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Human Body Fluid Composition & Balance

The document provides an overview of body fluids, detailing the composition and distribution of body water in a 70 kg adult male, which includes 60% total body water divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments. It discusses the differences in electrolyte composition between these compartments, methods for measuring body fluid volumes, and the principles of osmosis and fluid exchange across capillaries. Additionally, it addresses conditions affecting water balance and edema, emphasizing the importance of maintaining equilibrium between water intake and output.

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5 views39 pages

Human Body Fluid Composition & Balance

The document provides an overview of body fluids, detailing the composition and distribution of body water in a 70 kg adult male, which includes 60% total body water divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments. It discusses the differences in electrolyte composition between these compartments, methods for measuring body fluid volumes, and the principles of osmosis and fluid exchange across capillaries. Additionally, it addresses conditions affecting water balance and edema, emphasizing the importance of maintaining equilibrium between water intake and output.

Uploaded by

iamcatori957
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

body fluids

BY : ELNAGI YOUSIF HAGO


DEPARTEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY

CESSION 2
Composition of Human Body

 An adult male 70 Kg:


- Water 60%.
- Protein 18%.
- Fat 15%.
- Minerals 7%
BODY COMPOSITION
18
15
60
7 PROTIENS

FAT

MINERALS

FLUIDS
Total body water

 Total body water (in a 70kg adult male) is 60% of


total body weight which equal 42L
 The % of TBW is affected by :-
(1) Age :
 It decrease by increasing age.
(2) The percent of fats in the body:
 Increased fats in the body is associated with less
water.
 Because fatty tissues contain less water than other
tissues.
 This explain the higher % of TBW in :
 Adult male compared to equivalent female
 Thin tall subject when compared to obese-short
subject.
Body fluid compartments

 The body fluid is distributed into 2


compartments: (TBW 42L)
1. Intracellular fluid (ICF)
2. Extracellular fluid (ECF)
- Intracellular fluid 28 L.
- Extracellular Fluid 14L.
. The ECF is divided into:-
-interstitial fluid 10.5 L
-intravascular (plasma) 3.5 L
Body Fluid Compartments
60% of body
weight

ECF ICF
1/3 of the TBW 2/3 of TBW

Plasma Interstitial space


25% OF ECF 75% OF ECF
Electrolyte
composition of Body
Fluids
What is an electrolyte?

•An electrolyte is a substance that when dissolved


in water, gives a solution that can conduct
electricity; this solution is called an Ionic Solution.
Differences between ECF and ICF in a
70 Kg adult male
Differences ECF ICF
Volume 14L 28L
Na+ 142mmol/L 10mmol/L
K+ 4mmol/L 140mmol/L
Ca2+ 2.5mmol/L negligible
Mg2+ o.8 mmol/L 11 mmol/L

CL- 105mmol/L 4mmol\L


HCO3 26mmol/L 10mmol\L
PO4- 1.1mmol/L 31 mmol\L
Protein 1.2mmol/L 4mmol/L

PH 7.4 7.2
Osmolarity 280 - 300mOsm/L 280 - 300mOsm/L
Measurement of the body
fluid compartment
 Can be measured by indicator (dye) dilution
technique.
 A substance e.g dye is injected & allowed to
distribute in the compartment of interest.
 The volume is calculated using the formula:
volume of distribution = Q-e/ C
 (Q) is the quantity of dye injected, (e) is the
amount of dye excreted or metabolized by the body
& (c) is the concentration of dye after equilibration
Characteristics of substances used for
measurement of the body fluid compartments

 Non toxic
 Easily measured.
 Not stored, metabolized, excreted or produced by
the body.
 Distributed only in the compartment being
measured.
 Does not affect water distribution in other
compartment.
Examples of substance used in
measurement
 Total body water:
 Deuterium oxide, tritium oxide & antipyrine
 ECF:
 Saccharides (inulin, manitol, sucrose) , radioactive
electrolytes (sodium & chloride)
 Plasma:
 Radioactive iodine used to label serum (RISA) and
Evans blue dye
Con
 ICF & ISF:
 Measured indirectly as follows:
 ICF = TBW-ECF.
 ISF = ECF- PLASMA.
 E.g in 60 kg adult male calculate: TBW , ICF,
ECF, ISF & PLASMA volumes
OSMOALRITY
 Is the number of osmoles of solute per one liter of
solution.
 If a solute dissociate into ions to form an ideal
solution, each liberated ion is an osmotically active
particle.
 The osmotically active particles can exert osmotic
pressure if they are in contact with another solution
but separated from it by semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis
 Movement of water molecule across the a
semipermeable membrane from a region of low
con.c of solute to a region of high concentration
of solute.
 All cell membranes and capillaries are
semipermeable membranes.
 Osmotic pressure is the pressure to prevent
osmosis.
 Osmolarity of the plasma = 280-300 mosm/l
 Na+ & its anions are responsible for most of this
osmolarity.
 Osmolarity of the ICF = 280-300 mosm/l
 K+ & its anions are responsible for most of this
osmolarity.
tonicity
 Used when describing the osmolarity of a solution
relative to the osmolarity of the plasma.
 So that there are 3 types of solution:
 Isotonic : with osmolarity similar to plasma.
 Hypotonic : with osmolarity lower than plasma.
 Hypertonic: with osmolarity higher than plasma.
Effect of different types of
solutions on cells
Fluid exchange
 Fluid exchange between ICF & ECF occur by
osmosis.
 Whereas between plasma & interstitium occur by
starlings forces.
Solute and Fluid Exchange Across
Capillaries
 There are 2 main forces that control fluid
exchange at the capillaries which include:
 Capillary hydrostatic pressure:
 Pressure acting on the lateral wall of the blood
vessel.
 For filtration (from plasma to ISF)
 35 mmHg at the arteriolar end of capillaries.
 15 mmHg at the veniolar end of capillaries.
CON
 Capillary oncotic pressure:
 Is the osmotic pressure of the plasma proteins.
 Exerted mainly by albumin.
 For absorption (from ISF to plasma).
 25mmHg through out the capillaries because the
proteins are not filtered
con

 The net pressure (HP-OP):


 At the arteriolar end = 35-25 = +10mmHg
(filtration).
 At the veniolar end= 15-25 = -10 (absorption)
FORCES OF FLUID EXCHANGE
con

 Plasma is filtered at the arteriolar end to the


inerstitum carrying nutrient to the surrounding
cells & then absorbed back at the veniolar end
carrying waste products.
 90% of fluid filtered is absorbed at the veniolar
end the remaining 10% is absorbed by the
lymphatic vessels.
 Disturbance of this balance result in accumulation
of fluid interstitium causing edema.
Edema

 Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial


space.
Mechanisms:
 ↑ capillary HP:
 CAUSED BY :
 Heart failure, result in generalized edema
 Venous obstruction, result in localized edema
con

 ↓ oncotic pressure :
 CAUSED BY :
 Malnutrition, result in generalized edema.
 Malabsorption , result in generalized edema.
 Chronic liver disease, result in generalized edema
Con

 Lmyphatic obstruction:
 CAUSED BY:
 Filaria worms, result in localized edema
(elephantiasis).
 Surgical removal of lymph nodes, result in localized
edema.
con

 ↑ permeability of capillaries:
 CAUSED BY :
 Inflammation, result in localized edema.
 Burns, result in localized edema.
 Allergy: involves release of histamine which ↑
permeability & result in generalized or localized
edema.
Types of edema

 Pitting edema :
 In which firm pressure by the thumb leaves a mark
on the skin.
 Non pitting edema:
 In which firm pressure by the thumb does not
leaves a mark on the skin.
Water balance

 To maintain constant water content of the body,


water loss should always = water intake
 Abnormalities of this balance between water intake
& output can cause disturbances in volume &
osmolarity of body fluid compartment.
Water balance
 Input = output
normal daily water intake :
 Drinking 1.3L/day
 Solid Food 0.9L/day
 Metabolism 0.3L/day
The average water intake is about 2.5L/day
normal daily water output:
 Urine 1.5 L/day
 Stool 0.1L/day
 Sweat &Insensible perspiration (skin ,lung) 0.9L/day
the average water loss is about 2.5L/day
Con
 The above values vary greatly in different physiological
& pathological conditions.
 Examples of physiological conditions:
 Type of work: heavy work ↑ sweating.
 Exercise: strenuous exercise ↑ sweating & causes
hyperventilation which ↑ insensible water loss in
expired air.
 Degree of water intake: high intake ↑ the urine volume
and vice versa.
 Variation in body temperature & environmental
temperature.
Con
 Examples of pathological conditions:
 Abnormal water intake through:
 ↑ metabolism (fever & hyperthyroidism).
 ↑ drinking (psychologic polydypsia).
 Excess intravenous fluids (fluid overload)
 Abnormal water loss through:
 diarrhea.
 Polyuria (diabetes mellitus).
 Excessive sweating (heat exhaustion).

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