Strong Acid vs.
Strong Base
Titration
Schweitzer
Strong Acid vs. Strong Base
• HCl vs. NaOH
– HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
• HCl = Strong Acid
• NaOH = Strong Base
• NaCl = Neutral Salt
• H2O = neutral
Terms
• Equivalence point: When you have added
an equal number of moles of acid and
base.
• Neutralization point: When you have
added enough solution to make the
mixture neutral.
HCl vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH
1.0 M
Zero added
Flask:
- HCl
- 1.0M
- 25 mL
Moles of HCl
- .025 moles
HCl vs. NaOH
• What will be our equivalency point?
• HCl 1.0M
• 25mL
– Vs.
• 1.0M NaOH
• ?
– When 25 mL of NaOH is added we will have
added equivalent moles.
HCl vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH
1.0 M
10ml added
Moles of HCl
- .025 moles
- Indicator:
- Phenolphthalein
- Notice the
pH is acidic
- Solution is
colorless
HCl vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH
1.0 M
22ml Added
Moles of HCl
- .025 moles
- Indicator:
- Phenolphthalein
- Why is the
pH
increasing
Note: Indicator is Clear
HCl vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH
1.0 M
26ml Added
Moles of HCl
- .025 moles
- Indicator:
- Phenolphthalein
is red
- What
happed?
Note: Indicator is pink
HCl vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH
1.0 M
42ml Added
Moles of HCl
- .025 moles
- Indicator:
- Phenolphthalein
is red
- Solution is
now basic?
HCl vs. NaOH
Equivalence
point
½ Equivalence
point
moles = moles
** Very important**
What if we wanted to
find an unknown
number of moles?
What is happening at the half
equivalence point
• HCl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O
.025mols
• ½ equivalence
• HCl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O
.0125mols .0125 moles
• Note the volume is now
25 + 12.5 = 37.5mL
What is happening at the
equivalence point
• HCl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O
.025mols
• equivalence
• HCl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O
.025 moles
• Note the volume is now
25 + 25 = 50 mL
HCl vs. NaOH
• Will our equivalency point always be at pH
of 7?
– At the equivalency point the original reactants
are eliminated.
– The only thing present in the solution is the
products. In this case a neutral salt and
water.
– The pH of the salt determines the pH of the
equivalency point.
HF vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH Flask:
1.0 M - HF
Zero added - 1.0M
- 25 mL
Moles of HF
- .025 moles
HF vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH Flask:
1.0 M - HF
10 mL - 1.0M
added - 25 mL
Moles of HF
- .025 moles
HF vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH Flask:
1.0 M - HF
20 added - 1.0M
- 25 mL
Moles of HF
- .025 moles
HF vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH Flask:
1.0 M - HF
25 added - 1.0M
- 25 mL
Moles of HF
- .025 moles
HF vs. NaOH
Buret: NaOH Flask:
1.0 M - HF
35 added - 1.0M
- 25 mL
Moles of HF
- .025 moles
HF vs. NaOH
Flask:
Equivalence - HF
point - 1.0M
-pH = 9.1 - 25 mL
Volume added Moles of HF
25mL - .025 moles
What similarities or differences are
there?
Same Volume of base needed to reach equivalence: 25 mL
Different starting pH’s
HF Graph HCl Graph
Why did both solutions hit the
equivalency point after 25mL of
base was added?
• Both acids, (HCl and HF) had the same
volume and the same concentration. So
they both contained the same number of
Hydrogen ions. .025mol
• HCl being a strong acid just ionizes 100%
giving up all the H+’s immediately where as
the HF only does so after repeated
neutralization.
Why do they have different starting
pH’s
• HCl is a stronger acid and will therefore
produce H+’s at a larger rate then the HF.
• Even though they have the same number
of Hydronium ions the rate at which the
are produced is different.
What is happening at the half
equivalence point
• HF + H2O => F- + H3O+
.025mols
This is basic…
• ½ equivalence
• HF + H2O => F- + H3O+
.0125mols .0125 moles
• Note the volume is now
25 + 12.5 = 37.5mL
How would you calculate the pH at this
point?
Calcualting pH at ½ equiv.
• HF + H2O => F- + H3O+
.0125mols .0125 moles
.0375L .0375L
I .33M .33M 0
∆ -x +x +x
E .33 –x .33+x x
Ka = .33 *x / .33
Ka = x
NOTE: at ½ equivalence x = ka or ph = pka
What is happening at the
equivalence point
• HF + H2O => F- + H3O+
.025mols
• equivalence
• HF + H 2O => F- + H 3O +
.025 moles
• Note the volume is now
25 + 25 = 50 mL
My concentrations of F- = .025/.05L = .5M
How do you calculate the pH at
the equivalence point????
• HF + H2O => F- + H3O+
• This is the acid hydrolysis but the acid is gone
• F- + H2O => HF + OH-
I .5M - 0 0
∆ -x +x +x
E .5-x x x
Kb = x2 / .5
-log x = pOH 14 – pOH = pH
Polyprotic Titrations
• H+ + CO3-2 ↔ HCO3-1
.025 mol
• H+ + HCO3-1 ↔ H2CO3
• We would expect to see two equivalence
points here
• H+ = CO3-2
• H+ = HCO3-
Polyprotic Titrations
• Since we have .025 moles of CO3-2
equivalence occurs when .025 moles of H+
and .05 moles of H+ are added. This is
equivalent to 25ml and 50 mL
Polyprotic Titrations
• H+ + CO3-2 ↔ HCO3-1
.025 mol
• H+ + HCO3-1 ↔ H2CO3
• The Acid will fully protonate all of the CO3-2
before starting to add a second hydrogen ion to
the HCO3-1
Titration of a polyprotic acid
HCl vs. CO3-2
Flask CO3-2
Buret 25ml
HCl 1M
1M = .025 mol
Titration of a polyprotic acid
HCl vs. CO3-2
25 mL -2
Flask CO3
25ml50 mL
1M
= .025 mol
Titration of a polyprotic acid
HCl vs. CO3-2
H+ + CO3-2 ↔ HCO -1
Flask CO3-2 3
H+ + HCO -1 ↔ H CO
25ml3 2 3
1M
= .025 mol
Indicators
Practice
• A sample of Acetic acid (100mL, 0.15M)
has a pH of 2.78
• Write the hydrolysis equation for acetic
acid.
• Write the equilibrium expression.
• What is the Ka for the sample?
• What is the pH at the equivalence?
• What mass of NaOH is needed to reach
half equivalence?
Practice
• Write the hydrolysis equation for acetic
acid.
• Write the equilibrium expression.
• HC2H3O2 + H2O => H3O+ + C2H3O2-
• Ka = [H3O+ ][C2H3O2-] /[HC2H3O2]
What is the Ka for the sample?
What is the Ka for the sample?
• HC2H3O2 + H2O => H3O+ + C2H3O2-
• I .15 - 0 0
• ∆ -x - +x +x
• E .15-x - x x
X = 10-2.78 = .0016M
(.0016)2/.15 = 1.77E-5
What is the pH at the
equivalence?
What is the pH at the
equivalence
• HC2H3O2 + H2O => H3O+ + C2H3O2-
.15M
All reactant is converted to product.
What is the concentration of the product? If
a liquid is added you must recalculate the
concentrations
calculations
C2H3O2- + H2O => OH- + HC2H3O2
I .15 - 0 0
∆ -x - +x +x
E .15-x - x x
Kb = [OH-][HC2H3O2-] /[C2H3O2-]
Solve for x
(you will have had to solve for Kb as well
Ka*Kb = Kw
What mass of NaOH is needed
to reach half equivalence?
What mass of NaOH is needed
to reach half equivalence?
• Since we started with .015 moles of acid
we will half of those converted over to the
conjugate base.
HC2H3O2 + H2O => H3O+ + C2H3O2-
.0075 .0075
1 OH- can react with 1 HC2H3O2. So we
need .015 moles of NaOH
.0075mol * 44g/mol = .33g
Practice #2
Determining unknown molar
mass an unknown solid acid.
• During a titration .500 grams of the solid
acid was dissolved in 50 mL of water.
The equivalence point was reached after
32.5mL of .1M NaOH was added.
• What is the molar mass of the unknown
acid?
Determining unknown molar
mass an unknown solid acid
• Molar mass = grams/ mol
• Grams = .500
• moles
– M = mol/L .1 = x/.0325L x = .00325
– .500/.00325 = 153. g/mol