Southwestern College of Maritime, Business and Technology, Inc.
Quezon Drive, Calero, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro
[Link] / [Link]@[Link] / slmifnav@[Link]
SUBJECT: Science, Technology, and Society DEADLINE:
Week: 4 TEACHER: Mr. Chrles Ledgear G. Abante
I. TOPIC: Intellectual Revolution
Copernican Revolution
Darwinian Revolution
Freudian Revolution
II. TARGET OUTCOMES:
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
1. Discuss the paradigm shifts through history.
2. Explain how the Intellectual Revolution changed the way how humans see the world; and
3. Describe the technological advancements that happened in the information age.
III. MATERIALS NEEDED:
To accomplish exercises and activities, you need the following: activity sheet, black pen, and module.
IV. GEAR UP YOUR MIND
The previous chapter tackled how historical antecedents have affected the course of science and technology. It has
been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and technology during each time
period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that
could make life easier for the people.
There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and
beliefs. Much of these events happened in a period now knows as the Intellectual Revolution.
The developments during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by science and
technology. This chapter aims to establish the interaction between science and technology, cementing further the
relationship as introduced in the first chapter.
1.1 COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
In the early times, people questioned what created days and nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly
bodies like stars, moons, and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed the people to take a peek at the outer
space, but more importantly, it also intrigued them to know what was actually out there.
Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an attempt to explain the movements of heavenly
bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it. Many of these philosophers agreed that planets move around in
circular motion, and that these movements created days and nights, among others.
Claudius Ptolemy
famous philosopher and astronomer
stated that planets, as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a
circular motion around the Earth
the sun and moon’s revolution explained the existence of days and nights
believed and proposed a concept known as geocentrism
Page 1
GEOCENTRISM
EARTH was at the center of the solar system
widely accepted by the people
one of the greatest discoveries of that time
Nicolaus Copernicus
polish mathematician and astronomer
challenged the Ptolemaic model in 16th century
introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism
he was even persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were
against what was widely accepted by religion
HELIOCENTRISM
SUN was at the center of the solar system
rejected at first by the public
it appalled many since their religious belief had taught
them that the Earth was created first before all other things
simplified the orbits for planets
also answered issues that could not be explained using the
geocentric model
accepted by the people in a period which was called the
birth of modern astronomy
BIRTH OF THE MODERN ASTRONOMY
This era began what was known as the scientific revolution which resulted in the transformation of
society’s thoughts and beliefs.
1.2 DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
considered to be one of the most controversial
Charles Darwin
English naturalist, biologist, and geologist
published his book, On the Origin of Species, in 1859
in this book, he introduced the theory of evolution
Theory of Evolution
Posited that populations pass through a process if natural selection in which only the fittest would
survive
he stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their environment and would gradually change
into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as evolution
became controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that the
source of life is a powerful creator.
this theory emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical
version of the Earth’s creation
because of this conflict- some believed that the theory explained the origin of life, but the religious
and the faithful strongly refuted it
it even sparked a massive debate between science and religion
this was not in fact against the teachings of the church and both can coexist
1.3 FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
Page 2
In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology was considered more of
an art rather than science.
Sigmund Freud
With Father of psychoanalysis
one of the 20th century’s most influential thinkers
he was able to change people’s perception of psychology with his
revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
the study that explains human behavior
in this theory, he explained that there are many conscious and unconscious factors that can
influence behaviour and emotions
he also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements: id, ego, and superego
. a. Id
made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires
only part of the personality that is present at birth
Example: you saw someone eating a cake, you would most likely take the cake from that person, not
considering that it is rude to take something belonging to someone else. What would matter is that you
wanted the cake.
b. Ego
mediates the demands of the id, the superego and the reality
prevents people from acting on their basic urges created by the id, and works to achieve a balance with
their moral and idealistic standards created by the superego
operates based on the reality principle, which works to satisfy the id’s desire in a manner that is realistic
and socially appropriate
less primitive than the id
partly conscious and partly unconscious
Example: If you see someone with a cake, your ego would mediate the conflict between your id and
superego, and decide to go and buy your own cake. Your ego will mediate the id and superego, your urge
to satisfy your desire for the cake, while also avoiding the shame on getting somebody’s cake.
c. Superego
composed of people’s internalized ideals acquired from parents and society
works to suppress the urges of the id and tries to make the ego behave morally, rather than realistically
aside from the morals and values that people have learned from their parents, the ideals that contribute to
the formation of the superego also include ideas of right and wrong that they acquire from society and the
culture in which they live in.
if the superego will work, one would not take the cake because it would know it would be rude
if both id and superego were involve, and id is strong to override the superego’s concern, one would still
take the cake, but later realize the shame over one’s action
Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in fact tried to explain how
psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders. Soon enough, people were able to
understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which eventually resulted in classifying psychology as a science.
STUDENT’S NAME: DATE SUBMITTED:
SECTION: TEACHER: Ms. Princes Jhoy G. Batanes
Page 3
V. BOOST UP YOUR LEARNING
Activity # 2
Directions: Research on the positive and negative results brought about by innovations and technological advances in the
information age.
VI. LEVEL UP YOUR LEARNING
Quiz # 2
Directions: Read and answer the following questions below.
1. Why do you think were most intellectual ideas controversial? (10 pts.)
2. Why did the people accept these new discoveries despite being contradictory to what was widely accepted at
that time? (10 pts.)
3. How do intellectual revolutions transform societies?
4. Name other scientific revolutions that happened in the following places:
a. Meso-America
b. Asia
c. Middle-East
d. Africa
Page 4