FLUIDS

Prepared by: Engr. Chresia Mae C.

Medalla

CHAPTER 8
 Liquids –takes on the shape of its ❑They will be collectively referred
container. as fluids.

Gas- will expand to fill its container.

Both do not maintain a fixed shape,
they both have the ability to flow.
Density (𝝆) = mass per unit volume
𝒎
𝝆=
𝑽
m=mass of a sample (kg)
V=its volume (𝑚3 )
 Ans: 190 kg
Ex: Mass, given volume and
density. What is the mass of a solid
iron wreaking ball of radius 18 cm?
𝜌 = 7800𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
Specific gravity (SG) = ratio of the
density of the substance to the
density of water at 4℃.
𝝆𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑺𝑮 =
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
m=mass of a sample (kg)
V=its volume (𝑚3 )
Pressure (P) = Force per unit area
(Pa) Note: although force is a vector,
𝑭 Pressure is a scalar.
P= =𝝆𝒈𝒉
𝑨
F= force acting perpendicular to the
surface area, N
A= surface area (𝑚2 )
h=height, pressure head
 Calculating pressure. The two feet
of a 60kg person cover an area of a. 12 x𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
500𝑐𝑚2 . (a) determine the pressure b. 24 x𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
exerted by the two feet on the
ground. (b) if the person stands on
one foot, what will be the pressure
be under that foot?
Pressure at a faucet. The surface of
the water in a storage tank is 30 m
above a water faucet in the kitchen
of a house. Calculate the difference a. 2.9 x𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
in water pressure between the
faucet and the surface of the water
in the tank.
* In this case the head of water is 30
m
 Atmospheric Pressure (𝑷𝑨 ) Gauge Pressure (𝑷𝑮 )
1 atm=1.013 x 105 𝑁/𝑚2 =101.3 kPa
1 bar=1 x105 𝑁/𝑚2 P=𝑷𝑨 + 𝑷𝑮
 ❑ Pascal’s Principle
“if an external pressure is applied to
a confined fluid, the pressure at
every point within the fluid increases
by that amount”.
Measurement of Pressure; Gauges
and the Barometer

Open tube manometer- a U-shaped

tube partially filled with a liquid, usually
mercury or water.
-aneroid barometer, tire gauge
 -instead of 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ, sometimes only
the change in height ∆ℎ is specified
-millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
-or mm of water (mm𝐻2 𝑂)
mmHg= 133 N/𝒎𝟐 = torr
Evangelista Torricelli- a student of
Galileo who invented the barometer.
 Mercury barometer- a modified
kind of mercury manometer with
one end closed. The glass tube is
completely filled with mercury and
then inverted into the bowl of
mercury,
Come to think of it, why does
a large rock that you would
have difficulty lifting off the
ground can often be easily
lifted from the bottom of the
stream
 Bouyancy
and 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1 = 𝜌𝐹 𝑔A(𝒉𝟐 − 𝒉𝟏 )
Archimedes’ = 𝜌𝐹 𝑔A∆𝒉
Principle
= 𝝆𝑭 𝐕 g
= 𝑚𝐹 g
V= volume of the cylinder
𝑚𝐹 g= weight of fluid
*thus the buoyant force on the
cylinder is equal to the weight of
fluid displaced by the cylinder.
 Archimedes Principle- the buoyant
force on an object immersed in a - If the object is placed in a glass or
fluid is equal to the weight of the tub initially filled to the brim with
fluid displaced by the object water, the water that flows over the
Fluid displaced- the volume of fluid top represents the water displaced
equal to the volume of the by the object.
submerged object (the fluid used to
be where the object is)
 Let’s analyze this, Both pails weigh the same.
Consider two identical pails of water
filled to the brim. One pail contains
only water, the other has a piece of
wood floating in it. Which pail has the
greater weight?
 Recovering a submerged statue. A
70-kg ancient statue lies at the
bottom of the sea. Its volume is 3.0
x104 𝑐𝑚3 . HOW much force is needed
to lift it?

𝐹 = 390 𝑁
 SG= 11.3, this corresponds to a
Archimedes: Is the crown gold? density of 11,300 kg/𝑚3 . The
When a crown pf mass 14.7 kg is crown seems to be made of lead.
submerged in water, an accurate
scale reads only 13.4 kg. is the crown
made of gold?
 𝜌𝐹 𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑔 = 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝑔
Fraction of the object
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝜌𝑜
* An object floats on a fluid if its submerged= =
𝑉𝑜 𝜌𝐹
density is less than that of the fluid.
𝑉𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝 = volume of fluid
displaced(volume submerged)
𝑉𝑜 =full volume of the object
Note: if the fluid is water, this
fraction equals the specific gravity of
the object.
 Hydrometer Calibration. a
hydrometer is a simple instrument
used to measure the specific gravity
of a liquid by indicating how deeply Ans: the mark should be placed
the instrument sinks in the liquid. A 22.5 cm from the end.
particular hydrometer consists of a
glass tube, weighted at the bottom,
which is 25 cm long and 2 𝑐𝑚2 in
cross-sectional area, and has a mass
of 45 g. how far from the end should
the 1 mark be placed?
❑ Air is a fluid, and it too exerts a
buoyant force.
❑ Because the density of air is so
small, the effect for ordinary solids
is slight.
❑ Except, Helium filled balloons ,
because the 𝜌ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑢𝑚 is less than
the 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓
 Helium balloon. what volume V V= 162.02𝑚3
helium is needed if a balloon is to lift
a load of 180 kg (including the weight
of the empty balloon)?
Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the ❑ Laminar flow (streamline) – flow
Equation of Continuity. is smooth, neighboring layers of
fluid slide by each other
smoothly.
Fluid dynamics- fluid in motion
*laminar- in layers
Hydrodynamics- if the fluid is water.
❑ Turbulent Flow- erratic, small,
whirlpool-like circles called eddy
currents or eddies.
Laminar Flow vs. Turbulent

❑ Laminar flow- usually happens

at lower speeds or with thicker
(more viscous) fluids
❑ Turbulent Flow- water in a fast-
flowing river with rocks, or
smoke from a chimney
-higher speeds, noisy,
unpredictable, and highly mixed.
Feature Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
Path of fluid Straight, parallelRandom,
particles crossing, swirling
Mixing Little or none Lots of mixing,
swirling
Appearance Smooth, glassy Choppy, noisy,
swirling
Speed/ Velocity Low High
Typical places Slow-mixing Rivers, exhaust,
seen water, oil in pipes rough pipes
Reynolds number <2000 >3000
 ❑ Steady laminar flow of a fluid
through an enclosed tube or
pipe.
-determine how the speed of the
fluid changes when the size of the
tube changes.
Mass flow rate- mass ∆𝑚 of fluid
that passes a given point per unit
time (∆𝑡)
∆𝑚
Mass flow rate=
∆𝑡
 ∆𝑚 𝜌1 ∆𝑉1 𝜌1 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1
= = = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
∆𝑉1 = 𝐴1 ∆𝑙1 = vol. of the mass ∆𝑚
𝜌1 = fluid density
The flow rate through 𝐴1 &
𝐴2 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙.
∆𝑚1 ∆𝑚2
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2 (eq. of
continuity)
 𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐 (equation of
continuity, 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
- This formula tells us that where the
cross sectional area is large, the
velocity is small, and where the area
is small, the velocity is large.
𝐵𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 flow. In humans, blood flows from the heart into
the aorta, from which it passes into the major arteries.
These branch into the small arteries (arterioles), which
in turn branch into myriads of tiny capillaries. The blood
returns to the heart via the veins. The radius of the
aorta is about 1.2 cm, and the blood passing through it
has a speed of about 40 cm/s. a typical capillary has a
radius of about 4 x10−4 𝑐𝑚, and the blood flows
through it at a speed of about 5 x 10−4 𝑚/𝑠. Estimate
the number of the capillaries in the body.
 𝐴𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒂𝒄𝒉.
- the density of the blood doesn’t vary significantly
from the aorta to the capillaries.
- The total area of all the capillaries is given by the
area of one capillary multiplied by the total number
of capillaries.
𝐵𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒅 flow. In humans, blood flows from the heart into
the aorta, from which it passes into the major arteries.
These branch into the small arteries (arterioles), which
in turn branch into myriads of tiny capillaries. The blood
returns to the heart via the veins. The radius of the
aorta is about 1.2 cm, and the blood passing through it
has a speed of about 40 cm/s. a typical capillary has a
radius of about 4 x10−4 𝑐𝑚, and the blood flows
through it at a speed of about 5 x 10−4 𝑚/𝑠. Estimate
the number of the capillaries in the body.

Ans: N= 7.2 x109

 Ans: A=0.11𝑚2
𝐻𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 duct to a room. What area must a heating
duct have if air moving 3 m/s along it can replenish the
air every 15 minutes in a room of volume 300 𝑚3 ?
Assume the air’s density remains constant.
 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢′ 𝐬 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
“where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low,
and where the velocity is low, the pressure is high”
-assuming that the flow is steady and laminar, the fluid
is incompressible, viscosity is small
 𝐁𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐢′ 𝐬 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
P𝟏 + 𝝆𝒗𝟏 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟏 = P𝟐 + 𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒚𝟐
𝟐 𝟐
1
P+ 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
If 𝑣1 =𝑣2 = 0, P+ 𝜌𝑔𝑦
Exercise: As water in a level pipe passes
from a narrow cross section of pipe to
wider cross section, how does the
pressure change?
 Flow and pressure in a hot-water heating 𝒗𝟐 =1.2 m/s
system. Water circulates throughout a house 𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒂𝒕𝒎
in a hot-water heating system. If the water is
pumped at a speed of 0.50 m/s through a 4
cm diameter pipe in the basement under a
pressure of 3 atm, what will be the flow
speed and pressure in a 2.6 cm-diameter pipe
on the second floor 5 m above? Assume one
pipes do not divide into branches.
 VISCOSITY, 𝜼
-real fluids have a certain amount of
internal friction
𝒗
F=𝜼A
𝒍
𝟐
𝜼= N.s/𝒎 =Pa.s
cgs system, dyne.s/𝒄𝒎𝟐 𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒆

*1 cP=𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝑷
*the viscosity of water, decreases as
temperature increases.
 Seatwork
1. A bottle has a mass of 35 g when
empty and 98.44 g when filled with water. 2. Estimate the pressure exerted on
When filled with another fluid, the mass is the floor by (a) one pointed chair
88.78g. What is the specific gravity of this leg (60 kg on all four legs) of
other fluid? area=0.020 𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (b) a 1500-kg
elephant standing on one foot
(area=800𝑐𝑚2 ).
 3. a 15-cm radius air duct is used to
replenish the air of a room 9.2 m x 5m
x4.5m every 16 min. How fast does air
flow in the duct?
THANK YOU!!!