic, the researcher

was only able to obtain very limited studies on the socioeconomic impacts of betting among

youth in the case of Addis Ababa. As a result of these and other factors, the researcher has

decided to start the research from scratch, relying entirely on first-hand information on addictive

betting, which will be conducted in the context of the socio-economic impacts of betting among

youth in Addis Ababa.

Comments:

1.2 Objective of study

1.2.1 General objective

The general objective of this study will be to assess the socio-economic impacts of sports betting

among youth in Addis Ababa.

1.2.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of this study will be

1. To examine the economic implications of youth sports betting.

2. To explore the impact of sports betting on social life.

3. To Examine the role of the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs in addressing

gambling issues.

4. To investigate the government's stance on sports betting policies.

5. To assess the implementation performance of betting rules.

1.3 Research Questions

This study will address a fundamental research question in the following manner:

1) What are the economic effects of sports betting on the youth of Addis Ababa?

2) What are the social consequences of sports betting on the youth of Addis Ababa?

3) Does the Ministry of Women and Social Affairs have a role in addressing gambling

issues?

4) Is the Ethiopian government against sports betting?

5) Is it implementing sports betting rules and regulations?

 Comments on the Objectives and research questions 3-5. If you are not trying to modify the

questions to relate to you major purpose, it seems a bit different from your plan.

As these things will guide your research, objectives and research questions, primarily should

not be too much. You don’t need 5 objectives. I advise you to have three objectives and three

R. objectives. In addition, you need to make them related to your research purpose.

Some of the objectives might be considered. I don’t see the role of the research questions;

NO.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is that it will explore the socioeconomic effects of sports betting

among Ababa’s youth. The researcher believes that this subject area has an immense effect on

the youth generation, particularly in Addis Ababa, but that it receives very little attention, thus

this study will be crucial in adding to the government's and researchers' efforts to investigate it.

Furthermore, the study will contribute significantly to raising awareness among youngsters about

the potential hazards of sports betting. It is also critical for higher education institutions to do

further study on the effects of sports betting. More importantly, the research will be critical in

bringing the multifaceted social consequences of youth sports betting to the attention of

government, educational, religious, and family institutions.

1.5 Delimitation of the study

The scope of this study will be confined to examining and analyzing the socioeconomic effects

of sports betting among Addis Abeba's youth. To achieve the research objectives, this study will

be limited by the study location, the study participants, and the study problem. The study will be

geographically confined to Addis Ababa youth sports betting players.

1.6 Conceptual definition
Sports betting- refers to the placing of bets and wagers on any local and international sporting

activities (any game or activity requiring bodily exertion of man or animal, where a score or time

is kept to determine the winner(s) in the game or activity), with the outcomes of the bets and

wagers determined by any specified aspect of the event or game's result, including, but not

limited to, the winner or loser in the sporting activity, the sequence in which participant

([Link])

Youth- are defined as people aged 15 to 29, with no further conditions such as gender, literacy

level, health status, and so on (Ethiopia's National Youth Policy, 2004).

Comments:

Definitions should not be similar to the dictionary definition, rather related to the purpose you

wanted to use them in this study.

 Literature review

2.1 Fundamental Betting Assumptions Concerning Various Aspects

Literatures should not be started in such a way. You better show your reader what the review is all
about (what are the parts included in this review, like the first part address -----, the second part l deals
with…….. the last part covers-------. Please follow this format.

Another comment on the literature is that:

Literatures should follow the structure of a triangle: give attention as follow:

1. Global studies = give them few attention, by only mentioning few general points and referencing
few studies and do not go into the detail
2. Some more attention (compared to the above)= consider some more studies than the above
3. National= Give detailed consideration and covering review of more studies. You are expected to
write more hear and studies related to the study area shall be explored in detail.

A growing number of studies and literary works now view gambling as a disease. There is a

demand for medical intervention to aid recovering gamblers as a result. Gambling has been

associated in research with depression, heart disease, high blood pressure, irregular sleep

patterns, digestive problems, headaches, irritability, extreme moodiness, and other stress-related

disorders like appetite loss (Abbott, 2017; Scott and Barr, 2013). Numerous young gamblers are

affected by compulsive 29 gambling disorders, which can emerge as long-term psychological

symptoms including anxiety, depression, and sleep deprivation as well as medical ailments like

hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and peptic ulcer disease. Unexpectedly, only a tiny portion

of gamblers acknowledge that gambling is an addictive behavior (Michael U. 2019).

On the other hand, bettors are less likely to identify themselves with the stigmatized image of the

gambler, they may be less likely to seek help or recognize their problematic behavior (Miller and

Thomas 2017). This could be because they are unaware of the possible harm associated with

sports betting. They reasoned that if their gambling behaviors mirrored those of those around

them, and those individuals did not perceive themselves to have a gambling problem, perhaps
they did not either and were simply exaggerating their tendencies. (Lopez-Gonzalez, Mark D.,

Ana Estevez, 2019)

The public's acceptance of their gambling disease was impacted by the lack of discussion on the

negative effects of sports betting. The lack of trustworthy information and the disorder's silence

and secrecy were identified by participants as the two primary ways that these factors adversely

affected issue identification, help-seeking, and treatment. (Ana Estevez, Mark D. Lopez-

Gonzalez, 2019)

Gambling vs sports betting

Since these definitions of sports betting include the three elements of gambling, namely chance,

stake, and prize, there is little doubt that sports betting is gambling rather than a game of skill. It

meets these three conditions to be classified as gambling. The element of chance can be seen in

sports betting, in that neither the punter nor the bookmaker has actual influence over the outcome

of the sporting competition on which they bet, which is determined by the performance of the

athletes. It should be emphasized that the technique of utilizing the terms gambling, gaming, and

betting interchangeably can be employed in this work.

Ethiopian law and betting

In Ethiopia, Article 13(2) of the Directive expressly forbids betting by those under the age of 18.

The Federal Family Code and regional family laws set the age of 18 as the dividing line between

minority and majority, noting that children are, in general, incapable of undertaking legal

activities. Sports betting is a contractual arrangement between the operator and the punter, with

legal ramifications for both parties if they fail to meet their duties. (Estifanos, 2020). The NLA is

currently amending this law, and the age restriction has been raised to 21. This age discrepancy
may be due to their reaching the legal betting age and being exposed to commercials and

promotions of sports betting while watching football (Hing N., 2014). Furthermore, this age

group is more vulnerable to addiction due to a lack of self-control and sensitivity to the impacts

of gambling (Rich, 2009).

Problematic gambling (betting)

The amount of time spent gambling and discussing gambling-related subjects was found to be

connected to gambling severity. More crucially, in-play betting was shown to be specifically

related to problem gamblers. Although more gambling engagement, and hence time commitment

and discussion about it, is predicted among people with gambling issues, this does not explain

why problem gamblers bet more heavily during games as opposed to before they began. Problem

gamblers are predicted to bet more in any situation before and during games. However,

regardless of their gambling engagement, the proportion of their gambling that they commit to

in-play betting should be consistent when compared to other persons with lower PGSI scores.

This adds to the assumption that sports fans with more intense attachments to sports (e.g., team

identification) may be more sensitive to fantasy and gambling product promotions and marketing

methods aimed at them (Deans et al., 2016b; Lopez-Gonzalez et al., 2017b).

A favorable attitude toward sports betting is strongly connected with a high risk of problematic

gambling, according to (Haji, Yonas, and Arefayne 2022). Furthermore, internet accessibility is

strongly linked to compulsive gambling. This might be explained by the fact that the

combination of accessible internet access and increased opportunities for gambling, isolation,

boredom, lack of self-control, and anonymity (Hing et al., 2015).

Platforms to play

Even though all gambling severity groups reported a clear preference for online gambling over

offline alternatives, mobile phone betting distribution amongst gambling severity groups

revealed a substantially greater prevalence among those with gambling issues. Similarly, people

who were not suffering from gambling-related issues preferred betting in offline gaming

facilities as their favorite gambling mode. It is crucial to remember that the question expressly

asked for their preferred platform of choice to wager on, as a result, the results do not reflect

gamblers' use of each platform, but rather which one they used the most. Consequently, while

problem gamblers are likely to wager more than any other group, both offline and online, and to

add additional gambling modes as their condition worsens, their higher total gambling activity

cannot explain why they prefer betting via mobile phone. In line with the results of in-play

betting, one interpretation of this finding is that mobile betting allows for more instantaneous

gambling, providing immediate universal access to betting, and simplifying betting procedures

by implementing one-touch options or similar (Griffiths 2007; Deans et al. 2016b). This sort of

mobile phone gambling feature is likely to impact the "schedule of reinforcement" (James et al.

2017) and, in this context, the time and gap between play and reward (Griffiths and Auer 2013).

Similarly, it has been seen that bookmakers promote mobile betting above other forms of

gambling in their commercials (Lopez-Gonzalez et al. 2017) by highlighting the illusion of

control that gamblers sense while using their cell phones to wager (Lopez-Gonzalez et al.

2017a).

Mobile betting by sports problem gamblers appears to be a distinguishing feature of their

gambling activity. According to industry sources, sports betting is the most popular type of
online gambling in Europe, with consistent development over the previous decade (European

Gaming and Betting Association, 2016).

Online sports betting has been more popular in a variety of jurisdictions in recent years

(Gainsbury 2014; Rodriguez et al. 2017). Betting on sports accounts for 37% of Europe's yearly

online gambling industry (European Gaming and Betting Association, 2016). Furthermore, an

internet connection is associated with current online sports betting features such as live betting,

cash out, micro-event betting, and account-based direct depositing (Parke A, Parke J, 2019).

Betting habits

Sports betting is a highly addictive kind of gambling due to the real or perceived capacity to

make the right predictions through sporting expertise and information, as well as the fact that it is

continually and frequently available. (Simon and Elizabeth, 2012)

Gambling disorder is defined as a pattern of persistent or recurring gambling behavior

manifested by impaired control over gambling, increasing priority given to gambling to the

extent that gambling takes precedence over other life interests and daily activities, and the

continuation or escalation of gambling despite the occurrence of negative consequences, as

stated by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD).

Gambling

For this study, gambling is defined as betting assets like money and property in the expectation

of receiving a prize, the outcome of which is determined by the outcome of the underlying events

in which the stake was made. The outcome of the event is unknown to the players in the bet

(Saidi Atanda and Oluwafemi, 2019).

This is not to say that all forms of gambling are entirely decided by chance. Other gambling

activities combine aspects of chance and skill, where the gambler's talent and knowledge can

assist him in boosting his chances of winning. A common example is sports betting. While

chance remains a significant factor in determining the outcome of a bet in sports betting,

understanding and analyzing important game factors such as the quality of the two teams, recent

forms of the teams, information on injury and suspension of key players, referring to match

previews by renowned game analysts, and so on may help the punter have a better chance of

making a correct prediction (Estifanos, 2020).

Gambling is generally divided into three categories: (1) wagering and betting, which involves

placing a bet or wager on the outcome of an event such as a sporting event or race; (2) gaming,

which involves placing bets on games that are constrained by mathematically predetermined

rules and theoretical returns of players (gaming machines and casino table games); and (3)

lottery-style games, which include cross-lotto, Powerball, pools, scratch tickets, and keno. all of

which award prizes based on the selection of winning symbols or number combinations

(Rickwood, Blaszczynski, Delfabbro, and Dowling, 2010).

According to Gillespie (2007), problematic and pathological gamblers use gambling to escape

issues, ease despair, cope with loneliness, relax, and socialize with others. Carlson and Moore

(1998) discovered that problematic gambling was linked to familial and societal characteristics

such as family gambling history and permissive or laissez-faire social gambling regulation.

The lottery and gaming sectors are linked to negative socioeconomic conditions. Gambling

involvement, for example, may have a detrimental impact on gamblers due to financial and

family misery induced by gambling, as well as negative effects imposed on society, such as
increased crime (Kearney, 2005). As a result, striking a balance between the need for

government income and the societal costs associated with legalized gambling is critical.

Despite the implementation of various levies, the gambling business is still viewed as an

underutilized potential tax base that might be used to fund some of the state budget's goals.

Without question, the gambling sector has produced significant revenues in several nations to

support government goals and create jobs. In South Africa, for example, the gambling sector,

with a GDP multiplier of 2.0, contributed 0.77% to the national economy in 2012 and accounted

for 1.7% of non-agricultural formal employment (South Africa National Gambling Board, 2014).

(Tariku, Robert, Ruiter, and Tamirie, 2013) conducted a cross-sectional study on the personal,

social, and environmental risk factors of problematic gambling among high school teenagers in

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Their cross-sectional survey found that personal feelings (e.g., self-

esteem, false perceptions of winning, drug abuse), social factors (e.g., peer influence, parental

gambling), and environmental factors (e.g., accessibility of gambling venues, and

advertisements) were significant predictors of problematic gambling. The study also discovered

that men were more likely than women to engage in serious problematic gambling. Among the

recognized forms of gambling activities, playing cards was the most common, followed by

flipping coins and pool gambling, while internet gambling was one of the least reported.

Causes of problem gambling

Based on the study, the personal characteristics that encourage individuals to participate in

problem gambling are the urge to socialize and alleviate boredom, gambling as an escape

method, and gambling as an addictive activity.

Gambling is a way to mingle and pass the time Most gamblers responded that they began the

hobby because it allows them to mingle with friends or meet new individuals. Gambling was also

mentioned as a source of entertainment and a method to have fun.

To pass the time, to have something to do, or to relieve boredom, people gamble. This refers to

filling a void in the person's life, either by easing boredom or by offering a form of socialization

that was previously unavailable. Many of the gamblers said that gaming was their sole social

outlet.

Gambling was employed as an escape method from their unpleasant realities—loneliness, stress,

and, in some cases, sorrow. All of the participants, either directly or indirectly, mentioned

gambling as an escape.

Aside from the desire to unwind and have fun, gamblers' inclination to regard gambling as an

escape method from stressful situations was discovered to be a key factor in understanding why

gamblers are personally driven to attend gambling establishments.

Gambling was discovered to be an environmental component in the research location. The

diversity of gaming facilities or the quantity or varieties of gambling that were connected to the

onset of gambling are examples of environmental variables of gambling in Bahir Dar.

Participants in the current study did not highlight the importance of ads, but rather the

accessibility of gaming establishments. (Mehari, G. Y., and K. G. Koye, 2019)

Impact on emotional well-being

Gamblers frequently describe a significant emotional response of anguish as they discover their

issues have worsened and efforts to solve them have become more difficult. This has a direct
impact on their mental well-being. One of the inactive gamblers noted that "it reaches up to an

identity (moral) crisis." From birth to death, we all have goals we wish to achieve, such as

getting a career, getting married, having children, and so on. However, you may assume that

such a societal issue is not your duty and that you have no concern for anything. The most

essential thing to think about at the moment was how I would earn money for today while still

satisfying my drug and gambling addictions.

According to Rachel Koross (2016), students might spend a significant amount of time thinking

about bets and how to match them to win, at the expense of schoolwork and assignments. It has

also been observed that students at Kenyan universities spend more time gambling than reading

or attending class. When asked if gambling had caused them to have trouble sleeping, 40 said

yes, 25 said no, 30 said sometimes, and 5 said never. It also suggests a link between betting and

drunkenness, smoking, and going to movies and discos among Kenyan university students.

Impacts of betting on health

In terms of emotional discomfort, individuals reported having experienced stress, depression, and

other chronic conditions such as diabetes. (Rachel Koross, 2016) asserts that gambling influences

students' conduct in the sense that being unable to sleep is a symptom of a disorder and prompts

a student to engage in other concerns such as drug use to sleep. When students were asked about

their actions after losing and winning, it was clear that the majority of them returned as quickly

as possible to win back or win more. This behavior leads to compulsive gambling.

Impacts of betting on family

All participants have admitted that their gambling conduct has put a crimp in their family

relationships. Their marriage was discovered to be riddled with strife, argument, dishonesty,

unfaithfulness, and falsehoods. Participants also stated that their children were harmed as a result

of their sloppy housekeeping management (Mehari, G. Y., & Koye, K. G., 2019).

Ciarrocchi and Reinert (1993) and Dowling (2010) found that the family environments of people

with gambling problems are marked by high levels of anger and conflict, as well as low levels of

clear and effective communication, less independence, less engagement in intellectual and

cultural activities, a lack of commitment and support, little direct expression of feelings, and less

participation in social and recreational activities.

Impacts of betting on work

The study also discovered that compulsive gambling can eliminate job motivation. This might

have an impact on their job motivation since they feel their monthly wage will not make a

difference in their lives. Unemployment is another effect of compulsive gambling. (Mehari, G.

Y., and K. G. Koye, 2019). The study found a link between the potency of workplace stigma in

guiding overall work incentives and the interpersonal interactions of problem gamblers.

Impacts of betting on the economy

Gambling has had a significant impact on the well-being of youths in Lagos State due to

spending displacement and time management implications. As a result, the overall consequences

of gambling on household welfare, particularly in homes whose members engage in gambling

activities, are prominent. The upshot of this finding is that the benefits from gambling which

most gamblers regarded as alternative sources of funding for their expenditures were

significantly less than the amount of investment made. The market's attitude towards gambling
has improved the value of basic requirements purchases, which is expected to have a positive

steering impact on demand for them. (Saidi Atanda Mustapha and Oluwafemi Sunday Enilolobo,

2019)

(Abel, 2020) studies reveal that participants receive money to be spent on such sports betting

event outcomes since they are all ordinary preparatory school pupils. The majority of

respondents, (96.57%), claim to have no other source of income other than their families. As a

result, the majority of bettors (gamblers) do not make a living off their family's pocket money.

They use this to try to make more money (win betting).

Impacts of betting on education

However, gambling activities waste productive time at school and job. This might have a short-

term impact on the state's productive operations. To avoid these possible production

consequences, short-term damage control is required. However, because of technological

developments, we do not recognize the detrimental medium- to long-term impacts of gambling

on productivity. (Saidi Atanda Mustapha1 and Oluwafemi Sunday Enilolobo, 2019)

It can cause individuals to develop various anti-social and criminal behaviors, ranging from

school absenteeism and poor academic performance to mental and physical health illnesses and

bad familial and peer connections. To make matters worse, younger individuals are less likely

than adults to acknowledge or admit that they may have a gambling addiction and to seek

treatment when suffering gaming-related concerns. (Carran,2013)

Participation in betting based on sex

According to a study conducted by an American university, 23% of 1356 student participants

reported ever gambling on the internet, 6.3% gambled online regularly, and almost one-third of

these online gamblers (who had ever bet online) were identified as potential compulsive

gamblers. According to research, certain demographics are more prone to be drawn to online

gambling. In terms of gender, data suggests that men are more likely to utilize online gambling

in Australia (more than twice, according to the Australian Internet and Technology Report, 2009;

Wood & William, 2009), notably among the educated and those in professional jobs.

Female participation rates in both venue and online gambling are increasing, according to studies

(Corney & Davis, 2010), and it has been speculated that women may be particularly drawn to

online gambling due to its associated safety and convenience, especially if they have many life

responsibilities (e.g., women with young children). However, these studies are primarily early,

and it appears that internet gambling is now a male-dominated hobby.

Technological advancement and Sports Betting

Technology, especially sports betting, has had a tremendous influence on the sports betting

industry. Sports betting product and service availability, particularly on a mobile platform,

boosted participation, demand, and use of sports betting products and services. (Abel, 2021).

Many of the advertising hoardings that surround the pitch do as well, and the commercial breaks

reinforce the call to gamble even more. Many of the messages delivered through these mediums

urge recipients to interact with social media and app-driven material, which, when paired with

smartphone technology, makes gambling even more accessible, immediate, and hence possibly

impulsive (Christopher Bunn et al., 2018).

Another factor validated by the study's findings is the cost of mobile money. (Abel, 2021) study

findings, some of the properties of mobile money that make it an ideal booster of sports betting

include its consistency, dependability, ease of access, and comparably low pricing. Because it is

available even after bank hours, mobile money is less expensive and more efficient than

traditional ways of payment such as cheques, bank transfers, and credit cards.

Betting companies, sponsorships, and advertising

Through jersey sponsorship, advertising hoardings, league sponsorship, or stadium sponsorship,

the EPL (English Premier League) may be a huge worldwide marketing platform for any

company. The gambling industry has used this marketing platform in recent years through a

variety of sponsorship partnerships with EPL clubs. The sector has also made considerable

inroads into the larger English Football League, with one gambling corporation sponsoring

England's second-, third--, and fourth-tier divisions (Christopher Bunn et al., 2018).

A rise in gambling sponsorship has been noted during the 2005/2006 EPL and SPL seasons.

During this time, EPLG members had a range of 1-15, whereas SPLG members had a range of 0-

3. The average number of jerseys with gambling sponsorship for EPLG teams was 6.25 and 0.58

for SPLG clubs. Shirt sponsorship by a gambling corporation was significantly more prevalent

among teams that had previously been members of the EPLG than in clubs that had previously

been members of the SPLG (Christopher Bunn et al., 2018).

A domestic sponsorship agreement helps a gaming corporation enter an international market

marked by poverty and sponsored in part by government assistance. Gambling deregulation in

the United Kingdom, along with the EPL's worldwide broadcast tactics, may therefore lead to
problematic gambling in low-income contexts with fewer support services (Christopher Bunn et

al., 2018).

Gambling corporations may place their branding into the upper sleeves of team jerseys and onto

the visuals used in television broadcasts by sponsoring a league. While research from the United

Kingdom shows that jersey sponsorship is a prominent channel for gambling organizations'

marketing objectives, league sponsorship is frequent (Christopher Bunn et al., 2018). Electronic

banners over the pitch in modern European football are almost entirely devoted to SB companies

and jersey sponsorships (Lopez-Gonzalez & Griffiths, 2016b).

Scholars have cataloged Sports Betting advertising narratives by the type of inducement they

promote, resulting in 15 different categories, all of which consisted of money-based inducements

—e.g., sign-up offers, bonus or better odds, free bets, or reduced commissions (Hing, Sproston,

Brook, & Brading, 2016).

Current betting businesses in our nation sponsor Ethiopian Premier League clubs and put their

names on their shirts. Not only that but betting corporations purchased the competition's name

two years ago. In that period, the" Ethiopian Premier League was called the Ethiopian Betking

Premier League." This metric measures how much betting businesses spend on sponsorship and

brand marketing to sports fans. This has a tremendous influence on sports bettors.

Furthermore, betting businesses sponsor other matches, including the European Champions

League, EPL, Europa League, Spanish La Liga, Italian Serie, and German Bundesliga, among

others. The aforementioned tournaments have a large global audience, and many fans in our

nation watch matches on DSTV and other platforms. Because they are sponsors, many betting

businesses offer promotions (advertisements) on such sites. As a result, Ethiopian fans,

particularly children who are not restricted by age or other factors, notice this commercial and

wear their jersey-printed betting firm advertisements.

Work environment

According to the National Council on Problem Gambling (NCPG), key characteristics of

problem and pathological gambling include an increasing preoccupation with gambling, a need

to bet more money more frequently, chasing losses, and a loss of control by continuing to gamble

despite mounting, serious, and negative consequences. The gambler's obsession with gambling

grows as they reflect on prior victories and continue to follow their losses. Their relationships at

home and work begin to deteriorate as gambling debts and falsehoods about the degree of their

gambling put pressure on them; at this stage, they may rely on others to bail them out of their

dire predicament.

Self-employed persons in Lagos State probably pay significantly less in taxes than they should,

as evidenced by the fact that these individuals gamble the most. (Saidi Atanda Mustapha1 and

Oluwafemi Sunday Enilolobo, 2019)

Crime, financial debt and bankruptcies, job loss, homelessness, strained family and personal

relationships, and even suicide are some of the negative repercussions of problem gambling

(National Council on Problem Gambling). According to studies of help-seeking gamblers, up to

20% will try suicide (National Research Council, 1999), and two-thirds will engage in criminal

behavior to fund their gaming (National Research Council, 1999).

As previously noted, most published studies focused on betting concerns from various

perspectives, but only a few studies in Ethiopia addressed these difficulties. This research

concentrated on problematic gambling due to behavioral problems, regulatory gaps (before the
rule change), and other effects on the health aspects of betting. As a result, the researcher will

concentrate on the responsibilities of government entities (the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of

Women and Social Affairs, and the National Lottery Administration) and the execution of

betting legislation in this study.

Comments:

Some of the points addressed are shallow. For example:

Impact on the economy, you wrote (one paragraph), health (one paragraph), etc. Such issues

which are your concern should be explored in detail from different perspectives.

Please follow the comments given above on the order and the coverage (follow the structure of a

triangle) i.e less attention for global issues, and growing attention to the national and study

areas…

Chapter Three Research Methodology

3.1 Research design
The study will take a look at the socioeconomic effects of betting among Addis Ababa's youth.

To collect data on the subject under consideration, the study will employ a cross-sectional
research approach. A cross-sectional design involves gathering data at a single moment in time

from a sample chosen to represent a wide population at the time (Bryman 1998). Because the

goal of this study is to provide a one-time description of the subject under inquiry.

Research approach

Qualitative Research Method

This technique gives a thorough description and study of a human experience's quality or content

(Marvasti 2004:16). Among qualitative research approaches, this study will be interested in

employing interviews (in-depth interviews and key informant interviews) because the researcher

recounts the lived experiences of persons concerning a phenomenon as stated by participants

(Creswell 2014). As a result, the study will look at the economic repercussions, respondents'

social life, and the government's attitude toward the betting sector before and after they adopt the

habit of sports betting.

Sources of Data
The data will originate from both primary and secondary sources.

Primary source of data

Primary data will be gathered by distributing open-ended questionnaires to betting players

among youth in Addis Ababa, conducting key informant interviews (interviewing stakeholders

from the MoWSA and NLA), and conducting in-depth interviews with some individuals

(estimates around 15 but determined by data saturation) using unstructured questions. It will be

the primary source of first-hand data for the study.

 Secondary sources of data

Though the primary source of data is primary, it will be complemented with data acquired from

secondary sources. Secondary data will be gathered through the evaluation of published papers,

books, and other sources. A review of important government papers (particularly those from the

NLA and MoWSA) as well as numerous publications, journals, and research reports will be

carried out. The information gleaned from the aforementioned procedures will be triangulated to

provide a complete picture of the situation on the subject at hand.

Methods of data collection and instruments

Methods of Data Collection

Data collected through various approaches leads to reliable study conclusions. Keeping this in

mind, the researcher will collect data using the following methods: in-depth interview, key

informant interview, and document review.

In-depth interview

An in-depth interview allows the researcher to delve deeply into topics with the subject by

employing probes, prompts, and a variety of questioning approaches. So, to obtain unique

histories from respondents, I will conduct a few in-depth interviews utilizing purposive sampling

based on the respondent's level of betting activity.

Please mention the time each interview will take

Mention about the assumed place the interview will take place. Mention if the interviewee will

be allowed to stop providing information if they are not interested, etc….

Key Informant Interview

KIIs, as defined by Mikkelson (2005), are interviews designed to gather specialized knowledge

on a certain topic. A key informant is someone who holds a certain position in society and is

well-versed in the subject of the investigation (Payne, 2004). In this regard, some knowledgeable

individuals who can best explain the issue under study will be purposefully chosen based on their

knowledge and familiarity with the issue of betting to generate data concerning the governmental

direction and to be able to extract the overall policy gap and the policy implementation gap from

their responses.

In general, the researcher anticipates contacting more than two important informants, including

at least one NLA informant and, depending on data saturation, at least one MoWSA focus

person. They will be interrogated about the effects of betting and their institutional objectives.

Use the comments given above to correct this section

Data Collection Instruments/Tools

Questionnaires We don’t use questionnaire for qualitative study. We rather use interview

guides. Yours is for a quantitative study

To acquire quantitative data from respondents, the study will use both closed-ended and open-

ended questions. All questions will be asked in Amharic and translated into English word for

word. There will be four sections to the questionnaire. The first component includes

demographic information about the responder, such as gender, age, marital status, educational

level, and career history. The remaining surveys will be constructed to reach the three specific

study objectives.

Key informant Interview guide

Before collecting data, an interview guide will be created and translated into Amharic.

Secondary data will be gathered through key informant interviews with specialists and

administrative authorities. All interviews will be done in Amharic and will be translated into

English line by line. Following the study's objectives, a key informant interview guideline will

be developed and utilized by the researcher during key informant interview note-taking. An

audio recording will be utilized to collect data during the interview process with NLA and

MoWSA staff representatives.

Comments

The methods part is incomplete. I do not see the analysis, ethical consideration, data trust

worthiness, etc.

In addition, the methods part is not satisfactory as it is shallow and requires referring other

research works by focusing on the methods part. It will be challenging to you during the defense

time.

Another general comment is that the proposal should have the cover page, so that the title can be

commented in relation to the content. In addition, table of content is also needed to consider it as

completed version.