ACTIVITY-4 Experiential Learning
Conceptual Understandino
Aim
To assemble the components of agiven electricalcircuit.
Apparatus and Materials Required Rheostat,
Battery of two primary cells, Ammeter, Voltmeter,
Galvanometer, Two resistance boxes, Two one-wav kevs,
Connecting wires
Theory
series.
The components go an electrical circuit are connected in connected in parallel to the two
circuit, an ammeter is always connected in series and a voltmeter is always
In an electrical
measured. Tworesistors may be joined in
parallel or in series
which potential difference is to be
points of a circuit across
combination in the circuit.
Circuit Diagrams Battery Rheostat
Battery Rheostat
HEKoy wwr
Hoy www
A R1
R, Rz R2
W
Series combination of two resistors Parallel combination of twOresistors
Procedure
1. Draw the circuit diagram showing all the components which are going to be used.
2. Connect allthe electrical components as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Test the connections by closing the key.
4. Note that the current should enter at the positive terminal of a meter.
5. Connect the ammeter in series with the resistor and key.
6. Connect the voltmeter in parallel with the resistor.
7. Insert the plug into key to compute the circuit.
8. The reading of the ammeter and the voltmeter should increase or decrease simultaneously. When the connections are
made correctly. Otherwise the connections must be rechecked.
Result
If the assembled circuit is working properly, then the given the components have been assembled correctly.
Precautions
1. The ends of the connecting wires should be cleaned properly with sandpaper.
2. While connecting different electrical components, make tight connections.
3. Take care of positive and negative connections in the circuit.
4. Ammeter and voltmeter should be connected such that the current enters at their positive terminal and leaves from
the negative terminal.
Sources of Error
1. The connections may be loose.
2. Ammeter may be connected in parallel.
3. Voltmeter may be connected in series.
ACTIVITY-5 Experiential Learning
Conceptual Understanding
Aim
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
Apparatus and Materials Required
Sandpaper, Graph paper
Potentiometer, One-way key, Ammeter, Rheostat, Battery, Voltmeter, Connecting wire,
Theory the potential difference is directly proportional
For constant supply of electric current througha wire of uniform diameter
to its length.
VcI
V = IR
R-PL
where A
resistance per unit length of wire is constant.
Because of flow of constant current through the same crosS-section the
v=[Link]
=constant (say K)
K-7
Here k=potential gradient
same for
Potential gradiant is defined as the fall of potential per unit length of a wire of uniform cross-section. It remains
the entirelength of the given wire carrying steady current.
Diagram Battery (E) Rheostat
Am etr Key
0 10 20 30 40 50 6 70 80 90 100
ulunm Immmm ununtuululul
P J
Jockey
Voltmeter
Set up circuit diagram
Procedure
1. Draw a circuit diagram for experimental arrangement and connect all the components likea battery (E), a rheostat, a
voltmeter, an ammeter and one-way key to the terminals P and Qof a potentiometer wire as shown in figure.
2. Observe that the positive terminal of voltmeter is connected to the zero cm terminal of potentiometer.
J. Press the jockey at point P, i.e., at the zero cm mark of wire where the positive terminal of battery is connected. Record
the voltmeter reading, This reading must be zero but if it is not so then the zero correction to the voltmeter reading
must be noted.
Lab Manual Physics - 12
corresponding readings :
4. Now press jockey at different lengths of wire away from its zero cm end P and record the
the voltmeter.
5. Calculte potential gradient every time.
6. Plot a graph between Vand l.
Observations and Calculations
. A.
Reading of constant current flowing through the potentiometer wire =
Table for potential gradient
[Link]. Length of wire through which potential Potential differenceV
measured
(volt) Potential gradient, k= (Vcm)
difference is measured, I(cm) by voltmeter,
1. 0 Vo=
2. 20 k, =:L or 20 cm
3 40 V,= k, = L or 40 cm
4. 60 V=
L
5. 80
Ploting Graph
Plot agraph between Vand 1. The graph willbe astraight line as shown. The slope of the line gives potential gradient.
Scale usedonj
o40 cm
aiscmH05V
2:0
(drYPotdoentp)ial
X
40 80 120TIGO
Length t
(cm)
Graph between Vvs 1
Note: Take your own readings, the graph is given for your
reference.
Result
1. Within the experimental error, it is
observed that the potential gradient for the given wire of
section carrying a steady current is nearly constant throughout
the wire.
uniform area of cross
2. The Vvs l graph is a straight line showing
increases with increase in length of the wire.
3. Mean value of potential gradient (k) =......cm-l,
Lab Manual Physics - 12
Precautions
1 Allthe connections should be clean and tight.
2. The reading of current through ammeter should be constant throughout the experiment.
3 Check the potentionmeter wire for uniform cross-section.
A The jockey should be touched on the wire gently. It should not be pressed hard on the wire.
5. Plug should be inserted in the key only when the observations are being taken.
6 Use a rheostat to control the current in the circuit.
Sources of Error
1. The potentiometer wire used may not be of uniform area of cross-section.
2. Voltmeter/ammeter may not be connected correctly in the circuit.
ACTIVITY-6 Experiential Learning
Conceptual Understanding
Aim
To draw the diagram of agiven open circuit comprising of at least abattery, aresistor, rheostat,akey, an ammeter and a
voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram
Apparatus and Materials Required
Battery, Rheostat, Voltmeter, Ammeter, One-way key, Resistor, Connecting wires.
Theory/Principle/Formula
Electric circuit is a conducting path consisting of electric components connected between the two terminal of cell.
Circuit diagram is adiagram indicating the arrangement of various components in an electric circuit with the helpof their
symbols.
Open circuit: It is aconducting path consisting of electric components connected between the two terminal of a cellwith a
switch in OFF position. No current flowsin open circuit.
Closed circuit: A ircuit is said to be closed circuit if all the primary components in an electric circuit are connected in proper
order and current is being drawn from the cell.
Diagram
Resistance coil
One-way key
Batery
Rheostat
Voltmeter Ammeter
(a) Open circuit diagram
Lab Manual Physics - 12
Procedure
1. Ensure that the key is out of the circuit.
have been properly connected.
2. Study the circuit carefully to see whether the components ammeter is in parallel with the resistance coil so the
3. The ammeter should be connected in series. In the circuit; the
ammeter is wrongly connected.
and is hence wrongly connected
4. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel. In the circuit, the voltmeter is in series
has to be used. But in the circuit both
5. In the use of rheostat as a variable resistance, one base and the other top terminal
the base terminals have been used. Hence the rheostat is also wrongly connected.
terminal of the battery.
6. The positive terminals of the components should be connected to the positive
connections are as shown
7. Remove one of the connections of the rheostat and connect it to the top terminal. The correct
Fig (b).
Note: Any other faulty arrangement may be changed accordingly.
Rheostat
Plug key
Resistance coil
W
Connecting
wire
Ammeter
Vottrmeter
(b) The corrected circuit diagram
Observations
1
Ammeter (in parallel) and voltmeter (in series) are not connected properly as clearly seen in the circuit diagram Fig. (a).
2. Ammeter and voltmeter, when connected in proper order, show reading in a closed circuit.
Result
1. Circuit diagram shown in Fig. (a) is not proper. Voltmeter and ammeter are wrongly connected.
2. Circuit diagram shown in Fig. (b) is proper and correct.
Precautions
1. All connections should be neat, clean and tight.
2. The insulated wires should be used for connections.
3. A given circuit should not be checked by inserting plug into the key. This
may damage components of the circuit.
4. Always connect the ammeter in series.
Lab Manual Physics - 12
Page No.
Exp. No. Date b 3 2 4
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Aim
Use of mnultimeter to
(i) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED
(ii) check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
Apparatus and Materials Required
Multimeter, Junction diode, LED, Connecting wires, sand paper
Lab Manual Physics - 1
Theory conduct only when they are connected in
1. Conduçtion of a diode and an LED: Both an LED and a diode, forward
reverse biased mode.
biased mode. The current will not flow if they are connected in
Normally, it consists of8 or more legs.
ICisa multiterminal device with a flat back. through them :.
of given component: In case of adiode and an LED, they will allow current to pass
2. Working order
forward biased mode only.
Diagram
Multimeter Multimeter
FBattery Battery
(b) p-n junction in
(a) pn junction in reverse biasing
forvard biasing
Procedure
and LED
1. For Unidirectional Flow of Current in diode
[A] In junction diode:
measure the DC current of 10 mA.
(i) Turn the selector switch and set the multimeter to
(b).
(ii) Make electrical connections as given in circuit diagram in figures (a) and
forward current is indicated by the deflection in
(iii) The p-n junction diode conducts due to forward biasing. The
multimeter.
the value of current in the multimeter.
(iv) Now reverse the terminals of the battery or battery eliminator and record
diode is unidirectional.
No electric current is observed in the multimeter which proves that the junction
[B] In case of LED: Replacep-n junction diode with LED and repeat the steps (ii) to (iv). It will be noted that the flow of
current biased mode.
also unidirectional in the LED and it emits light in forward
is emitted from LED. It
When the connection of LED is reversed then multimeter shows no deflection and no light
means LED does not conduct when reversed biased.
3. Checking a Diode (Working Mode)
The p-n junction diode allows the flow of current when forward biased but does not allow the flow of current when
reverse biased. If it allows the flow of current in both forward and biasing or does not allow the flow of current in both
cases, the junction diode is damaged.
Result
The pand n sides of given diode have been identified using the multimeter.
The working order of given diode has been checked by using multimeter.
Precautions
1. The multimeter should be set for appropriate range.
2. Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is a very sensitive device.
3. Only asuitable small current should be allowed to pass through an electronic component otherwise the component
may be damaged.
Sources of Error
1. Accidental touching of leads of multimeter by hand may affect the reading of resistance.
resistance.
2. Failure of ammeter to show zero
142) Lab Manual Physics - 12
Aim
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely.
Apparatus and Materials Required
Rectangular glass slab, Drawing board, Drawing pins, Paper pins, Pencil, Sharpner, Geometry box, Sheet of white paper.
Theory
Asa result of refraction when light emerges from another media there is alateral deviation in its orginal path. The perpendícular
distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray is called lateral deviation. For a given angle of incidence and apair
of media, it is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.
d= RM= tsin(i-r)
COS r
144 Lab Manual Physics - 12
Diagrams
P2
A B
QP
Procedure
1. On the drawing board fix a sheet of white paper by means of drawing pins.
2. Draw a line parallel to length of the paper and slightly above the half of the paper.
3. Take a point Oon the line. Draw perpendicular to the line at point O and a line OI such that ZION= 30°
4. Fix two pins P, and P2 vertically on the line separated by a distance of 8 cm or more. Place the slab on the line and
draw its boundary ABCD as shown.
5. Looking from face CD, fix pins P, and P, (vertically) so that the bottoms of all the pins appear to be the
same line.
6. Join the pin pricks. Draw RM perpendicular to the incident ray (produced). Measure RM, Zr and Ze.
7. Repeat steps 3 to 6 for different angles of incidence to record at least five observations.
Observations
1. Least count of protractor =
2. Least count of metre scale = Cm
Table for calculation of Lateral displacement
[Link]. Angle of Angle of sin i sin r
incidence, i sini Lateral displacement d
refraction, r u=
sin r (= RM)
1. 30°
2. 35
3. 40°
4. 45°
5 50°
Result
1. The ratio sin i remains constant and is independent of the value of angle of incidence.
sin r
2. Lateral displacement increases with increase in angle of incidence.
Precautions
1. The glass slab should be of uniform thickness.
2. The angle of incidence should be between 30° to 60°.
3. Alpins should be vertically fixed.
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Sosae of light
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