Nationalism's Evolution in 19th Century Europe
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meenachirag1231Nationalism's Evolution in 19th Century Europe
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meenachirag1231The rise of nationalism in Europe
Notes
1848 French artist Fredric Sorrieu made a painting imagining a Utopian vision. In which he shown the
Germany as a part of United Nation along with the other Nations like Poland sicilis Lombadi, England,
Ireland , Hungry [Link]
1882 Ernst Renan delivered a speech at the University of Sorbonne. He gave the definition of permission
letter it was published as " Qu'est-ce qu'une nation ( What is Nation) ?"
1789 French revolution (First clear expression of nationalism)
1798 Andreas Rebmann- made a cover of German almanac
Creating collective identity in Germany
1. Nationalist ideas ideas like La patrie the father land and Le citoyen ( the citizen)
2. National flag - New French flag tree colour what chosen to replace the former Royal standard
3. National assembly -estate general was renamed
4. Uniform system - custom duties were removed, uniform system of measurement
French revolutionaries declared that they will help to other Nations in removing despotism.
Jacobin clubs- jacobin clubs were setup in different cities of Europe by middle class people with this
news.
Due to these reasons the army of France could enter in different countries like Holland Belgium
Switzerland and Italy in 1790.
The places where Napoleon had control, introduce many reforms.
Civil code of 1804
Removal of all privileges based on path established equality before the law and secured the right to
property.
Simplified administrative divisions abolish feudal system and frid patient from serve dumb and manorial
dues.
He removed guild restrictions from town and stressed on infrastructure like transportation
communication banking system.
Negative points - 1. Taxation 2. censorship. 3 .forced conscription.
No voting rights to the women
Society in Europe
1750 -most of the nations of the Europe world divided into kingdoms duchies and cantons
How was the society during that time.
Aristocracy was dominant but numerically a small group.
Most of the people were farmers. They used to do the farming on rented forms.
Industries were setup in Central and western Europe.
Emergence of a working class with development of industries. They were educated liberal middle class
people who used to oppose the privileges of aristocrates.
Liberal nationalism
Latin word liver means Liberty.
For the new middle class liberalism store for freedom for individual and equality of all before the law
politically it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
Political Meaning - The end of autocracy are constitution and representative government through
parliament.
Economical Meaning - freedom of market,Removal of state imposed restrictions and uniform system of
measurement.
Treaty of Vienna 1815- Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon mat
at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Distribution of the parts of Germany (Trick- A I R P olluion)
Austria - Italy, Russia - Polnd , kingdom of Netherlands in North including Belgium, Genoa in Piedmont in
south.
Conservative Regime - set up in 1815
Conservatism - It is a political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition institutions customs
and gradual development.
Features - restoration of burbon dynastyThey did not tolerated criticism and dissent,
Conservative curbed individual freedom and equality.
sensorship-Restricted the freedom of press.
Role of revolutionaries
In all over Europe revolutionaries played very important tool to fight for Liberty in freedom most of the
revolutionaries worked secretly. Giuseppe Mazzini was one of them. He was born in 1807 became
member of secret society in carbonary at the age of 24 he was sent to Jail in 1831 for attemping a
revolution in liguria. He made to secret organisation young Italy in Marseilles and young Europe in
Berne.
Revolution in France July 1830- the burbanking was overthrown by the liberal revolutionaries by making
a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
Revolution in Greece- Greece revolution begen in 1821 and end in 1832 with the treaty of
constantinople. The struggle became successful with the help of nationalist in Greece and Greek living in
exile and also from many best European who had sympathy for ancient Greek culture.
Romanticism
Romanticism is a cultural moment which developed a particular form of nationalist sentiments.
Romantic artist and poets generally criticize the glorification of reasons and science and focused on
emotion institution and mystical feelings. The emphasized on vernacular language and collection of local
folklore.
Contribution of hard situation in Europe
1830 were years of great economic hardship in Europe the first half of the 19th century saw and
enormous increasing population all over Europe.
In 1848 food shortage and wide spread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the road.
Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.
a national assembly proclaimed a republican granted suffrage to all adult males about 21 and the right
to work National worksheet workshop to provide employment was set up.
Revolution of liberals 1848
Liberals were the people who believed in universal adult suffrage specially for men. These liberal middle
class people combined theirselves and demand for constitution and national unification all over Europe.
Frankfort parliament
In Germany the political associations of liberals came together and voted for all German Nation
assembly called Frankfurt parliament. On 18 my 1848, 831 elected representatives took part in Frankfurt
parliament convened in church of St Paul.
Reasons of failure
The king of Prussia Fredrick William iv rejected it.
Most of the members were from middle class who rejected the demand of worker and artisans. They did
not believe in the political rights to women.
unification of Germany
Chief minister of Prussia Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the unification of Germany.
He made it possible with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy.
Three war over 7 years were fought with Austria Denmark and France.
Finally Germany was unified ine January 1871 and William first was made the king of unified Germany.
Unification of Italy
Before unification Italy was divided into 7 States.
Only sardinia piedmont was ruled by Italian princely house.
North Italy was in control of Austria Empire , middle Italy was in the control of pope while South area
was in the domination of kings of Spain.
Cavour controlled North italy with the help of France in 1859 by defeating Austria.
South Italy and the Kingdom of two sicilies were controlled with the help of Giuseppe garibaldi and local
peasants by driving out the Spanish Rulers.
Victor Emmanuel ll was proclaimed as the king of United Italy in 1861.
Strange case of Britain
Before 18th century the area of modern Britain was inhabited by the people of different races like
English Wells Scott or irish.
England became more powerful in wealth and importance and extended its influence over other
Nations. In 1688 English parliament had taken power from monarchy.
The act of union 1707 between England and Scotland resulted in United Kingdom of Great Britain. Being
powerful Nation the members of British parliament demolished distinctive culture and political
institutions of Scotland
In Ireland the protestant were minority but inland help the protestant against catholics. Finally after the
field revolt by wolftone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcefully made the part of United Kingdom
in 1801.
The tension of Balkan region
Di balkans was a reason of geographical and ethnic variations.
The reason included Romania Bulgaria Albania Greece crosia bostonia etc
The large part of balkans was under the control of Ottoman Empire.
In 19th century when autumn Empire was engaged in modernisation and internal reform nationalist
sentiments arose in Balkan region
The Balkan states were jealous of each other they wanted to gain more territory.
The dispute intensified due to support of the powerful Rebel re European countries like Russia Germany
England Osho hungry etc.
This led to disaster in 1914 and became the reason of World war first.
In Short
1. **1789 – French Revolution**
**Hindi:** 1789 में फ्रांसीसी क्रांति से स्वतंत्रता, समानता और
राष्ट्रवाद की भावना पैदा हुई।
**English:** In 1789, the French Revolution gave birth to the ideas of liberty, equality and nationalism.
2. **End of Absolute Monarchy in France**
**Hindi:** फ्रांस में निरंकुश राजतंत्र का अंत हुआ और जनता को
नागरिक अधिकार मिले।
**English:** Absolute monarchy ended in France and people got citizen rights.
3. **Idea of Nation-State**
**Hindi:** समान कानून, समान अधिकार और साझा पहचान वाला राष्ट्र-
राज्य का विचार विकसित हुआ।
**English:** The idea of a nation-state with common laws and rights developed.
4. **National Symbols Introduced**
**Hindi:** तिरंगा, राष्ट्रगान और राष्ट्रीय उत्सवों ने लोगों को
जोड़ा।
**English:** National symbols united people.
5. **Napoleon Bonaparte (1804)**
**Hindi:** नेपोलियन ने यूरोप में नागरिक संहिता और समान प्रशासन
लागू किया।
**English:** Napoleon introduced the Civil Code and uniform administration in Europe.
6. **Napoleonic Code**
**Hindi:** इस कानून ने जन्म से मिलने वाले विशेषाधिकार समाप्त
किए।
**English:** The code abolished privileges based on birth.
7. **Congress of Vienna (1815)**
**Hindi:** 1815 में यूरोप में पुराने राजतंत्र को फिर से स्थापित
किया गया।
**English:** In 1815, old monarchies were restored in Europe.
8. **Rise of Conservatism**
**Hindi:** परंपरा, चर्च और राजाओं की सत्ता को बचाने की नीति अपनाई
गई।
**English:** Conservatism supported tradition and monarchy.
9. **Growth of Liberalism**
**Hindi:** उदारवादियों ने स्वतंत्रता, समानता और संविधान की मांग
की।
**English:** Liberals demanded freedom, equality and a constitution.
10. **Role of Middle Class**
**Hindi:** पढ़ा-लिखा मध्यम वर्ग राष्ट्रवाद का समर्थक बना।
**English:** The educated middle class supported nationalism.
11. **Role of Language and Culture**
**Hindi:** भाषा, लोकगीत और लोककथाओं से राष्ट्रीय भावना मजबूत
हुई।
**English:** Language and culture strengthened national feeling.
12. **Romanticism Movement**
**Hindi:** भावनाओं और सांस्कृतिक गौरव से राष्ट्रवाद फैला।
**English:** Romanticism spread nationalism through emotions and pride.
13. **Revolution of 1830**
**Hindi:** फ्रांस सहित कई देशों में विद्रोह हुए।
**English:** Revolutions broke out in France and other countries.
14. **Greece War of Independence**
**Hindi:** ग्रीस ने तुर्की शासन से स्वतंत्रता प्राप्त की।
**English:** Greece gained independence from Ottoman rule.
15. **Revolution of 1848**
**Hindi:** यूरोप के कई देशों में उदारवादी और राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलन
हुए।