4A Lesson Worksheet 2.0 (Refer to Book 4A P.2.

3)

Objective: To review the distance f rmula, the slope of a straight line, parallel lines, perpendicular lines
and point of division.

Distance Formula
(a) AB = ( x2 − x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 − y1 ) 2

Slope of a Straight Line

y − y1
(b) Slope m of L = 2 (where x1 ≠ x2)
x2 − x1
(c) m = tan θ (θ is called the inclination of L.)

In each of the following, find the distance between the points A and B. [Nos. 1–4]  Review Ex: 1
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
1. A(0 , 2), B(4 , 5) 2. A(3 , 2), B(8 , 14)
AB = [( 4 )−( O )]2 + [( 5 )−( I )]2 AB = ( 3 -
g )2 + ( 2 -
14 )2
= 5 = 13

3. A(2 , –1), B(3 , 3) 4. A(1 , –5), B(–4 , –7)

AB
=

( -
1 -
3) AB =
(1 4)2 C 5 7) + + -
+

-X6 -
25 + 4

IM -
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In each of the following, find the slope m and the inclination θ of the straight line passing through the
points P and Q. [Nos. 5–6]
(Give the answers correct to 3 significant figures if necessary.)
5. P(2 , 1), Q(4 , 3) 6. P(1 , 0), Q(4 , 1)  Review Ex: 2–4
( 3 )−( I )
+
2 I -
O
m= = -

2
= ! m= - =

( 4 )−( 2 ) 4 -

1
1

tan θ = ( I ) tan θ = ( )
θ= 45 θ= 18 4 .

, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

Parallel Lines and Perpendicular Lines

(a) (i) If ℓ1 // ℓ 2 , then m1 = m2. (b) (i) If ℓ1 ⊥ ℓ 2 , then m1 × m2 = –1.
(ii) If m1 = m2, then ℓ1 // ℓ 2 . (ii) If m1 × m2 = –1, then ℓ1 ⊥ ℓ 2 .

7. Four points A(0 , 2), B(2 , 0), C(9 , –3) and D(3 , 3) are given. Determine whether

28
 (a) AB is parallel to CD, (b) AD is perpendicular to CD.  Review Ex: 5

toe
( 8 )−( 2 )
Slope of AB = =( -

I ) Slope of AD =
( )−( O )
,
( 9 )−( )
Slope of CD = =( -

I ) Slope of CD = G
-
= =
( 3)−( 3 ) -1
-
-

-
6
Slope of AB (O
= / ≠ ) slope of CD
Is not
AB ( o
is / is not ) parallel to CD. perpendicular

Point of Division
(a) Mid-point Formula  (b) Section Formula
x +x sx + rx2
x= 1 2 x= 1
2 r+s
y1 + y2 sy1 + ry2
y= y=
2 r+s

In each of the following, find the coordinates of the mid-point P of the line segment AB. [Nos. 8–9]
8. A(13 , 6), B(3 , 4) 9. A(7 , –2), B(–3 , 10)  Review Ex: 6
 ( 13 ) + ( 3 ) ( )+( )
:
G 4
P = , 
 2 2  P
=( 8 , 5 )
=
(2 , 4)
In each of the following, find the coordinates of the point P which divides the line segment AB in the given
ratio. [Nos. 10–11]  Review Ex: 7
10. A(1 , –4), B(5 , 8), AP : PB = 3 : 1 11. A(4 , 12), B(–3 , –2), AP : PB = 2 : 5
 1( ) + 3( ) 1( ) + 3( )
P = , 
 3 +1 3 +1 
=( , )

Level Up Question
12. (a) Find the slope of the straight line L passing through the points P(2 , 3) and Q(3 , 6).
(b) The inclination of a straight line L1 is 60°. Is L1 parallel to L? Explain your answer.

29
4A Lesson Worksheet 2.1A & B (Refer to Book 4A P.2.6)

Objective: To find the equation of a straight line passing through two points.

Review: Slope of a Straight Line

In each of the following, find the slope of the straight line passing through P and Q. [Nos. 1–2]
1. P(0 , 0), Q(3 , 2) 2. P(1 , 6), Q(2 , 4)
( )−0 ( )−( )
Slope of PQ = = Slope of PQ = =
( )−0 ( )−( )

General Form of the Equation of a Straight Line

Ax + By + C = 0, where A, B and C are constants with A and B not both zero.

Express each of the following equations of straight lines in the general form. [Nos. 3–6]
3. y + 1 = −5x 4. y = 2(x + 3)
( )x + y + ( )=( ) y=( )x + ( )
( )x − y + ( )=( )

y −3
5. 2(y − 1) = 5(1 − x) 6. =2
x+2
( )y − ( )=( )−( )x ( )=( )x + ( )
=  Order of terms: =
x, y, constant

Two-point Form
The equation of the straight line passing through A(x1 , y1)
and
B(x2 , y2) is given by:
y − y1 y − y1
= 2 (where x1 ≠ x2)
x − x1 x2 − x1

In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line L in the two-point form. [Nos. 7–8]
7. y L 8. L y
x
A(1 , 4) A(–3 , 0) O
B(–1 , 1)
B(3 , –6)
x
O
y−( ) ( )−( ) y−( ) ( )−( )
= =
x−( ) ( )−( ) x−( ) ( )−( )

30
Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1
Find the equation of the straight line passing Find the equation of the straight line passing
through the points (0 , 2) and (4 , 1). through the points (3 , 5) and (1 , –1).
The required equation is y The required equation is y
y−2 1− 2 y−( ) ( )
= (0 , 2) = (3 , 5)
x−0 4−0 x−( ) ( )
y−2 1 (4 , 1)
=– ( )
=( ) x
x 4 x ( ) O (1 , –1)
O
4y – 8 = –x ( )=( )
x + 4y – 8 = 0 Express the answer in the general form. =

In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through A and B. [Nos. 9–10]
9. A(2 , 3), B(0 , 4) 10. A(1 , –2), B(5 , 6) Ex 2A: 3, 4

11. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through (–1 , 4) and (3 , 8).
(b) Does P(2 , 7) lie on L? Explain your answer. Ex 2A: 13

Level Up Question
12. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through (–2 , 1) and (2 , 5).
(b) If (1 , k) lies on L, find the value of k.

31
4A Lesson Worksheet 2!!1C (Refer to Book 4A P.2.9)

Objective: To find the equation of a straight line from a given slope and the coordinates of a point on it.

Point-slope Form
The equation of the straight line with slope m and passing
through A(x1 , y1) is given by:
y – y1 = m(x – x1)

In each of the following, write down the equation of the straight line ℓ in the point-slope form. [Nos. 1–3]
1. 2. 3. y
y y
ℓ ℓ
1
slope = ℓ (1 , 3)
slope = 2 2
x
(0 , 1) 0 3
45° x
x O
O

The equation of ℓ is ℓ passes through (3 , ). Slope of ℓ = tan ( )

y – 1 = 2( – ) The equation of ℓ is =
y–( )= The equation of ℓ is

______________________

Instant Example 1 Instant Practice 1

Find the equation of the straight line passing Find the equation of the straight line passing
through (1 , 1) and with slope 3. through (5 , 2) and with slope –4.
The required equation is The required equation is
y – 1 = 3(x – 1) y – ___ = _________
y – 1 = 3x – 3 =
3x – y – 2 = 0  Express the answer in the general
form.

In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through the point P and with slope m.
[Nos. 4–5]
1
4. P(3 , 2), m = –2 5. P(–3 , 1), m = Ex 2A: 7, 8
3
The required equation is
y– = ( – )
=

32
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line L1. [Nos. 6–9]
6. y 7. y Ex 2A: 10, 11
L1 L2: slope = –1
L1
(2 , 3)
(–5 , 1)
x
O
x
O
L2: slope = –2
L1 ( // / ⊥ ) L2
Slope of L1 ( = / × ) slope of L2 =
The equation of L1 is
y– = ( – )
=

8. y 9. y
L1
L2 L1 (–4 , 3)
(2 , 7)
(3 , 8)

45° x
(1 , 2) O
x First find the L2
O
slope of L2.

Level Up Question
10. (a) Find the equation of the straight line L passing through P(2 , –3) and with slope –2.
(b) ℓ is another straight line passing through P and perpendicular to L. Find the equation of ℓ .

33
New Century Mathematics (Second Edition) 4A

2 Equations of Straight Lines

Consolidation Exercise 2A

Level 1
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line which passes through the points A and B.
[Nos. 1–5]
1. (a) y (b) y

A(−2 , 1) O
B(5 , 4) x

A(1 , 2)
x B(4 , −3)
O

2. (a) A(–1 , 1), B(2 , 3) (b) A(3 , –2), B(–2 , –1)

3. (a) A(5 , 7), B(–4 , –5) (b) A(–1 , 5), B(3 , –7)

4. (a) A(–3 , 1), B(1 , 3) (b) A(2 , –7), B(–2 , 1)

5. (a) A(10 , 7), B(–8 , –2) (b) A(–8 , –1), B(5 , –4)

In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line passing through the point P and with slope m.
[Nos. 6–10]
6. (a) y (b) y
P(4 , 3)
P(−1 , 2)

m=2 m = −3
x x
O O

1 1
7. (a) P(3 , 2), m = (b) P(2 , 0), m = −
3 2
2 2
8. (a) P(–2 , –3), m = (b) P(4 , –6), m = −
3 5
1 4
9. (a) P(–1 , –3), m = (b) P(–4 , 7), m = −
2 3
 1 1  1  3
10. (a) P 1 ,  , m = − (b) P  − , − 2  , m =
 2 4  3  5

34
In each of the following, find the equation of the straight line ℓ . [Nos. 11–12]
(Leave the radical sign ‘ ’ in the answers if necessary.)
11. (a) y ℓ (b) y
30° x ℓ
0 120°

−2
x
0
−5
−
12. (a) y (b) y
ℓ
x 45° ℓ
0
135° 3

−3 x
0

In each of the following, the straight lines ℓ and L are parallel to each other. Find the equation of ℓ .
[Nos. 13–15]
13. (a) ℓ passes through (3 , 1) and the slope of L is 1.
(b) ℓ passes through (–1 , 5) and the slope of L is –2.

14. (a) ℓ passes through (–6 , –3) and the slope of L is 2.

(b) ℓ passes through (0 , 0) and the slope of L is –4.

1
15. (a) ℓ passes through (4 , –1) and the slope of L is − .
3
2
(b) ℓ passes through (7 , 5) and the slope of L is .
3

In each of the following, the straight lines ℓ and L are perpendicular to each other. Find the equation of ℓ .
[Nos. 16–18]
16. (a) ℓ passes through (–1 , 2) and the slope of L is 2.
(b) ℓ passes through (6 , 0) and the slope of L is –1.

1
17. (a) ℓ passes through (2 , –4) and the slope of L is .
3
(b) ℓ passes through (7 , 4) and the slope of L is –3.

1
18. (a) ℓ passes through (–3 , –4) and the slope of L is − .
3
2
(b) ℓ passes through (1 , 8) and the slope of L is .
5
35
Level 2
19. In the figure, the straight line L passes through (4 , 1) and (1 , –4). y
(a) Find the equation of L. L
(b) Determine whether P(–2 , –8) lies on L. Explain your answer. (4 , 1)
x
O

(1 , –4)

20. The straight line L passes through (5 , 3) and (–4 , −2).

(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If L cuts the x-axis at (p , 0), find the value of p.

21. The straight line L passes through (2 , −2) and (−2 , 4).
(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If P(a , 7) lies on L, find the value of a.

22. The straight line L with slope 3 passes through (1 , 2).

(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) Does L pass through Q(−1 , –4)? Explain your answer.

2
23. The straight line L with slope − passes through (−3 , −2).
3
(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If L cuts the y-axis at (0 , q), find the value of q.

5
24. The straight line L with slope passes through (2 , −1).
2
(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If Q(6 , b) lies on L, find the value of b.

25. R(a , −4) lies on the straight line L1: 5x + 8y − 3 = 0.

(a) Find the value of a.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line L2 passing through R and S(1 , −1).

26. S(−5 , b) lies on the straight line L1: x − 4y + 9 = 0.

(a) Find the value of b.
(b) Find the equation of the straight line L2 passing through S and with slope 4.

36
27. In the figure, the coordinates of the point A are (−3 , 2). A is translated y
upward by 3 units to the point B. Then B is translated to the left by
4 units to the point C. The straight line L passes through A and C.
A(–3 , 2)
(a) Write down the coordinates of B and C.
(b) Find the equation of L. x
O

28. A(5 , 7) is reflected in the x-axis to the point B. C(−3 , 1) is reflected in the y-axis to the point D.
The straight line L passes through B and D.
(a) Write down the coordinates of B and D.
(b) Find the equation of L.

29. A(−5 , −4) is reflected in the y-axis to the point B. Find the equation of the straight line L with slope
3
− and passing through B.
5

30. In the figure, the coordinates of the point P are (−5 , −6). P is rotated y
anticlockwise about the origin O through 90° to the point Q. Find the
1
equation of the straight line L with slope and passing through Q.
6
x
O

P(–5 , –6)

31. A(4 , −5) is rotated anticlockwise about the origin O through 180° to the point B. The straight line L
with slope −5 passes through B.
(a) Find the equation of L.
(b) If L cuts the x-axis at (p , 0), find the value of p.

32. A(k , −6) lies on the straight line L1: x – 2y – 14 = 0.

(a) Find the value of k.
(b) A is rotated anticlockwise about the origin O through 270° to the point B. Find the equation of the
straight line L passing through B and C(6 , −8).

33. In the figure, the straight line L1 cuts the x-axis and the y-axis at (−4 , y
L2
0) and (0 , −5) respectively. The straight line L2 passes through (1 ,
L1
−2).
(a) Find the slope of L1. O
x
(–4 , 0) (1 , –2)
(b) If L2 // L1, find the equation of L2.

(0 , –5)

37
 34. In the figure, the straight line L1 passes through (−4 , 2) and cuts the y
L1
y-axis at (0 , 8). The straight line L2 cuts the x-axis at (4 , 0). (0 , 8)

(a) Find the slope of L1.

L2
(b) Find the equation of L1.
(c) If L2 L1, find the equation of L2.
(–4 , 2)
x
O (4 , 0)

35. The straight line L1 with slope m passes through A(3 , −2m) and B(1 , −6).
(a) Find the value of m.
(b) L2 is a straight line passing through C(−2 , 7). If L2 // L1, find the equation of L2.

36. The straight line L1 with slope –1 passes through A(−7 , −1) and B(k , k).
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) If the straight line L2 passes through B and L2 L1, find the equation of L2.

37. In the figure, M is the mid-point of the line segment joining A(5 , 6) y

and B(−7 , 0). A(5 , 6)

(a) Find the coordinates of M.
M
(b) Find the slope of AB.
(c) The straight line L is the perpendicular bisector of AB. Find the
x
equation of L. B(–7 , 0) O

38. In the figure, A(3 , 5), B(−8 , 4) and C(5 , −3) are the vertices of y
A(3 , 5)
ABC. BM is a median of ABC. B(–8 , 4)

(a) Find the coordinates of M.

(b) Find the equation of BM. M
x
 (c) Find the coordinates of the centroid G of ABC. O

[Hint: If BM is a median of ABC, then BG : GM = 2 : 1.] C(5 , –3)

 39. A(5 , 4), B(–9 , 2) and C(3 , –7) are the vertices of ABC. D is a point on BC such that BD : DC = 2 : 1.
(a) Find the coordinates of D.
(b) Is AD an altitude of ABC? Explain your answer.
(c) Find the equation of AD.

 40. In the figure, A(10 , 2) and B(–6 , 4) are two vertices of ABC. The y
coordinates of the orthocentre H of ABC are (–5 , 2). B(–6 , 4)
H A(10 , 2)
(a) Find the equation of AC.
(b) Find the coordinates of C. x
O
(c) Find the area of ABC.

C
38