THE QUANTUM MECHANIC MODEL

History of Atom

Atom – The smallest particle of an element

Democritus (400 BCE)

 He is a greek philosopher who began to search for a description of matter

 Created the Atomism Model

John Dalton (1808)

 In the early 1800’s, John Dalton performed a number of experiment that eventually led to the
acceptance of the idea of atoms

 Created the Billiard Ball Model

Joseph John Thomson (1900)

 In the 1897, J.J. Thomson provided the first hint that an atom is made of even smaller particles

 Created the Plum-Pudding Model

 Cathode Ray Tube

Ernest Rutherford (1911)

 He reasoned that all atoms that are positively charged particles were contained in the nucleus

 Created the Nuclear Model

 Gold Foil Experiment

Niels Bohr (1913)

 He placed each electron in a specific energy level

 Created the Planetary Model

Arnold Sommerfeld (1915)

 Electrons are moving around the nucleus

 Created the Sommerfield Model

Erwin Schrodinger (1926)

 Father of Quantum Mechanics

 Created the Quantum Mechanical Model

An atom are the smallest units of an element that retain the chemical properties of that element

Sub-atomic Particles

- Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of the atom

- Neutrons: Neuturally charged particles also found in the nucleus

- Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus in specific regions called energy
level or electron shells.

Ionic Bonds: Atoms gain or lose electrons to form ions, which are charged particles

Covalent Bonds: Atoms share electrons to achieve a stable configuration, forming covalent bonds

UNLOCKING OF TERMS

Compound – substance composed of two or more elements held together by chemical bond

Lewis Electron Dot Formula – symbols surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons or the
outermost electrons, which are responsible for the combining capacity of the elements

Octet – the atoms combine with each other in such a way that each atom is surrounded by eight
electrons in its valence shell

Chemical Bond – forces that hold atom together

Ionic Bonding – transfer of electrons

Covalent Bonding – sharing of electrons

Ionic Bond – transfer of electrons

 Occurs between metal & non-metal

Comparison between Ionic & Covalent

IONIC

 It is formed through losing and gaining electrons

 Consist of positive and negative charged particles

 Bond between a metal and a non-metal

COVALENT
  Bond between two non-metals

 Formed through sharing of electrons

Electron Configuration: The arrangement of Electrons

 The electron configuration describes the arrangement of eletrons in atom’s energy level

Energy level: These are regions around the nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found

Sub levels: Within each energy level are sublevels, denoted by letters: s, p, d, f

S: 2

P: 6

D: 10

F: 14

Orbitals: Each sub-level consist of one or more orbitals, which are specific regions within the sub-level
where an electron is most likely to be found

Autbau Principle: Electrons fill energy levels in order of increasing energy

Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers

Hund’s Rule: When filling sublevels with multiple orbitals, electrons will occupy each orbital individually
with the same spin before pairing up in an orbital

Absorption: When an electron absorbs energy, it jumps to a higher energy level

Emission: When an electron returns to a lower energy level, it releases energy often in the form of light

VALENCY & CHEMICAL BONDING

 The valence electrons, those in the outermost energy level determine an atom’s valency

Chemical bond is a term use to describe the attraction of atoms that are combined together through
sharing and transferring their valence electrons

Ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms

ORGANIC COMPUNDS

 Contains carbon and hydrogen

 Carbon is the key component since it has four electrons in an external electron shell that can
hold eight electrons

TYPES

- Carbohydrates

- Lipids
 - Proteins

- Nucleic Acid

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 An inorganic compound is a compound that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

 Methane- Black in color, in making motor tire, and printing ink

 Butane- In liquid state it is used as LPG fuel

 Ethylene- In fruit ripening and fruits preservation

 Acetylene- In producing light, oxy-ethylene flame.

 Methyl alcohol- In making methylated spirit

 Ethyl alcohol - It is used for making wine and other alcoholic drinks

 Acetone- In making banish, cordite, Clodion, cellulose

 Acetic Acid- As laboratory's reagent, in the form of vinegar, in making sauces and jelly etc

 Glucose-making ditterent types of wine

 Benzene-form of solvent, in dry cleaning

 Phenol-production of carbolic soap

VALENCE ELECTRONS

Carbon atom's four valence electrons can be shared by ditterunt particles that have electrons. to share,
concequently framing covalent (shared-electron) bonds.

STRENGTH

The carbon carbon singled bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from
each of the carbon atoms

MULTIPLE FORMATION

It can impart not just one clectron to another atom to form a single bond, it can likewise share two or
three electrons, framing a double or triple bond

CARBON

Based molecules have three fundamental structures

THE MOLE CONCEPT

MOLECULAR UNIT

A specific molecule, made up of atoms that share electrons. The mass of a molecule is called its
molecular mass

A formula unit reters to the lowest whole number ratio (like an ampirical formula) of a compound with
an ionic bard

•The smallest unit of a non-molecular substance, such as an ionic compound, covalent network solid or
metal. The mass of a formula unit is called its formula mass

The formula unit is used to represent the chemical formula for a non-molecular substance. For example,
the formula unst for sodium chloride (NaCl) is Nall

▲ The formula mass and molecular mass are calculated in the same way by adding the masses of all the
atoms in the chemical formula. The units for these masses are atomic mass units (amu)

▲ The formula mass of a molecular is the sum average of the atomic weights of the atoms in its
empirical formula

▲ molecular mass of a molecule is its average mass as calculated by adding the atomic weights. of the
atoms in the molecular formula.

MOLE

- Is simply defined as the quantity of a substance which contains the same number of particks.

- -In counting the number of atoms, we use a constant number called Avogadro's number which is
equivalent to a MOLE

This chemical calculation used in chemistry is known as stoichiometry

Mole = Mass (in grams)

______________

Molecular Mass

Mass in unknow

Mass = given number of moles x molar mass

Mass = given number of moles x g

____

mol