GABION RETAINING WALL DESIGN

1 Geometry
Gabion TYPICAL SECTION

a
a

Front Front
Face
Face -ßH +ß d Pa
90°
90°
Pa
H
d
Pah Pah
da da 45°+ø
45°+ø Wg(Wv)
Wg(Wv)
dg dg
B B
Stepped Front Face Stepped Back Face

Description Symboles Units Input Values OUTPUT

2 Material Properties
Backfill slope angle above retaining wall α=a º (degree) 20 Factor of safty against sliding (OK)
Angle of internal friction φ º (degree) 36
Angle of wall Friction δ º (degree) 10 Factor of safty Overturning (OK)
Inclination Angle to Vertical Plane β º (degree) -5
Cohesion C KN/m2 No Tension e<B/6
Surcharge q KN/m2 18.63
Soil density γs KN/M3 18 Factor of Safty against BCF (Ok)
Gabion Density γg KN/M3 18
Allowable Soil Bearing Capacity qa KN/M2 300
3 Dimension
Height of Wall H M 6
Width of the base B M 5.0
Embedment d M

for distance
β 5
calculation
4. Horizontal (Active earth pressure values )
m KN/m2
q1=live load surcharge of 2ft earth=γ*h1*Ka= h1=2ft= 0.61 3.105 18.63 Surcharge load
q2=back fill earth pressure=γ*H2*KA= H2= 6 30.538 91.614
∑ 33.643 110.244
5. Vertical Distance from the Ph=

da=[H(H+3q/γs)/3*(H+2q/γs)+Bsinβ] 1.83

6. Active Earth pressure Coefficient

Ka=cos2(φ-β)/(Cos2βcos(δ+β)[1+√sin(φ+δ)sin(φ-α)/Cos(δ+β)cos(α-β)]2 0.28

7. Horizontal loads

Pa=Ka(γsH2/2+qH) 123.22
8. Vertical Comonent of Pa is

Pav=Pasin(β-δ) -31.89

8. Horizontal Comonent of P a is

Pah = Pacos(β-δ) 109.79

Note*
The vertical components of the Pa is usually negelected in design ,becouse it reduce the overturning moment and
increases the sliding resistance.

*ΔL b/n two successive layers 0.5

Constant 2

Stepped Stepped Back

Description Moments about toe (KN-M)
Weight of Front Face Face
Layer(c X Offset Layer Horizontal load
Layer Area Gabion (Rv) (Y) to Ph
oure) From Toe Width (Rh) (Pah)
Gabion Row or
Height (M) (M) (M2) (Wg)
(X) From
(M) Clockwise
(KN) Counter Clockwise Overturning
course cumulative (KN) (X) From toe Restoring Moment
toe moment (Mo)
Height (from top (m) (Mre)
(m)
todown)
0 1.00 1.00 1.25 2.50 2.50 45.00 3.78 0 170.07
2.00 1.00 1.50 3.00 3.00 54.00 3.50 0 189.00
3.00 1.00 1.75 3.50 3.50 63.00 3.25 0 204.75
4.00 1.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 72.00 3.00 0 216.00
5.00 1.00 2.25 4.50 4.50 81.00 2.75 0 222.75
6.00 1.00 2.50 5.00 5.00 90.00 2.50 0 225.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
- 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00
Vertical component of
Pa (Pav) 1.83

Horizontal Comonent 109.79 200.92

of Pa (Pah) 1.83

∑ 6 5.0 4.5 405.0 1227.6 200.9

Net Moment (∑M)=(∑Mr-∑Mo) 1026.65

9. Horizontal distance From Toe to Wg

dg (X~)=∑Mre/∑V= 3.04

10. Resisting Moment

total vertical load * vertical height to centroide= (dg)*Wv= 1231.20

11. Overturning moment

total horizontal load*horizontal distance from toe to centroide =da*Pah= 200.92

12. The factor Safety against Sliding

µ=tanφ = 0.73

Fs=µ∑vertical load/∑Horizontal load=µ*Wg/Pah= 2.68 (OK)

13. The factor of safety against Overturning

Fo=Overturning Moment/Restoring Moment (∑Mr/∑Mo)= 6.13 (OK)

14 No Tension

`X=Net Moment /Vertical Load (Mr-Mo)/Rv= 2.53

e=B/2-(Mr-Mo)/Rv=(B/6-X~) -0.03

Safe, No tension
If e<B/6= there is no tension but if e>B/6 tension will be developed at heel side e<B/6
developed

The factor of Safety against bearing Capacity Failure

Pmax = ∑Rv/B(1+6e/B) 77.60

Pmin = ∑Rv/B(1-6e/B) 84.40

Allowable Breaing pressure of the soil (KN/M2) 300

Fb=qallowable/Pmax 3.87 (Ok)

 Kulfo Flood Protection

Gabion analysis
Input data
Project
Task : Kulfo Flood Protection
Descript. : Gabion Wall Stability Analaysis
Date : 1/11/2026
Settings
(input for current task)
Materials and standards
AASHTO - reduce parameteres of friction soil/soil by 2/3 j
Wall analysis
Active earth pressure calculation : Mazindrani (Rankin)
Passive earth pressure calculation : Mazindrani (Rankin)
Earthquake analysis : Mononobe-Okabe
Shape of earth wedge : Calculate as skew
Verification methodology : according to LRFD
Partial factors on loads (L)
Permanent design situation
Favourable Unfavourable
Dead load of structural components : DC = 0.90 [–] 1.25 [–]
Dead load of wearing surfaces : DW = 0.65 [–] 1.35 [–]
Earth pressure load : EH = 0.90 [–] 1.50 [–]
Earth surcharge load (permanent) : ES = 0.75 [–] 1.50 [–]
Vertical pressure of earth fill : EV = 1.00 [–] 1.35 [–]
Live load surcharge : LS = 0.00 [–] 1.75 [–]
Water load : WA = 1.00 [–] 1.00 [–]
Partial factors for resistances (R)
Permanent design situation
Partial factor on overturning : gRe = 0.90 [–]
Partial factor on sliding resistance : gRh = 0.80 [–]
Partial factor on bearing capacity : gRv = 0.45 [–]
Partial factor on passive resistance : gRp = 0.50 [–]
Partial factor on gabion mesh strength : gRn1 = 0.90 [–]
Partial factor on gabion joint strength : gRn2 = 0.90 [–]
Material of blocks - filling
g j c
No. Name
[kN/m3] [°] [kPa]
1 Material No. 1 18.00 30.00 0.00
Material of blocks - mesh
Strength Spacing of [Link].
No. Name overh. vert. meshes of front joint
Rt [kN/m] b [m] Rs [kN/m]
1 Material No. 1 40.00 1.00 40.00

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Geometry of structure
Width Height Offset
No. Material
b [m] h [m] a [m]
5 1.00 1.00 1.00 Material No. 1
4 2.00 1.00 1.00 Material No. 1
3 3.00 1.00 1.00 Material No. 1
2 4.00 1.00 0.00 Material No. 1
1 4.00 1.00 - Material No. 1
Gabion slope = 0.00 °
Overall height = 5.00 m
Overall wall volume = 14.00 m3/m
Soil parameters
Silty sand (SM)
Unit weight : g = 18.00 kN/m3
Stress-state : effective
Angle of internal friction : jef = 29.00 °
Cohesion of soil : cef = 5.00 kPa
Angle of friction struc.-soil : d = 22.00 °
Soil : cohesionless
Saturated unit weight : gsat = 18.00 kN/m3

Well graded grave (GW), medium dense

Unit weight : g = 21.00 kN/m3
Stress-state : effective
Angle of internal friction : jef = 38.50 °
Cohesion of soil : cef = 0.00 kPa
Angle of friction struc.-soil : d = 30.00 °
Soil : cohesionless
Saturated unit weight : gsat = 21.00 kN/m3

Geological profile and assigned soils

Layer
No. Assigned soil Pattern
[m]

1 2.00 Silty sand (SM)

2 3.00 Silty sand (SM)

3 - Well graded grave (GW), medium dense

Terrain profile
Terrain behind construction has the slope 1: 2.00 (slope angle is 26.57 °).
Embankment height is 1.00 m, embankment length is 2.00 m.

Water influence
GWT behind the structure lies at a depth of 3.00 m
Uplift in foot. bottom due to different pressures is not considered.

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Input surface surcharges

Surcharge Mag.1 Mag.2 Ord.x Length Depth
No. Action
new change [kN/m2] [kN/m2] x [m] l [m] z [m]
1 YES permanent 10.00 2.00 10.00 on terrain
No. Name
1 10
Resistance on front face of the structure
Resistance on front face of the structure: at rest
Soil on front face of the structure - Well graded grave (GW), medium dense
Soil thickness in front of structure h = 1.00 m
Terrain in front of structure is flat.

Settings of the stage of construction

Design situation : permanent

Verification No. 1
Pressure at rest on front face of the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g Kr Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3]
1 1.00 0.00 38.50 0.00 21.00 0.377
Pressure at rest distribution on front face of the structure
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
1.00 21.00 0.00 7.93 7.93 0.00
Active pressure behind the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g dd Ka Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [°]
1 0.92 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 -0.010
2 0.08 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.027
3 1.00 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.278
4 0.68 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.353
5 0.32 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.265
6 1.00 0.00 29.00 5.00 8.00 22.00 0.273
7 1.00 0.00 29.00 5.00 8.00 22.00 0.280
Active pressure distribution behind the structure (without surcharge)
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.92 16.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.92 16.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
1.00 18.00 0.00 0.49 0.44 0.22
1.00 18.00 0.00 0.49 0.44 0.22
3
2.00 36.00 0.00 10.00 8.95 4.47

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.

No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
2.00 36.00 0.00 10.00 8.95 4.47
4
2.68 48.25 0.00 17.04 15.24 7.62
2.68 48.25 0.00 17.04 15.24 7.62
5
3.00 54.00 0.00 19.09 17.08 8.54
3.00 54.00 0.00 19.09 17.08 8.54
6
4.00 62.00 10.00 21.87 19.56 9.78
4.00 62.00 10.00 21.87 19.56 9.78
7
5.00 70.00 20.00 24.64 22.04 11.02
Water pressure distribution
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.92 0.00 0.00
3 1.00 0.00 0.00
4 2.00 0.00 0.00
5 2.68 0.00 0.00
6 3.00 0.00 0.00
7 4.00 10.00 0.00
8 5.00 20.00 0.00
Pressure profile due to surcharge - 10
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 0.11 0.00 0.00
4 0.11 2.81 1.40
5 0.92 2.77 1.39
6 0.92 2.76 1.38
7 1.00 2.75 1.38
8 1.00 2.79 1.39
9 2.00 2.74 1.37
10 2.00 2.74 1.37
11 2.68 2.71 1.36
12 3.00 2.70 1.35
13 3.00 2.70 1.35
14 4.00 2.65 1.33
15 5.00 2.61 1.30
Forces acting on construction
Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.
[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] overtur. sliding stress
Weight - wall 0.00 -1.93 252.00 2.36 0.900 0.900 1.250
FF resistance -3.96 -0.33 0.00 0.00 0.900 0.900 0.900
Active pressure 57.22 -1.50 28.61 4.00 1.500 1.500 1.500

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.

[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] overtur. sliding stress
Water pressure 20.00 -0.67 0.00 4.00 1.000 1.000 1.000
Uplift pressure 0.00 -5.00 0.00 4.00 1.000 1.000 1.000
10 11.62 -2.18 6.64 4.00 1.500 1.500 1.500
Verification of complete wall
Check for overturning stability
Resisting moment Mres = 671.47 kNm/m
Overturning moment Movr = 179.12 kNm/m
Wall for overturning is SATISFACTORY

Check for slip

Resisting horizontal force Hres = 140.02 kN/m
Active horizontal force Hact = 119.69 kN/m
Wall for slip is SATISFACTORY

Overall check - WALL is SATISFACTORY

Maximum stress in footing bottom : 91.97 kPa

Bearing capacity of foundation soil

Forces acting at the centre of the footing bottom
Moment Norm. force Shear Force Eccentricity Stress
No.
[kNm/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [m] [kPa]
1 -39.12 367.87 119.69 0.00 91.97
2 -7.62 279.67 119.69 0.00 69.92
Dimensioning No. 1
Active pressure behind the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g dd Ka Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [°]
1 0.92 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 -0.010
2 0.08 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.027
3 1.00 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.278
4 0.68 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.353
5 0.32 0.00 29.00 5.00 18.00 22.00 0.265
6 1.00 0.00 29.00 5.00 8.00 22.00 0.273
Active pressure distribution behind the structure (without surcharge)
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.92 16.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.92 16.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
1.00 18.00 0.00 0.49 0.44 0.22
1.00 18.00 0.00 0.49 0.44 0.22
3
2.00 36.00 0.00 10.00 8.95 4.47

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.

No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
2.00 36.00 0.00 10.00 8.95 4.47
4
2.68 48.25 0.00 17.04 15.24 7.62
2.68 48.25 0.00 17.04 15.24 7.62
5
3.00 54.00 0.00 19.09 17.08 8.54
3.00 54.00 0.00 19.09 17.08 8.54
6
4.00 62.00 10.00 21.87 19.56 9.78
Water pressure distribution
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.92 0.00 0.00
3 1.00 0.00 0.00
4 2.00 0.00 0.00
5 2.68 0.00 0.00
6 3.00 0.00 0.00
7 4.00 10.00 0.00
Pressure profile due to surcharge - 10
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 0.11 0.00 0.00
4 0.11 2.81 1.40
5 0.92 2.77 1.39
6 0.92 2.76 1.38
7 1.00 2.75 1.38
8 1.00 2.79 1.39
9 2.00 2.74 1.37
10 2.00 2.74 1.37
11 2.68 2.71 1.36
12 3.00 2.70 1.35
13 3.00 2.70 1.35
14 4.00 2.65 1.33
Forces acting on construction
Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.
[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] overtur. sliding stress
Weight - wall 0.00 -1.50 180.00 2.50 0.900 0.900 1.250
Active pressure 36.42 -1.08 18.21 4.00 1.500 1.500 1.500
Water pressure 5.00 -0.33 0.00 4.00 1.000 1.000 1.000
Uplift pressure 0.00 -4.00 0.00 4.00 1.000 1.000 1.000
10 8.99 -1.67 5.32 4.00 1.500 1.500 1.500

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Verification of construction joint above the block No.: 1

Check for overturning stability
Resisting moment Mres = 491.57 kNm/m
Overturning moment Movr = 83.26 kNm/m
Joint for overturning stability is SATISFACTORY

Check for slip

Resisting horizontal force Hres = 91.13 kN/m
Active horizontal force Hact = 73.11 kN/m
Joint for slip is SATISFACTORY

Maximum pressure on the bottom block = 65.07 kPa

[Link]. by offset of top block = 1.00
Average value of pressure on face = 30.86 kPa
Shear force transmitted by friction = 150.28 kN/m

Bearing capacity against transverse pressure:

Joint [Link] = 36.00 kN/m
Computed stress-state = 15.43 kN/m
Transverse pressure check is SATISFACTORY

Joint btw. blocks check:

Mesh material [Link] = 36.00 kN/m
Computed stress-state = 15.43 kN/m
Joint between blocks is SATISFACTORY

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

1. DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATIONS
1.1 Material Properties
i. Concrete :-
Grade of Concrete used C30 (150mm cubic strength 30 MPa)
fc' = 24 MPa (fc' cylinder)
Ec = 4800sqrt(fc') = 23515 MPa
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3

ii. Reinforcement steel :-

Grade 420 steel: For rebars greater than or equal to diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 420 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Grade 300 steel: For rebars less than diam. 20.0 mm
fy = 300 MPa
Es = 200000 MPa
Modular ratio, n = Ec / Es = 8.51 Use n = 9
iii. Cement mortared stone masonry :-
Unit weight of cement-mortared stone masonry = 27 kN/m3

iv. Backfill materials

Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø= 35 deg 0.611 rad (AASHTO 2012, Table [Link].4-1, with SPT N Value of about 30/foot)
Friction angle b/n backfill material and the masonry wall δ = 30 deg 0.524 rad (AASHTO Table [Link]-1)
Unit weight of backfill material = 22 kN/m3

1.2 Design live loading:

A live load surcharge shall be applied where vehicular load is expected to act on the surface of the backfill within
a distance equal to one-half the wall height behind the back face of the wall. (AASHTO Art. [Link])

1.3 Design method

Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
1.4 Reference
ERA's Bridge Design Manual 2013
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 2004/2012

2. RETAINING WALL DESIGN

2.1 Retaining Wall Cross Section and Loads

A2

W1
A1

H1

Road Wa
B y Slope B
h'
i

ß
1
S2 1
W3

P1 S1
PEQ
H
H2

P2
d
ß

W4 W2
0.50(H2+D)

(H2+D)/3

b3 b2 b1

O1
WF
D

O2
A A
q1 b B1 a
B2

Material properties
Assumed angle of friction of the back fill material ø= 32 deg 0.559 rad
Friction angle b/n backfill material and the masonry wall δ = 30 deg 0.454 rad
Unit weight of backfill material = 19 kN/m3
Unit weight of stone masonry = 27 kN/m3
Unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m3
Allowable bearing capacity of foundation material, Q allow = 350 kN/m2 Found. material (Rock or Soil )= Soil
Ultimate bearing capacity of foundation material , Q ult = 1050 kN/m2

1
 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Dimensions
Ratio of vertical to horizontal of the backfill slope = V / H = 0.025 Height of parapet, H1= 0.60 m
Height of masonry below parapet, H2= 5.00 m A1= 0.45 m
Masonry wall bottom width, B1= 3.10 m A2 0.45 m
Footing width, B2 = 3.50 m Footing depth, D = 0.20 m
b1= 0.63 m a= 0.20 m
b2= 0.60 m b= 0.20 m
b3= 1.88 m S2= 2.67 (V:H=2.66666666666667:1)
h' = (b3+b)*tan i = 0.05 m S1= 8.00 (V:H=8:1)

Active Earth pressure coefficient computation (Coulomb's Theory)

sin 2 (q+f)
Ka =
[sin2qsin(q-d){1+Sqrt(sin (f+d)sin(f-b)/sin(q-d)sin(q+b))}2]
Slope of the backfill surface, i = tan -1 (V/H) = 1 deg 0.025 rad
Angle of back face of wall to the horizontal - q= 69 deg 1.211 rad
Ka= 0.484

Seismic Active Earth pressure coefficient computation (Mononobe-Okabe Analysis ) -

∅− − ∅+ ∅− − (AASHTO 2012 A 11.3.1-1)

= × 1+
+ + + + −

Earthquake Zone= 2 (EBDM 2013, Art 3.10.4, Table 3.10.4-1)

Acceleration Coef.=A= 0.05 (EBDM 2013, Art 3.10.5, Table 3.10.5-1)
Site Class= II (AASHTO 2012, Table [Link]-1)
Site Factor at Zero Period =F pga = 1.2 (AASHTO 2012, Art [Link])
Site Adjusted PGA=As=Kho= 0.06 (AASHTO 2012, Art [Link].1)
Condition of No Seismic Analysis= No Seismic Analysis is Required (AASHTO 2012, Art [Link]- No Siesmic Analysis is required for
[Link] located in Zone 1 - 3 and for locations with Adjusted PGA As<0.4g)
Horizontal acceleration coefficent= k h=A/2 or 1.5A= 0.030 (AASHTO2012 Art [Link].2 Where the wall is capable of displacements of 1.0 to 2.0 in.
or more during the design seismic event, kh may be reduced to 0.5kh0)
Take k v= 0.000 (AASHTO 2012, Art. C11.[Link] The typical assumption is to assume that kv
is zero for wall design)
seismic inertial angle =θ=arc tan(k v / (1-kv)) = 1.72 deg 0.030 rad (The above q value is not the same as this one)
d= 30.00 deg 0.524 rad
i= 1.43 deg 0.025 rad
Slope of the back face (stem) from vertical line, β = 20.56 deg 0.359 rad
F= 32.00 deg 0.559 rad
≥ θ+i OK! (AASHTO 2012, [Link]-1)
K AE= 0.525
Active earth pressure values
q1 = live load surcharge = γ*h1*ka = 6.62 kN/m2 h1= 0.71 m (Equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading)
q2 = Static earth presure = γ*h2*ka = 48.84 kN/m2 h2=(H2+D+h')= 5.25 m
q3 = Seismic earth presure = γ*h2*(1-k v )K AE = 0.00 kN/m2 - Mononobe-Okabe Equation (AASHTO 2012, [Link]-2)

Force acting on the retaining wall due to active earth pressure:

Live Load Surcharge= P1 = q1 * h2 = 34.78 kN/m acting at H/2 above the bottom of the footing with the earth pressure
Static Active Earth Pressure= P2 = 0.5*q2*h2 = 128.24 kN/m acting at H/3 above the bottom of the footing with the earth pressure
P EA =0.5*q3*h2= 0.00 kN/m acting at H/2 above the bottom of the footing with the earth pressure
horizontal inertial force due to seismic loading of the wall mass=P IR = Kh*(Ww+Ws) (AASHTO 2012, [Link]-1)
- Ww= Weight of wall & Ws=wieght of soil directly on wall
Slope of the back face (stem) from vertical line, β = 20.56 deg 0.359 rad
Friction angle b/n backfill material and the masonry wall, δ = 30 deg 0.524 rad

Vertical and horizontal components of these forces

P 1V = P1* sin ( δ+ β) = 26.86 kN/m
P 1H = P1* cos ( δ+ β) = 22.10 kN/m
P 2V = P2* sin ( δ+ β) = 99.03 kN/m
P 2H = P2* cos ( δ+ β) = 81.47 kN/m
P EAV = P EA * sin ( δ+ β) = 0.00 kN/m
P EAH = P EA * Cos ( δ+ β) = 0.00 kN/m
3.0 STATIC ANALYSIS
Load factors (Strength-I)
Load type Maximum Minimum
Active Hori. Earth Press. EP 1.50 0.90
Vertical Earth Press. EV 1.35 1.00 for retaining Structures

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Live load surcharge LS 1.75 1.75

Live load LL 1.75 1.75
Dead load DC 1.25 0.90

Load combinations used for Static Analysis

a) Load combination case-1 ( comb1 ) -using maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
b) Load combination case-2 ( comb2 ) - using maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Load and moment calculation

Factored loads Moment arm about toe Factored moment Factored moment
Unfactored loads
(m) Comb1 about Comb2 about
(KN/m)
Comb1 Comb2 O1 O2 O1 O2 O1 O2
W1= 0.20 0.18 0.25 0.23 0.43 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.11
W2= 42.19 37.97 52.73 0.42 0.62 15.82 23.41 21.97 32.52
W3= 81.00 72.90 101.25 0.93 1.13 67.43 82.01 93.66 113.91
W4= 126.56 113.91 158.20 1.85 2.05 210.73 233.51 292.68 324.32
249.95 224.96 312.44 294.02 339.01 408.36 470.85
WF = 16.800 15.12 21.00 1.75 26.46 36.75

P 1V = 26.86 47.01 47.01 2.2 2.3 101.65 109.29 101.65 109.29

P 2V = 99.03 99.03 133.69 2.5 2.7 245.11 262.44 330.89 354.29
125.89 146.04 180.70 346.76 371.72 432.54 463.58

P 1H = 22.10 38.67 38.67 2.53 2.63 97.68 101.55 97.68 101.55

P 2H = 81.47 122.21 122.21 1.68 1.75 205.80 213.95 205.80 213.95
103.57 160.88 160.88 303.48 315.49 303.48 315.49

3.1 Stability Checking (AASHTO Art. 11.6.3 and EBDM 2013, Art [Link])
3.1.1 Stability Criteria - Eccentricity and Bearing Failure

As per LRFD method, the stability criteria against bearing failure (for walls with granular backfills and foundations on soil or rock) is:

i. a) For foundation on soil, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle half of the base.
b) For foundation on rock, the location of the resultant of the reaction forces shall be within the middle three-fourth of the base
ii. øR I q ult > q u max

Check stability criteria (i)

Consider Moment about O 1
- Location of resultant force using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.727 m sum Vi*Xi = 640.78
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.886 m sum Hi*Yi = 303.48
angle = tan -1 (sum Vi /sum Hi) = 66.56 degree sum Vi = 371.00
X 1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.818 m sum Hi = 160.88
X 0 = X- X 1 = 0.909 m
e = B/2 - X 0 = 0.64 m < 3B1/8= 0.78 m

e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1

- Location of resultant force using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.705 m sum Vi*Xi = 840.90
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.886 m sum Hi*Yi = 303.48
angle = tan -1 (sum Vi /sum Hi) = 71.93 degree sum Vi = 493.14
X 1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.615 m sum Hi = 160.88
X 0 = X- X 1 = 1.090 m
e = B/2 - X 0 = 0.46 m <3B1/8 0.78 m
e<3*B1/8, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle three-fourth of B1

Consider Moment about O2

- Location of resultant using comb1
x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.909 m sum Vi*Xi = 737.20
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.961 m sum Hi*Yi = 315.49
angle = tan -1 (sum Vi /sum Hi) = 67.38 degree sum Vi = 386.12
X 1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.817 m sum Hi = 160.88
X 0 = X- X 1 = 1.092 m
e = B/2 - X 0 = 0.66 m < B2/4= 0.88 m
e<B2/4, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle half of B2

- Location of resultant using comb2

x = sum Vi * Xi / sum Vi = 1.889 m sum Vi*Xi = 971.18
y = sum Hi * Yi / sum Hi = 1.961 m sum Hi*Yi = 315.49

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

angle = tan -1 (sum Vi /sum Hi) = 72.62 degree sum Vi = 514.14

X 1 = y / tan(angle) = 0.614 m sum Hi = 160.88
X 0 = X- X 1 = 1.275 m
e = B/2 - X 0 = 0.47 m < B2/4= 0.88 m
e<B2/4, OK !! The resultant force lies within the middle half of B2

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Check stability criteria (ii)

øR I q ult > q u max
ø = performance or resistance factor for Bearing Resistance of permanent [Link] Ф = 0.55 (AASTO 2012 Table 11.5.7-15)
Hn = Unfactored horizontal force Hn = 103.57 kN
Vn = Unfactored vertical force Vn = 392.65 kN
RI=(For Cohesion less Soil Load inclination factor, conservatively taking L/B>10 and n=3 for ig and iq= R I = (1-Hn/Vn) 3 = 0.399 ( AASHTO 2004 C10.6.3.1.2c-7)
q ult = Ultimate bearing capacity = Safety factor x q allowable q ult = 1050 kN/m2
q u max = Maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads for Soil=øR I q ult and for Rock= øq ult = 230 kN/m2

Computation of maximum bearing pressure due to factored loads

- For foundation on soil - For foundation on Rock

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb1

Foundation ( Soil or rock ) = Soil
Is the resultant force located within the middle third of the base? NO

For Rock with e≤B/6 q u max = (sum Vi /B)*(1+6e/B) = Not applicable kN/m2 B= 3.50m
q u min = (sum Vi /B)*(1-6e/B) = Not applicable kN/m2 e= 0.66m
For Rock with e>B/6 = (2 * sum Vi )/(3(b/2-e))=(2 * sum Vi)/(3*X 0 )= Not applicable kN/m2 sum Vi = 386.12 kN
q u min = - kN/m2 X0= 1.09m
For Soil u max = (sum Vi ) / (2 * X 0 )=(sum Vi ) / (B-2e) = 176.77 kN/m2

Check øR I q ult > q u max

øR I q ult = 230.45kN/m2 > q u max = 176.77kN/m2

Safe against bearing !

Check for maximum bearing pressure using comb2

Foundation ( Soil or rock ) = Soil
Is the resultant force located within the middle third of the base? YES

For Rock with e≤B/6 q u max = (sum Vi /B)*(1+6e/B) = Not applicable kN/m2 B= 3.50m
q u min = (sum Vi /B)*(1-6e/B) = Not applicable kN/m2 e= 0.47m
For Rock with e>B/6 = (2 * sum Vi )/(3(b/2-e))=(2 * sum Vi)/(3*X 0 )= Not applicable kN/m2 sum Vi = 514.14 kN
q u min = - kN/m2 X0= 1.28m
For Soil u max = (sum Vi ) / (2 * X 0 )=(sum Vi ) / (B-2e) = 201.58 kN/m2

Check øR I q ult > q u max

øR I q ult = 230.45kN/m2 > q u max = 201.6kN/m2

Safe against bearing !

3.2.2. Checking Sliding

Stability against sliding is checked by: Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi
Where:
Fru = Nu * tan db + ca Be
Фs = Resistance factor for sliding of Permanent [Link]= 1.00 (AASTO 2012 Table 11.5.7-15)
Nu = factored vertical resultant (force/length)
db = friction angle between the base and the soil (degrees) = 30 degree (AASHTO Table [Link]-1)
2
ca = adhesion (force/length ) = 0
Be = effective length of base in compression (length) = 3.50m
Σgi Phi = Factored horizontal earth pressure force ì causing sliding (force/length) = 160.88 kN Comb 1
160.88 kN Comb 2
Check sliding stability for comb1
Fru =Nu*tan db + ca Be = 222.92 kN Фs = 1.00
Фs Fru = 222.92 kN Nu = 386.12 kN
Σ gi Phi = 160.88 kN Σgi Phi = 160.88 kN
Therefore, db = 30 degree
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.577
Ok! Safe against sliding c a Be = 0.00 kN

Check sliding stability for comb2

Fru =Nu*tan db + ca Be = 296.84 kN Фs = 1.00
Фs Fru = 296.84 kN Nu = 514.14 kN
Σ gi Phi = 160.88 kN Σgi Phi = 160.88 kN
Therefore, db = 30 degree
Фs Fru > Σ gi Phi tan db = 0.577
Ok! Safe against sliding c a Be = 0.00 kN

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 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

3.3. Design of R.C. Footing for Retaining Wall

3.3.1. Design for Flexure

a ) Using Load Combination 1

Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below:
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below:
For footings supporting masonry walls, the max moment is computed midway between the middle and the face of the wall.
Design factored moment at face of mas. wall, M = 1/2*(Qmax+Qaa)*Lh 2/2- D*gc*Lh2/2
Case-1 Case-2
Q max = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2
Q min = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2 a
Lh = 0.36 0.36 m
Q a-a = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2
Factored Mom. for design is M a-a = 0.00 10.91 kN-m/m
Wc
b) Using Load Combination 2
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil Qmax
The factored pressure at toe underneath footing is calculated as below: Qaa
Lh
Case-1 Case-2
a
Q max = 0.00 201.58 kN/m 2
Q min = 0.00 201.58 kN/m 2

Lh = 0.36 0.36 m
Q a-a = 0.00 179.29
Factored Mom. for design is M a-a = 0.00 11.78 kN-m/m

The maximum design moment, Mu, is therefore: Mu = 11.78 kN-m/m

The cracking moment given by Eq.([Link].2-1) as follows:
Ig =bh 3 /12 = 6.67E+08 mm
4

yt= 100 mm

fr = 0.63*sqrt(fc') = 3.086 MPa

Mcr =(fr*Ig)/y t = 20.57571384 kN-m/m

1.2*Mcr = 24.69 kN-m/m

The amount of reinforcement shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of :
- 1.2 times the cracking strength determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution and the
modulus of rupture, fr, of the concrete.
- 1.33 times the factored moment required by the applicable strength load combinations

Besides the area of reinforcement shall not be less than the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.

The moment for design, is therefore, Mu = 15.7 kN-m/m

Reinforcement
As = Mu / ( Ø fy (d - a/2 )) where Mu= 15.7 kN-m/m
a = As*fy / ( 0.85 * fc' b ) Ø= 0.9 B2
b B1 a
b= 1000 mm
F2
Assume a = 7 mm fy = 300 MPa F3
As = 482 mm 2 fc'= 24 MPa
min 300mm
a= 7 mm D= 200 mm
2
Required As = 482 mm /m diam = 12 mm F1' F1
F2 Dist. Rein.
Required spacing, S = 307 mm cover = 70 mm
d= 124 mm L3=B2-150mm
F3
L'=B2-L1+150mm
Use ø 12 mm bars c/c 300 mm for BAR F1 F1' L1=a+(B1)/4+ld+300mm
2 F1
As prov. = 490 mm
Checking maximum steel area (AASHTO Art. [Link].1) L=Variable
F2 and Dist. Rein.
The maximum amount of reinforcement shall be such that
c/de < 0.42 where: c = the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis (mm)

8
 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

de = the corresponding effective depth from the extreme compression

fiber to the centroid of the tensile force in the tensile reinforcement (mm)

9
 Stability Analysis and Design of Masonry Retaining Wall

c/d=< 0.42
a=β*c = 7.09 mm β= 0.85 for f'c<=28 Mpa
c=a / β = 8.34 mm de= 124 mm

c / de = 0.07 < 0.42 Ok!

Distribution reinforcement (AASHTO Art. [Link])

Taking 50% of this reinforcement for distribution renf.
As = 0.5*As provided = 245 mm2/m
Required spacing, S = 857 mm
Use ø 12 mm bars c/c 300 mm for Dist. Rein.

Temprature and shrinkage reinforcement (AASHTO Art. [Link])

For solid structural concrete walls and footings, bar spacing shall not exceed 300mm in each direction on all faces and
the area of reinforcement for shrinkage and temprature reinf. shall not exceed:

2
As = 0.0015*Ag >= 300 mm /m Smax = 300 mm

Use ø 12 mm bars c/c 300 mm Shrinkage and temprature rein. (BAR F1', F2 and F3)

3.3.2. Check for Wide Beam Shear (AASHTO Art. [Link].2)

a ) Using comb 1 - maximum factors for lateral pressure and minimum for the others
Case-1: When the foundation material is rock
Case-2: When the foundation material is soil

Case-1 Case-2
Q max = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2
Q min = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2
b
dv = 144 144.00 mm
Q b-b = 0.00 176.77 kN/m 2 a
dv
Acting shear force calculated at d distance from
face of wall:Vbb = 1/2(Qmax+Qbb) * (a-dv) -Wc= 0.00 9.63 kN
Wc
Vbb
b) Using comb2 - maximum factors for lateral pressure and the others

Case-1 Case-2
Q max = 0.00 201.58 kN/m 2
Q min = 0.00 201.58 kN/m 2
b
dv = 144 144.00 mm
Q b-b = 0.00 201.58 kN/m 2

Acting shear force calculated at d distance from

face of wall:Vbb = 1/2(Qmax+Qbb) * (a-dv) -Wc = 0.00 11.02 kN

Vu factored b-b (max) = 11.02 kN

Φ shear = 0.85

fc'= 24.0 Mpa

The nominal shear resistance, Vn, shall be determined as

= Lesser of (0.25f c 'b v d v ) or (0.083β√f c 'b v d v ) = 117.11 kN
Factored shear resistance ΦV n = 99.54 kN
ΦVn > Vu OK!

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Gravity wall analysis

Input data
Project
Task : Kulfo Flood Protection
Descript. : Masonary Retaing Wall Stability Analaysis
Date : 1/11/2026
Settings
Standard - LRFD
Materials and standards
Concrete structures : ACI 318-11
AASHTO - reduce parameteres of friction soil/soil by 2/3 j
Wall analysis
Active earth pressure calculation : Coulomb
Passive earth pressure calculation : Caquot-Kerisel
Earthquake analysis : Mononobe-Okabe
Shape of earth wedge : Calculate as skew
Verification methodology : according to LRFD
Partial factors on loads (L)
Permanent design situation
Favourable Unfavourable
Dead load of structural components : DC = 0.90 [–] 1.25 [–]
Dead load of wearing surfaces : DW = 0.65 [–] 1.35 [–]
Earth pressure load : EH = 0.90 [–] 1.50 [–]
Earth surcharge load (permanent) : ES = 0.75 [–] 1.50 [–]
Vertical pressure of earth fill : EV = 1.00 [–] 1.35 [–]
Live load surcharge : LS = 0.00 [–] 1.75 [–]
Water load : WA = 1.00 [–] 1.00 [–]
Partial factors for resistances (R)
Permanent design situation
Partial factor on overturning : gRe = 0.90 [–]
Partial factor on sliding resistance : gRh = 0.80 [–]
Partial factor on bearing capacity : gRv = 0.45 [–]
Partial factor on passive resistance : gRp = 0.50 [–]
Material of structure
Unit weight g = 27.00 kN/m3
Analysis of concrete structures carried out according to the standard ACI 318-11.

Concrete : Concrete ACI

Compressive strength fc' = 20.00 MPa
Tensile-bending strength fr = 2.79 MPa
Longitudinal steel : A615/40
Tensile strength fy = 275.79 MPa

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Geometry of structure
Coordinate Depth
No.
X [m] Z [m]
1 0.00 0.00
2 2.60 4.00
3 2.65 4.00
4 2.65 5.00
5 -0.45 5.00
6 -0.45 4.00
7 -0.40 4.00
8 -0.40 0.00
The origin [0,0] is located at the most upper right point of the wall.
Wall section area = 9.89 m2.

Basic soil parameters

jef cef g gsu d
No. Name Pattern
[°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [kN/m3] [°]

1 Well graded grave (GW), medium dense 35.00 0.00 22.00 12.00 30.00

2 Silty sand (SM) 30.00 5.00 18.00 9.00 22.00

All soils are considered as cohesionless for at rest pressure analysis.

Soil parameters
Well graded grave (GW), medium dense
Unit weight : g = 22.00 kN/m3
Stress-state : effective
Angle of internal friction : jef = 35.00 °
Cohesion of soil : cef = 0.00 kPa
Angle of friction struc.-soil : d = 30.00 °
Soil : cohesionless
Saturated unit weight : gsat = 22.00 kN/m3

Silty sand (SM)

Unit weight : g = 18.00 kN/m3
Stress-state : effective
Angle of internal friction : jef = 30.00 °
Cohesion of soil : cef = 5.00 kPa
Angle of friction struc.-soil : d = 22.00 °
Soil : cohesionless
Saturated unit weight : gsat = 19.00 kN/m3

Geological profile and assigned soils

Layer
No. Assigned soil Pattern
[m]

1 2.00 Silty sand (SM)

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Layer
No. Assigned soil Pattern
[m]

2 3.00 Well graded grave (GW), medium dense

3 - Well graded grave (GW), medium dense

Terrain profile
Terrain behind the structure is flat.

Water influence
GWT behind the structure lies at a depth of 4.00 m
Uplift in foot. bottom due to different pressures is not considered.

Input surface surcharges

Surcharge Mag.1 Mag.2 Ord.x Length Depth
No. Action
new change [kN/m2] [kN/m2] x [m] l [m] z [m]
1 YES permanent 10.00 0.30 10.00 on terrain
No. Name
1 surcharge
Resistance on front face of the structure
Resistance on front face of the structure: at rest
Soil on front face of the structure - Well graded grave (GW), medium dense
Soil thickness in front of structure h = 0.50 m
Terrain in front of structure is flat.

Settings of the stage of construction

Design situation : permanent

Verification No. 1
Pressure at rest on front face of the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g Kr Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3]
1 0.50 0.00 35.00 0.00 22.00 0.426
Pressure at rest distribution on front face of the structure
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.50 11.00 0.00 4.69 4.69 0.00
Active pressure behind the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g dd Ka Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [°]
1 0.41 28.77 30.00 5.00 18.00 20.00 0.600
2 1.59 28.77 30.00 5.00 18.00 20.00 0.600
3 2.00 28.77 35.00 0.00 22.00 23.33 0.549

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Layer Thickness a jd cd g dd Ka Comment

No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [°]
4 1.00 0.00 35.00 0.00 12.00 30.00 0.246
Active pressure distribution behind the structure (without surcharge)
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.41 7.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.41 7.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
2.00 36.00 0.00 17.21 11.35 12.95
2.00 36.00 0.00 19.78 12.15 15.61
3
4.00 80.00 0.00 43.95 27.00 34.68
4.00 80.00 0.00 19.68 17.04 9.84
4
5.00 92.00 10.00 22.63 19.60 11.32
Water pressure distribution
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.41 0.00 0.00
3 2.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.00 0.00 0.00
5 5.00 10.00 0.00
Pressure profile due to surcharge - surcharge
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 0.03 0.00 0.00
4 0.03 1.47 1.68
5 0.41 1.47 1.68
6 0.41 1.71 1.95
7 2.00 1.71 1.95
8 2.00 1.35 1.74
9 4.00 1.35 1.74
10 4.00 2.08 1.20
11 5.00 2.08 1.20
Forces acting on construction
Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.
[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] overtur. sliding stress
Weight - wall 0.00 -1.87 267.09 1.22 0.900 0.900 1.250
FF resistance -1.17 -0.17 0.00 0.00 0.900 0.900 0.900
Weight - earth wedge 0.00 -3.45 19.26 1.60 1.000 1.000 1.350
Active pressure 66.52 -1.72 71.19 2.56 1.500 1.500 1.500
Water pressure 5.00 -0.33 0.00 0.90 1.000 1.000 1.000

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.

[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] overtur. sliding stress
Uplift pressure 0.00 -5.00 0.00 0.45 1.000 1.000 1.000
surcharge 7.67 -2.29 8.42 2.15 1.500 1.500 1.500
surcharge 0.00 -5.00 1.51 0.83 0.750 0.750 1.500
Verification of complete wall
Check for overturning stability
Resisting moment Mres = 561.92 kNm/m
Overturning moment Movr = 199.16 kNm/m
Wall for overturning is SATISFACTORY

Check for slip

Resisting horizontal force Hres = 212.97 kN/m
Active horizontal force Hact = 115.21 kN/m
Wall for slip is SATISFACTORY

Overall check - WALL is SATISFACTORY

Maximum stress in footing bottom : 210.55 kPa

Bearing capacity of foundation soil

Forces acting at the centre of the footing bottom
Moment Norm. force Shear Force Eccentricity Stress
No.
[kNm/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [m] [kPa]
1 195.12 481.54 115.21 0.41 210.55
2 163.59 380.18 115.21 0.43 169.97
Dimensioning No. 1
Active pressure behind the structure - partial results
Layer Thickness a jd cd g dd Ka Comment
No. [m] [°] [°] [kPa] [kN/m3] [°]
1 0.41 28.77 30.00 5.00 18.00 20.00 0.600
2 1.59 28.77 30.00 5.00 18.00 20.00 0.600
3 2.00 28.77 35.00 0.00 22.00 23.33 0.549
Active pressure distribution behind the structure (without surcharge)
Layer Start [m] sZ sW Pressure Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. End [m] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa] [kPa]
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1
0.41 7.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.41 7.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2
2.00 36.00 0.00 17.21 11.35 12.95
2.00 36.00 0.00 19.78 12.15 15.61
3
4.00 79.97 0.00 43.93 26.99 34.67

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 Kulfo Flood Protection

Water pressure distribution

Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.41 0.00 0.00
3 2.00 0.00 0.00
4 4.00 0.00 0.00
Pressure profile due to surcharge - surcharge
Point Depth Hor. comp. Vert. comp.
No. [m] [kPa] [kPa]
1 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.00 0.00 0.00
3 0.03 0.00 0.00
4 0.03 1.47 1.68
5 0.41 1.47 1.68
6 0.41 1.71 1.95
7 2.00 1.71 1.95
8 2.00 1.35 1.74
9 4.00 1.35 1.74
Forces acting on construction
Name Fhor [Link]. Fvert [Link]. Coeff. Coeff. Coeff.
[kN/m] z [m] [kN/m] x [m] moment [Link] shear for.
Weight - wall 0.00 -1.49 183.36 1.01 1.250 1.250 0.900
Weight - earth wedge 0.00 -2.60 15.24 1.44 1.350 1.350 1.000
Active pressure 48.16 -1.18 60.57 2.36 1.500 1.500 1.500
Water pressure 0.00 -4.00 0.00 0.80 1.000 1.000 1.000
surcharge 5.59 -1.95 7.22 1.89 1.500 1.500 1.500
surcharge 0.00 -4.00 1.01 0.75 1.500 1.500 0.750
Wall stem check
Cross-section depth h = 3.00 m

Ultimate shear force fVn = 816.03 kN/m > 80.62 kN/m = Vu

Flexure : fMn = 13993.26 kNm/m ; 132.39 kNm/m = Mu
Pressure : fPn = 19777.58 kN/m ; 352.98 kN/m = Pu
Pu/fPn+Mu/fMn = 0.027 < 1
Cross-section bearing capacity is SATISFACTORY

6
[GeoStructural Analysis - Gravity Wall | version [Link] | Copyright © 2013 Fine spol. s r.o. All Rights Reserved | [Link]]
ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORIITYFELEGEBIRHAN - BAHIRDAR ROAD PROJECT RC WING WALL DESIGN STA.168+046.75

Design of RC Retaining Wall

t q
T

Tf Tb

W8 4.00m

GRANULAR
BACK FILL H1
P1
W1
H

W9 P2
W3 ROCK FILL
W2
Df W11 W5 W10
W4 W7
2.00 W6
D
Db

Bf Bc Bb
B

1.0 Material Properties

Bearing capacity of foundation material = 300.00 KN/m2 g= 18.00 KN/m3

Backfill material , C = 0.00 F= 32.00 g= 19.20 KN/m3

Concrete , F'c= 24 Fc= 9.6 g= 24.00 KN/m3

Steel Reinforcment , Fy= 400 Fs= 160 Surcharge= 0 KN/m3

Fy= 300 Fs= 120

Ec= 21500 Es= 200000 n= 9.30 Use n= 9.00
30.78

Angle of back face of wall to the horizontal t= 90.00 Degrees= 1.570000 Rad

Angle of wall friction (taken from tables) d= 30.00 Degrees= 0.523333 Rad

Effective angle of internal friction F= 32.00 Degrees= 0.558222 Rad

Angle of fill slope with the horizontal b= 0.00 Degrees= 0 Rad

2.0 Preliminary dimensions

Ground water table height above footing top level Hw= 1.00 m

H1= 2.70 m H= 3.00 m

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ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORIITYFELEGEBIRHAN - BAHIRDAR ROAD PROJECT RC WING WALL DESIGN STA.168+046.75

B= 1/2H to 2/3H = 1.50 to 2.00 m

Take B= 1.80 m

Take Bf= 0.50 m

Take Bb= 1.00 m

D=H/12 to H/10 0.25 to 0.3 m

Take D= 0.30 m

Take Df= 0.00 m D

Take Db= 0.00 m

Bc=H/12 to H/10 = 0.25 to 0.30 m

Take Bc= 0.30 m

Take Tf= 0.00 m

Take Tb= 0.05 m

T= 0.25 m Ok
3.0 Calculation of vertical loads and moment about the toe

Load W(KN/m) Mom A.(m) M(KNm)

W1 16.2 0.63 10.13

W2 6.72 0.25 1.68

W3 1.62 0.77 1.24

W4 0.00 0.33 0.00

W5 0 1.13 0.00

W6 12.96 0.9 11.66

W7 0 0.65 0.00

W8 54.432 1.3 70.76

W9 1.3 0.00

W10 0 1.47 0.00

W11 0 0.17 0.00

Ww 10 1.3 13.00 12.96

Total= 101.93 Total= 108.47

4.0 Calculation of horizontal loads

Ka= sin2 (t+f)

2 2
[sin t sin(t-d){1+Sqrt(sin (f+d)sin(f-b)/sin(t-d)sin(t+b))} ]

Ka= 0.276 Kah= 0.239 Kav= 0.159

Lateral load due to surcharge P1h= Ka gHh1 = 0.00 KN/m

2
Lateral load due to back fill P2h= 0.5Ka gH = 18.61 KN/m

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2
Lateral load due to water pressure Pw= 0.5 gwHw = 5 KN/m

Type Load [Link] Moment

P1h 0.00 1.50 0.00

P2h 18.61 1.00 18.61

Pw 5.00 0.33 1.67

23.61 20.28

5.0 Summation of vertical and horizontal forces.

SH= 23.61 KN/m Y= 0.86 m

SV= 108.93 KN/m X= 1.00 m

Location of the resultant force

X(resul)= 0.81 m Ok the resultant lies within middle third

6.0 Checking of Stability

6.1 Stability against overturning

Summation of overturning moments = 20.28 KNm/m

Summation of resisting moments = 108.47 KNm/m

S.F against overturning = 5.35 > 2 Ok

6.2 Stability against sliding (critical case is when superstructure is not constructed)

Summation of sliding forces = 18.61 KN/m

Summation of resisting forces = 62.85 KN/m

S.F against sliding = 3.38 > 1.5 Ok

6.3 Calculation of contact pressure under the footing (critical case is after superstructure is constructed)

Total mom. about the toe of the Abut = 88.19 KNm/m Clock wise

Moment about center of footing = 9.85 KNm/m Clock wise

2
Maximum contact pressure (at the toe) = 78.75 KN/m ok

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ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORIITYFELEGEBIRHAN - BAHIRDAR ROAD PROJECT RC WING WALL DESIGN STA.168+046.75

2
Minimmum contact pressure (at the heel)= 42.28 KN/m ok

The Calculated Contact Pressure confirm the requirment of deep foundation for both abutments.
2
Average = 60.52 KN/m
7.0 Structural design
s1

s2

s3 sw

s4

s6 s5
s7

The latteral earth pressure and vertical contact pressure on the stem and footing

of the retaining wall is calculated as follows.

2 2
s1= 0.00 KN/m sw= 10 KN/m
2
s2= 6.20 KN/m
2
s3= 12.41 KN/m
2
s4= 42.28 KN/m
2
s5= 62.54 KN/m
2
s6= 72.67 KN/m
2
s7= 78.75 KN/m

Bending moments due to the above stresses at critical positions are computed as follows

MB-B= 1.88 KNm/m

MC-C= 16.74 KNm/m
ME-E= 9.59 KNm/m

MF-F= 24.52 KNm/m

The weight of soil on the heel results in negative moment that shall be deducted from MF-F.

Type Load Mom. Arm Moment

W8 54.43 0.50 27.22

W9 0.00 0.50 0.00

W10 0.00 0.67 0.00

Surcha. 0.00 0.50 0.00 MF-F(balance)= -11.30 KNm/m

Ww 10.00 0.50 5.00

W5 0.00 0.33 0.00

Part of W6 7.20 0.50 3.60

Total = 35.82

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ETHIOPIAN ROADS AUTHORIITYFELEGEBIRHAN - BAHIRDAR ROAD PROJECT RC WING WALL DESIGN STA.168+046.75

7.1 Design of the stem

MC-C= 16.74 KNm/m

K= nfc/(nfc+fs) = 0.35 Concrete cover = 7.00 cm

J= 1-k/3 = 0.88

R= 1/2*fckj = 1.49

Required depth Deff = Sqrt(M/RB) = 0.11 m

Davailable = 0.22 m Ok D total = 0.30 m

As = M/fsjd = 5.34 cm2/m

Using Dia= 16 as= 2.01 cm2

No of bars= 2.66 /m use 3.00 bars

As provided = 6.0288

Spacing = 37.65 cm use 37.50 cm C/C

Design of the stem for the top half height

MB-B= 1.88 KNm/m

Required depth Deff = Sqrt(M/RB) = 0.04 m

Davailable = 0.197 m Ok D total = 0.275

As = M/fsjd = 0.68 cm2/m 25

No of bars= 0.34 /m use 1.00 bars

As provided= 2.01

Spacing = 296.8052595 cm use 296.00 cm C/C

Minimmum reinforcement requirements

Using Dia= 10 as= 0.79 cm2

2
Asmin= 0.0015*bd = 2.955 cm /m Spacing = 26.56514 cm
Conclusion
S1 16 @ 200.00

S2 10 @ 260.00
S3 16 @ 400.00

S4 16 @ 400.00

S5 10 @ 260.00

C1 10 @ 250.00

7.1 Design of the heel

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M F-F(bal) = 11.30 KNm/m

Req d Deff = Sqrt(M/RB) = 0.09 m

Davailable = 0.224 m ok D total = 0.30 m

Using Dia= 12 as= 1.13 cm2

As = M/fsjd = 4.76 cm2/m

No of bars= 4.21 use 5.00 bars

As provided= 5.65 cm2/m

Spacing = 20.00 cm use 20.00 cm C/C F1

Minimmum reinforcement requirements

Using Dia= 10 as= 0.79 cm2
Asmin= 0.0015*bd = 3.36 cm2/m Spacing = 23.4 cm

7.2 Design of the toe

M E-E = 9.59 KNm/m

Req d Deff = Sqrt(M/RB) = 0.08 m

Davailable = 0.224 m ok

As = M/fsjd = 3.03 cm2/m

Using Dia= 10 as= 0.79 cm2

No of bars= 3.86 use 4 bars

As provided= 3.14

Spacing = 25.00 cm use 25.00 cm C/C F2

Minimmum reinforcement requirements

Using Dia= 10 as= 0.79 cm2
Asmin= 0.0015*bd = 3.36 cm2/m spacing= 23.36

Conclusion
F1 12 @ 150.00
F1' 10 @ 150.00
F2 10 @ 230.00
F3 10 @ 230.00
C2 10 @ 250.00

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