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s
r
t
Al
argest
eel
str
uct
uref
it
tedov
erahat
chopeni
ngt
opr
eventt
hei
ngr
essof
wat
eri
ntot
hecar
gohol
dwhosemai
npur
posei
stocar
ryt
hecar
gosaf
ely
wi
thoutanydamages.

Ty
pesofhat
chcov
ers

 Li
ft
ingt
ype

 Fol
dingt
ype
 Si
desl
i
dingt
ype
  St
acki
ngcov
ert
ype

Engi
ner
oom sky
li
ghtandi
tsi
mpor
tance
Asky
li
ghti
sanopeni
ngi
ntheengi
ner
oom’
stopmostpl
atf
orms’
rooff
or
t
ransmi
tt
ingt
henat
ural
sunl
i
ghti
ntot
heengi
ner
oom andt
obr
ingt
he
st
oresandspar
esi
ntot
heengi
ner
oom usi
ngl
i
fti
ngequi
pment
s.

Pur
poseofWat
ert
ightdoor
sandcov
ersatv
ari
ousl
ocat
ions
Wat
ert
ightdoor
sar
edesi
gnedt
opr
eventwat
eri
ngr
essf
rom bot
hsi
des,
t
her
ebyensur
ingt
hatwat
ert
ighti
ntegr
it
yoft
henei
ghbor
ingcompar
tment
oft
heshi
pisnotl
ost
.Wat
ert
ightdoor
sar
elocat
edbel
owdeckl
evel
and
ar
edesi
gnedt
oopenandcl
oseupwar
dsorsi
dewar
d(usual
l
ybyaut
omat
ic
means)

Gi
veanaccountofmoni
tor
ingandcont
rol
ofcar
go-
wor
kfr
om CCR.
Chi
efOf
fi
ceri
stheov
eral
lper
soni
n-char
geoft
hecar
gomoni
tor
ingand
cont
rol
.Heshoul
dbeabl
etomoni
tort
heamountofcar
got
akenonshi
por
t
heamountofcar
godi
schar
gedf
rom shi
psot
hathecanmakesur
ethe
shi
p’
sst
abi
l
ityandt
hest
ressl
evel
sar
ewi
thi
nli
mit
[Link]
gocont
rol
room i
s
t
hepl
acef
rom wher
ehecanmoni
tort
hecar
gooper
ati
onsand
bal
l
ast
ing/
de-
bal
l
ast
ingoper
ati
onsatt
hesamet
[Link]
tfr
om t
he
cont
rol
panel
spr
esenti
nCCR,
secondof
fi
cerandt
hir
dof
fi
cer
sar
ehi
s
ey
esandear
sdur
ingcar
gooper
ati
on.

Bowdoor
Awat
ert
ightpar
toft
heshi
pfor
ebodyt
hatcanbeopenedt
opr
ovi
decl
ear
accesst
othebowr
[Link]
sar
eusedonr
o-r
ofer
ri
est
oenabl
e
handl
i
ngoff
rei
ghtondr
ive-
thr
oughbasi
s;v
ehi
cl
esent
erov
ert
hest
ern
r
ampandl
eav
ethr
oughbowr
amp,
thusspeedi
ngupt
urnar
oundt
ime.

Pur
poseofcar
gohol
dsbi
l
gesandst
rum-
boxes
Theessent
ial
pur
poseofacar
gohol
dbi
l
gesi
stocl
earwat
erf
rom t
he
shi
p'
scar
gocompar
tment
sdur
ingcar
gohol
dcl
eani
ngandf
orcl
ear
ing
wat
erwhi
chaccumul
atesi
ncar
gospace ast
her
esul
tofl
eakageor
sweat
ingofcar
goorduet
ocondensat
ion.
Str
um boxespur pose
Thestrainert
hatfi
tsoverthei
ntakeendoft
hebil
gepumpi [Link]
actual
l
ybei ntheform ofametalboxwit
hperf
orat
edwalls,butwhatev
eri
ts
shape,it
spurposeistokeepblocki
ngsubst
ancesoutofbilgepump.

Soundi
ngandUl
l
age
Soundi
ngi
sthemeasur
edhei
ghtoft
hef
lui
dfr
om t
hesur
faceoft
hef
lui
dto
t
hebot
tom oft
het
ank.
Ul
l
agei
sthev
oidspacei
nthet
ankmeasur
edf
rom t
het
opoft
het
ankt
o
t
heuppersur
faceoft
hef
lui
d.
Howsoundi
ngandul
l
agesar
ear
eusedf
orassessi
ngquant
it
yint
anks?
Everyshiphasgotanappr ovedsounding/ull
agetablebookdescri
bingthev ol
umet
ri
c
contentoft hetankatagivendept hofsoundingorull
ageaccordi
ngt ot
het he
construct
ion, capaci
tyofeachtanksonshi [Link]
ng/ul
lagetableiscompil
edto
showt hev olumetri
cquantit
yoffluidatvari
oustri
msandl i
stfort
heparticul
ar
sounding/ullagedepthincm.

[Link]
ingbysoundi
ngt
het
ank

I
nthismethod,thesoundi
ngtapeisinsert
edinthesoundi
ngpipeandbobisloweredti
ll
i
ttouchesthebott
om ofthetanki.
[Link] pl
ate(
checkf
igure)
.Thetapewil
l
measurethecompletedept
hoft heli
quidwhichwil
lbecomparedtothesoundi
ngv al
ue
i
nthesoundingtabl
e.

Fore.
[Link]
oll
edinsi
dethetankt
il
lthebobtouchest
hetankbot
tom.I
fthetape
measure1000cm –checktheli
stort
ri
m oftheshipandadj
ustthevol
umetr
icv
alue
fort
hesoundi
ngdepthof1000cm.
[Link]
ingbycal
cul
ati
ngt
heUl
l
ageoft
het
ank

Whenmeasur i
ngbyul lagemethod,thesoundingtapeisinsertedonlytil
lthebob/tape
touchessomepar tofthef l
uidt
opsur f
[Link]
eadofmeasur ingt hewholedepthoft he
tank,onl
yt hefreespace( fr
om thet
opofsoundi ngpipetoliquidsurface)ismeasured
(CheckFigure).Thismet hodisconvenienti
fthefl
uidinthetanki satahigherlevel
.In
heavyoiltanksandv iscousflui
ds,t
hismet hoddoesnotspoi lt
hewhol esoundingtape
andav oi
dsaf alsereading.

Fore.g.I
fthesoundi
ngtapei
sl ower
edti
ll500cm andthet
apemeasur
esoil
inthetape
[Link] otal
depthofthesoundi
[Link]
heull
ageis:500cm
-100cm=400cm, andsoundi
ngv al
uecanbecalculat
edas

1600–500+100=1200cm.

Nor
mall
yull
agevaluesareal
soprovi
dedi
nthesoundi
ngt
abl
ewi
thr
efer
encet
othet
ri
m
oft
heshi
ptogetthev ol
umetr
iccont
enti
nthet
ank.
Wi
thr
espectt
oahy
draul
i
cal
l
yoper
atedhat
chcov
erwhatar
ecl
eat
s,
r
eci
rcul
ati
onv
alv
e,anddustcov
er.
Cl
eat
s
Cl
eat
spr
eventexcessi
vemov
ementoft
hehat
chcov
erasashi
pbendsand
f
lexesi
naseaway
.Theyal
l
owl
i
mit
edmov
ementt
oensur
ecor
rectcont
act
bet
weent
hecov
erandi
tscoami
ng,
prev
ent
inghat
chcov
erdamage.
Reci
rcul
ati
onv
alv
e
Whent
heshi
pisi
ncol
derr
egi
ons,
theoi
loft
hehy
draul
i
cal
l
yoper
ated
hat
chcov
erwi
l
lbecomet
hickmaki
ngt
hesy
stem i
noper
abl
[Link]
ng
t
her
eci
rcul
ati
onv
alv
eopenandkeepi
ngt
hepumpi
noper
ati
ont
heoi
lwi
l
l
bei
nci
rcul
ati
onwi
thoutget
ti
ngcol
dsowhenr
equi
redt
hehat
chcov
ercan
beoper
atedi
mmedi
atel
ybycl
osi
ngt
her
eci
rcul
ati
onv
alv
e.

Dustcov
er
Whenwecar
rydi
rt
ycar
go,
ouroi
lcool
erwi
l
lgetdi
rt
yont
heout
sidewhi
ch
makesheatt
ransf
eref
fi
ciencyt
[Link]
hist
heoi
ldoesnot
getcool
edpr
oper
lyl
eadi
ngt
ohi
ghoi
ltemper
atur
etr
[Link]
oidt
hedustt
o
getdeposi
tedont
heoi
lcool
erwehav
eadustcov
ert
opr
otectt
heoi
l
cool
erf
rom get
ti
ngdi
rt
ybecauseoft
hedi
rt
ycar
go.
Pr
ecaut
ionst
otakeonhat
chcov
erbef
oreandaf
tercar
gol
oadi
ng
Bef
orel
oadi
ng
-
All
thecl
eat
sandanyot
herl
ocki
ngar
rangement
shav
etober
emov
ed.
-
Tomakesur
ether
eisnoper
sonnear
by.
-
Tocheckt
her
eisnoobst
acl
esf
ort
hehat
chcov
erwhi
l
eopeni
ng.
-
Tochecki
fther
eisanyunduest
ress,
bendi
ngf
orceandt
oomuchl
i
st
/
tri
m bef
oreopeni
ngt
hehat
chcov
erf
orl
oadi
ngt
hecar
go.
Af
terl
oadi
ng
-
Tocl
eant
hecar
gof
rom t
hehat
chsot
hatt
heseal
i
ngofhat
chcov
ersand
t
hehat
chi
sper
fectf
itwi
thoutal
l
owi
ngf
oranyl
eakages.
-
Cleat
stobeputi
npl
acet
opr
eventt
hehat
chcov
erf
rom mov
ingduet
o
mov
ementoft
heshi
p.

Col
dweat
herpr
ecaut
ionst
otakef
orhat
chhy
draul
i
csy
stems
-
Tokeept
her
eci
rcul
ati
onv
alv
eopenandt
okeept
hepumpr
unni
ngsot
hat
t
heoi
li
sinl
i
qui
dst
agewi
tht
her
equi
redv
iscosi
tyf
ort
hesy
stem t
o
f
unct
ionef
fi
cient
ly.
-
Tokeept
heel
ect
ri
cheat
erONf
ort
hehat
chhy
draul
i
csy
stem
-
Tokeept
hehat
chcov
ermachi
ner
yroom heat
erON
-
Tokeept
headdi
ti
onal
heat
ersi
nthehat
chcov
ermachi
ner
yroom i
f
needed.
-
Toaddant
i-
fr
eezechemi
cal
fort
hehat
chcov
ermachi
ner
yoi
l
.

Adv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesf
orsi
der
oll
i
ngandendr
oll
i
nghat
chcov
ers.
Adv
ant
agesofsi
der
oll
i
nghat
chcov
er
-
Syst
em i
sver
ysi
mpl
e
-
Easyt
omai
ntai
n
Di
sadv
ant
agesofsi
der
oll
i
nghat
chcov
er
-
Occupi
esl
otsofspace
-
Ifl
ubr
icat
ioni
snotdonepr
oper
lyt
heni
twi
l
lleadt
ounexpect
ed
br
eakdownsanddownt
ime.
Adv
ant
agesofendr
oll
i
nghat
chcov
ers
-
Occupi
esl
essspace
-
Notmuchofmai
ntenancer
equi
red
Di
sadv
ant
agesofendr
oll
i
nghat
chcov
ers
-
Compl
exsy
stem
-
Rol
l
ersi
fnotl
ubr
icat
edpr
oper
lyt
henwhi
l
eopeni
ngt
hel
oadwi
l
lfal
lont
he
hy
draul
i
cram seal
sleadi
ngt
oleaks
-
Mai
ntenanceneedsmor
emanpowerandt
imeconsumi
ng
Sket
cht
hemet
hodofsecur
ingwat
ert
ightdoor
sonacar
goshi
p

Thewat
ert
ightdoor
sar
esecur
edbygear
s,r
ail
i
ngsandspr
ings.
Howlar
gebor
eball
astsy
stem val
vesar
eoper
atedusi
nghy
draul
i
cson
shi
psusi
ngahydr
auli
cci
rcui
t?
Explai
nindet
ailwi
thsketches,t
he car
gohol
dvent
il
ati
onandsaf
e
car
ri
ageofcargoinshi
p’sholds.

Nat
ural
vent
il
ati
on

For
cedv
ent
il
ati
on
Hand wheel
toopenand

Below
deck
Mostcargoesar el
oadedincargoholdswhicharecl
osedbefore
proceedi
ngt oseatopreventanyext
ernalel
ementsl
ikebadweather
,water
,
heat,col
dfrom aff
ecti
ngthecargoinsi
[Link]
ong,
keepingthehatchtot
all
yclosedcancausevari
ousprobl
emssuchas:

[Link] er i
orationofcar goduet oshi p/cargosweat
[Link] godamageduet oheat i
ngofcar go
[Link] dsposedduet opr esenceofadanger ousgasesi nthehold
emi tt
edbycar go( Toxici
ty,flammabi l
ityetc)
[Link] erat
edcor r
osionoft heshi p'
sstructure
Themai nobject iv
eofmer chantshi ppi
ngi stocar r
ycargosafel
yf r
om one
placetoanot [Link] pandhencet heshi pownerisliabl
eiftherei
sany
damaget ocar [Link] oushouldknowhowbest
tov entil
atethecompar tmentt opr eventanydamaget othecargoand
environmentwhi chissaf eforcr ewmember stoenterand/orwork.

Also,ifwedonotv enti
latethecargospacest herewi l
lbeanincreaseinthe
temper at
ureoft hehold,especiall
ywhent heshipissaili
ngf r
om acolderto
awar merr egionast hedeckwhi chisexposedt othesunlightwil
lheatup
andbyconduct i
ont hetemper atur
eoftheai ri
nsidetheholdwi l
lbegi
nt o
ri
[Link] ncreaseintheseawat ertemperaturewill
alsohav ethesame
effectontheshi psi
depl ati
ngandconsequent l
yont heholdtemperatur
e.

"Moi sturedamage"i sthesourceofasignifi

cantnumberofcargoclai
ms,
ofteni nvolv
ingbaggedorbul kagri
cult
uralproduct
[Link]
mantstypi
cal
ly
all
eget hatfai
lurebytheshiptoventi
l
atecor r
ectl
yresult
edi
nthe
dev elopmentofcondensat i
on( "
sweat")
,causingthecargot
odeteri
orate.I
n
ordert osafelycarrythecar
goi nshi
p’shold,shi
pcrewshouldmakesur eto
vent i
lateeffi
cientl
y.
Engi
ner
oom v
ent
il
ati
ononshi
ps

Ventil
ati
onmet hods: Ventil
ati
onistheprovisi
onofasuppl yoffr
esh
untr
[Link] ural
ventil
ati
onoccur swhenchangesin
temperatur
eorai rdensitycausecircul
[Link]
for
cedv ent
il
ationusesf ansf orapositi
vemov ementofl ar
gequantit
iesof
air
.Naturalventi
lat
ionisusedf orsomesmal lworkshopsandstoresbutis
i
mpr acti
calf
orwor kingar easwheremachi neryispresentoranumberof
peopleareempl oyed.

Forcedvent
il
ati
onmaybeusedinmachineryspaceswherethemov
ement
ofairr
emovesmoist
ureoravoi
dscondensati
on,removesodour
sorgases,
etc.

Themachineryspacepresentsanotherar
eawhichrequi
resvent
il
ati
[Link]
aresul
tofit
slargesi
zeandt hefactthatl
argev
olumesofairare
consumedat r
eatmentplantwouldbeextremel
ycostlyt
orun.

Venti
lati
onisthereforepr ovi
dedinsuffi
cientquant it
iesformachi neryai
r
consumpt i
onandal sot oeffectcooli
[Link] dist
ributi
on
arr
angementi sshowni nFigure
Severalaxi
al-
fl
owf anspr ovideairt
hroughduct ingt othev ari
ouswor ki
ng
pl
[Link] rrisesinthecentreandl eavest hroughopeni ngs,
usuall
[Link] ner
ycontrolroom, asasepar atespace,
maywel lbearrangedf oraircondit
ioni
ngwi thani ndivi
dual unitwhich
dr
awsairt
hrought
runki
ngf
rom t
heout
sideandexhaust
sbackt
othe
at
mospher
e.

Wit
hsket
chexpl
aint
hel
ayoutandwor
kingofhy
draul
i
cal
l
yoper
ated
hat
chcov
er.
Mai
ntenancedoneonhat
chcov
ersandassoci
atedequi
pment
s

Seal
i
ngRubber
s

Seali
ngrubbersaretobeinspectedfordamage, di
stor
ti
on, cracki
ngand
overcompression,whi
chcanr esul
tindeteri
orat
ionofelastici
tyandpoor
seal
[Link]
her ubbersecti
onsarejoi
ned, gapsmaybegin
toappear.I
fthi
soccur si
tistober emediedassoonasi tisdiscover
ed.

Secur
ingDogs

Secur
ingdogsmustalwaysbeusedwhil
ethevesseli
[Link]
bewellmaint
ainedandgr
eased,
andaretobecheckedonar egul
arbasi
s.
Coami
ngDr
ains

Thenon-retur
ndrainfaci
li
ti
esonthehatchcoami ngsmustalwaysbekept
cl
[Link] i
blet
oblockageduringloadi
ng/
dischar
ging
operat
ions,andmustbecheckedandcl earedaft
ercompleti
onofsuch
operat
[Link]
onofthenon-
returnfaci
li
tymustbechecked
fr
equentlytoensureopti
mum operat
ionandpr event
ionofwateri
ngress
duri
ngheav yweather.

Openi
ng/
Closi
ngSy
stems

Themachineryandassociatedequipmentrequi
redfortheopeningand
cl
osi
ngofhat chcovers,
mustbekepti ngoodwor ki
ngor deratallt
imes
andanydefectswhichmayhi ndertheoper
ationandcannotber ecti
fi
ed
i
mmedi at
elybyship'
sOfficersandCrew,mustbenot i
fi
edt otherel
evant
ManagementOf f
iceimmedi atel
y.
Gener al
-
Damaget ocargoiscommonduet odefectswhichdelayedt
heclosi
ngof
[Link]
msf r
om Char
terershavealsobeencommonpl ace
fortimelost,duetoanunacceptablet
imebei ngrequi
redtoopen/cl
ose
hatchesast heresultofopeni
ngandclosingsystemsnotoperati
ng
correctl
y.

Wherehydraulicsystemsar eemploy ed,car

emustbet akent oav oi
d
l
eakageofhy drauli
cf l
uidwhichwoul dcausehazar douscondi ti
onsont he
vessel
'
sdeckandpossi bleinj
urytoshi pandshoreper [Link] ay
s
andresul
tantlossofhi r
ehav ebeencausedt hroughshor eper sonneland
portof
fi
cial
sr efusi
ngt oboardthev esselduetohy draul
icflui
dont he
vessel
'
sdeck.I thasalsobeent hecauseoff inesforpollut
ionwhensuch
fl
uidhasescapedov ert heship'
sside.

Hatchcoversofcar
gohol
daregeneral
lymadef rom li
ghtwei
ghtst
eelor
hi
ghtensil
esteel
.Theyar
efi
ttedoverasteel
baroft heholdwi
tharubber
packi
nginsert
edinbet
weenthem t
oav oi
dwat eringr
ess.

Aproperr
out
inemaint
enancet
obeper
for
medbyqual
i
fiedof
fi
ceronshi
p
whi
chmustincl
udes-

 Exami
nat
ionofhat
chcov
erf
orcor
rosi
on,
cracksandf
ail
ure

 KeepCl
eat
sandr
oll
ersi
noper
ati
onal
condi
ti
onatal
lti
me

 Keepcl
eanhat
chcov
ert
opsandal
ldr
ainagehol
est
obekeptcl
ear

 Lookf
oranybr
okenormi
ssi
nggasketandr
epl
acei
timmedi
atel
y

 Gasketr
ubbert
obeofappr
ovedt
ypebycl
ass

 Gr
easeal
lthemov
ingpar
ts

 Checkf
oranyhy
draul
i
csy
stem l
eakage
  Cal
lsur
vey
oraf
teranymaj
orr
epai
rint
hecov
erandi
tsconcer
ned
par
ts

Const
ruct
ionandwor
kingofav
ert
ical
sli
dingwat
ert
ightdoor

Ci
rcui
tdi
agr
am f
orahy
draul
i
cal
l
yoper
atedhor
izont
alwat
ert
ightdoor
.
Var i
ousalarms,safet
yf eaturesandmet hodofoperati
onoft hewat er
tight
door .
Alarms-
Doornotsecur ed–
Ifthedoorwasnotsecur edatt heendpositi
ons(ei
theropenori nclosed
positi
ons)thenDOORNOTSECUREDal arm wil
[Link] salar
mi s
causedbyt heinter
lockingar r
angement.
Abnor mal–
Iftherei
sanyabnor mal i
tylikepumpf ai
lur
eortheoillevell
owt hen
ABNORMALal arm willbesoundedaf terwhichtheengineeroff
icerin
chargeshouldimmedi atelyat t
endtoitandremovethecauseoft healarm.

Saf etyf eatures-

Thecl osingofwat erti
ghtdoor sshouldbef ail
-safe, whichmeanst hatwhen
ther eisal ossofcont rol powert hedoorshal lcloseaut omat icall
[Link]
door sshoul dalsobeequi ppedwi t
hamechani callockingdev i
ceinor dert o
prev entt hedoorf rom openi ngacci dentall
yinanemer gency .
Asami ni
mum, wat erti
ghtdoor sshoul dhav ethesamef ir
er ati
ngsast he
compar tmentofinst all
ment .
Itshoul dnotbepossi blet or emot el
yopendoor sfrom thecent r
al operating
consol e.
Ifthedoori soperatedf rom ar emot elocati
on, thereshoul dbeanaudi o
andv isual alar
m dur i
ngt hecl osi
ngandopeni ng.
Ther eshoul dbeani ndicat i
onofbot hopenandcl oseont heremot eplace
ofoper [Link] ati
onoft hedoor ,duri
ngapowerf ai
lure,
thedoormustbecl osedwi [Link] -operatedsl i
dingdoor s
shal lbecapabl eofcl osingwi ththeshiplistedt o15degr eesei t
hersi de.
Methodsofoperati
on
-
Hy dr
auli
coperat
ion
-
Manual oper
ati
on
-
Elect
ricmotoroperat
ion

Dr
awandexplaintheci
rcuitofhy
draul
i
call
yoper
atedr
ampsonshi
[Link]
ar
etheconsequencesofleaki
ngramps?-
Assi
gnment