chapter 1 : The basic Concept
1/Definitions: by another voltage or current elsewhere in the
1- An electric circuit : is an interconnection of circuit.
electrical elements. 16- Passive Sign Convention: (Crucial Law):
2- Charge : is an electrical property of the If current enters the positive (+) terminal of an
atomic particles of which matter consists, element, Power is positive ($p = +vi$), meaning
measured in coulombs (C). the element is absorbing power.
3- Electric current : is the time rate of change If current enters the negative (-) terminal,
of charge, measured in amperes (A). Power is negative ($p = -vi$), meaning the
4- A direct current (dc) : is a current that element is supplying power.
remains constant with time. 17- Law of Conservation of Energy: The sum
5- An alternating current (ac) : is a current of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must
that varies sinusoidally with time. be zero. Total power supplied equals total
6- Voltage (or potential difference or power absorbed.
electromotive force (emf)) : is the energy 18- Active Element: An element capable of
required to move a unit charge through an generating energy (e.g., Generators, Batteries,
element, measured in volts (V). Op-amps).
7-Power : is the time rate of expending or 19- Passive Element: An element that is not
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W). capable of generating energy (e.g., Resistors,
8- Passive sign convention : is satisfied when Capacitors, Inductors).
the current enters through the positive terminal 2: laws
of an element and p= + vi. If the current enters physical quantity rules
through the negative terminal, p = -vi.
9- Energy : is the capacity to do work, 1-Electric Charge(q) 𝑡
Q= ∫ i dt+Q(t0)
measured in joules (J). 𝑡0
10- An ideal independent source: is an active q= ∫ i dt
element that provides a specified voltage or 2- Electric Current (i,I) 𝑑𝑞
i=
current that is completely independent of other 𝑑𝑡
circuit elements.
3- Voltage (v,V) v=
𝑑𝑤
=
∆𝑤
=
𝑝
11-Ideal Independent Voltage Source: An 𝑑𝑞 ∆𝑞 𝑖
active element that provides a specified voltage
4- Power (p,P) p=
𝑑𝑤
×
𝑑𝑞
=
𝑑𝑤
across its terminals completely independent of 𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
the current flowing through it.\ p=v×i
12-Ideal Independent Current Source: An 5- Energy (w,W) w = ∫ p dt = ∫vi dt
active element that provides a specified current
completely independent of the voltage across it. 6- Electronic Charge -1.602 × 10− 19 C
13- An ideal dependent (or controlled) 7- Coulombs per 6.24 × 1018
source: is an active element in which the Electron electrons/C
source quantity is controlled by another voltage
or current. 8- total charge (Q) q=i×t
14- Dependent (Controlled) Voltage Source: 8- Total number of 𝑄 𝑄
N= =
An active source where the voltage is controlled electrons (N) |𝑒| 1.602 × 10
−19
𝐶
by another voltage or current elsewhere in the
circuit. 9- VCVS vs = 𝛍vx
(Voltage-Controlled
15-Dependent (Controlled) Current Source:
Voltage Source)
An active source where the current is controlled
1
10- CCVS vs = pix 7- Branch b : A single two-terminal element in
(Current-Controlled an electric circuit (e.g., a voltage source,
Voltage Source) resistor, or current source).
8- Node (n):The point of connection between
11- VCCS is=gvx
two or more branches.
(Voltage-Controlled
Current Source) 9- Loop (l):Any closed path in a circuit where
you start and end at the same node without
12- CCCS is=𝛃ix passing through any node more than once.
(Current-Controlled 10- Mesh : A special type of loop that does not
Current Source)
contain any other loops within it.
13- Conservation of ∑p=0 11- Series Connection:Two or more elements are
Energy in series if they exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.
14- CCVS vs = pix 12- Parallel Connection: Two or more
(Current-Controlled elements are in parallel if they are connected to
Voltage Source)
the same two nodes and consequently have the
physical quantity unit of quantity same voltage across them.
13- Two Resistors in Parallel: Special shortcut
1-Electric Charge(q) Coulomb (C) formula for exactly two parallel resistors.
2- Electric Current (i,I) Ampere (A) 13- Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): The
coulomb/second (C/S) algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or a
closed boundary) is zero. (Based on
3- Voltage (v,V) Volt (v) =joule/coulomb
Conservation of Charge).
(J/C) =
[Link]/coulomb 14- Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): The
(N.M/C) algebraic sum of all voltages around a closed
path (or loop) is zero. (Based on Conservation
4- Power (p,P) Watt (W)
of Energy).
5- Energy (w,W) Joule (J) 15- Voltage Division: A rule to find the voltage
Chapter 2:basic laws across a single resistor in a series circuit. The
1/Definitions: voltage is proportional to the resistance.
1- Ohm's Law: A law stating that the voltage 16- Current Division: A rule to find the current
across a resistor is directly proportional to the through a single resistor in a parallel circuit.
current flowing through it. The current is inversely proportional to the
2- Resistance (R): The physical property or resistance.
ability of an element to resist the flow of electric 17- Equivalent Resistance (Series)(Req) : The
current. Measured in Ohms (Ω). sum of individual resistances.
3- Short Circuit: A circuit element with 18- The equivalent resistance of two parallel
resistance approaching zero. Voltage is zero, resistors: is equal to the product of their
but current can be anything. resistances divided by their sum.
4- Open Circuit: A circuit element with resistance 19- The equivalent conductance (parallel): is
approaching infinity. Current is zero, but voltage can the sum of their individual conductances.
be anything. 20-
5- Conductance (G) :The ability of an element to 2: laws
conduct electric current; it is the reciprocal of
resistance. Measured in Siemens (S).
6- Power in Resistor : Power dissipated by a
resistor. (Resistors always absorb power, never
supply it).
2
Voltage (v,V) 𝑖 𝑃 Copper 1.72 × 10-8 Conductor
v=iR V= 𝐺 V= 𝐼
Aluminum 2.8 × 10-8 Conductor
Resistance (R) 𝑙 𝑉
R=ρ 𝐴
= 𝑖
Gold 2.45 × 10-8 Conductor
Short Circuit R=0 V=0
Carbon 4 × 10-5 Semiconductor
Open Circuit R=∞
Germanium 47 × 10-2 Semiconductor
Electric Current 𝑣 𝑃
i= 𝑅
= 𝑉
= GV Silicon 6.4 × 102 Semiconductor
Conductance (G) 1 𝑖 Paper 1 × 1010 Insulator
G= 𝑅 = 𝑉
Mica 5 × 1011 Insulator
Power 2 𝑉
2
P=VI = I R = 𝑅
2
Glass 1 × 1012 Insulator
2 𝐼
P=VI = V G = 𝐺 Teflon 3 × 1012 Insulator
Branch b b=l+n-1
Kirchhoff’s Current 𝑁
Laws ∑ 𝑖𝑛 =0
𝑛=1
Kirchhoff’s Voltage 𝑀
Laws ∑ 𝑣𝑚 =0
𝑚=1
currents at the node
Equivalent Resistance Req=R1 + R2 + ....RN
(Series)
Equivalent Resistance 1 1 1 1
(parallel) 𝑅𝑒𝑞
=𝑅 + 𝑅2
+....
1 𝑅𝑁
Two Resistors in 𝑅𝑅
Parallel Req= 𝑅 1+𝑅2
1 2
Equivalent 1 1 1 1
Conductance (Series) 𝐺𝑒𝑞
=𝐺 + 𝐺2
+....
1 𝐺𝑁
Equivalent Geq=G1 + G2 + ....GN
Conductance
(parallel)
Voltage devision 𝑅1 𝑅2
V1 = 𝑅1+ 𝑅2
𝑉 V2= 𝑅1+ 𝑅2
𝑉
Current devision 𝑅2 𝑅1
I1 = 𝑅1+ 𝑅2
I2= 𝑅1+ 𝑅2
Material Resistivity(Ω.m) Usage
Silver 1.64 × 10-8 Conductor