NERVOUS

SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY
GROUP 3
What does the nervous
system do?
This complex system is the command center for your
body. It regulates your body’s systems and allows you
to experience your environment. A vast network of
nerves sends electrical signals to and from other cells,
glands, and muscles all over your body.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

Receives information from the internal and external

environment
Processes and interprets the information received
Coordinates and regulates body functions and
movements
Enables communication between different parts of
the body
Controls and maintains homeostasis (balance) in the
body
Facilitates learning, memory, and emotions
2 MAIN TYPES OF NERVOUS
SYSTEM
 2 MAIN TYPES OF NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
( CNS ) ( PNS )
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The central nervous system includes the
brain and the spinal cord. It is responsible
for processing and integrating information
from the body's sensory organs and
controlling the body's responses.

BRAIN SPINAL CORD

 BRAIN
The brain is a complex organ that controls
thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor
skills, vision, breathing, temperature,
hunger and every process that regulates
our body.

It is divided into two major hemisphere;

The right hemisphere and the left
hemisphere
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
 BRAIN
Left Right
Hemisphere Hemisphere

The left brain is more The right brain is more

verbal, analytical, and visual and intuitive.
orderly than the right brain
called as the analog brain
called as the digital brain
 Cerebrum Frontal Lobe This section of your brain works
cooperatively with many other brain areas,
It receives and gives meaning to giving you a wide range of abilities.
information from the sense organs
and controls the body.
It is also essential for memory,
reasoning, communication,
emotions, and many other functions. Parietal Lobe That cooperation is key to many of the
abilities you use in your everyday life. It also
contains your brain’s ability to interpret
sensations from anywhere on or within your
body.

Temporal Lobe Your temporal lobe is a part of your brain

that helps you use your senses to understand
and respond to the world around you.

Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe processes visual signals
sent from your eyes.
 Corpus Callosum
It connects the left and right
sides of the brain, allowing for
communication between both
hemispheres.

The corpus callosum transfers

motor, sensory, and cognitive
information between the brain
hemispheres.
Ventricles
Their sole function is to
produce and secrete
cerebrospinal fluid to protect
and maintain your central
nervous system.
Thalamus Thalamus
it serves as the main relay
station for your brain.

All motor and sensory signals

(except smell) pass through this
structure in the center of your
brain.
 Hypothalamus
Its main function is to keep
your body in a stable state
called homeostasis.

It does its job by directly

Hypothalamus
influencing your autonomic
nervous system or by
managing hormones.
Pituitary Gland
The main function of your
pituitary gland is to produce
and release several hormones
that help carry out important
bodily functions.
 Cerebellum

The cerebellum is a part of the

brain that plays a vital role in
most physical movement,
including eye movements.

Cerebellum
 Brain Stem
It connects your brain to your
spinal cord.

It sends messages to the rest

of your body to regulate
balance, breathing, heart rate
and more.
Brain Stem
it is composed of three parts:
the midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata.
 Midbrain
The midbrain functions as a
relay system, transmitting
information necessary for
vision and hearing.

It also plays an important role

Midbrain
in motor movement, pain, and
the sleep/wake cycle.
 Pons
It handles unconscious
processes and jobs, such as
your sleep-wake cycle and
breathing.

It also contains several

Pons junction points for nerves that
control muscles and carry
information
 Medulla Oblongata

Its location means it's where

your brain and spinal cord
connect, making it a key
conduit for nerve signals to
and from your body.

It also helps control vital

Medulla
processes like your heartbeat,
Oblongata
breathing and blood pressure.
 Spinal Cord
The spinal cord carries
messages back and forth Cervical
between the brain and the
nerves that run throughout
the body.
Spinal
Afferent Nerves Efferent Nerves Nerves Thoracic

Carries Carries
information from information from
the body to the the brain to the
brain body
Lumbar
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
It carries signals that allow you to move your
muscles.

Your PNS also delivers signals that your brain

uses to control vital, unconscious processes like
your heartbeat and breathing.

It plays key role in both sending information

from different areas of your body back to your
brain, as well as carrying out commands from
your brain to various parts of your body.
Your peripheral nervous system has two main subsystems:

Somatic Autonomic
 SOMATIC Nervous System

(SNS) is also known as the voluntary nervous system.

The nerves in this system deliver information from your senses to your
brain.

They also carry commands from your brain to your muscles so you
can move around.

Your somatic nervous system involves things you can consciously

sense and do.
 Somatic nervous system
consists of two different nerves:
Cranial Nerves Spinal Nerves
The somatic nerves that extend
Your cranial nerves play a role from the spinal column are
in controlling your sensations known as spinal nerves.
and motor skills.
There are 31 pairs of spinal
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
nerves in total, each of which
splits to carry signals between These relay motor, sensory, and
both sides of the brain and autonomic signals between the
body. spinal cord and other parts of
the body.
The two main jobs of somatic nervous system:

Movement Control Sensory Input

Plays a vital role in initiating It is responsible for processing

and controlling the movements sensory information that arrives
of your body. via external stimuli.

This system is responsible for It processes the senses of

nearly all voluntary muscle hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
movements.
 AUTONOMIC Nervous System

These are nervous system processes your brain

runs automatically and without you thinking about
them.

Your autonomic nervous system is always active

It is a network of nerves throughout your body

that control unconscious processes.
 autonomic nervous system
consists of three divisions:
Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric nervous
nervous system nervous system system
This part of your
It activates body
autonomic nervous
processes that help you
system does the
in times of need,
opposite of your This part of your
especially times of
sympathetic nervous autonomic nervous
stress or danger.
system. system manages how
your body digests food.
This system is
This system is
responsible for your
responsible for the
body’s “fight-or-flight”
“rest-and-digest” body
response.
processes.
 THE TWO MAJOR TYPE OF CELLS
The nervous system comprises of two groups of cells, glial cells and neurons.

NEURONS GLIAL CELLS

Neurons are responsible for

Glial cells work to support,
sensing change in their
nourish, and insulate neurons
environment and communicating
whilst also removing the waste
with other neurons via
products of metabolism.
electrochemical signals
 NEURONS

Cell body or Soma – this contains the nucleus and the neuron’s intracellular organelles. It is the
center of neuronal metabolism.

Dendrites – these processes originate from the soma and extend outwards. They transmit signals
received from other neurons to the soma.

Axon – It arises from the soma, specifically from an area called the axon hillock, where action
potentials are initiated. The action potentials are conducted along the axon to the axon terminal.

Schwann cells – These insulate the axon with myelin sheath which facilitates the rapid
transmission of action potentials along the axon.

Axon terminal – Distally the axon branches, forming axon terminals. These make synaptic
connections with other neurons. They contain various neurotransmitters which are released into
the synapses to allow signal transmission from one neuron to the next.
 GLIAL CELLS
Astrocytes
Astrocyte sare star-shaped glial cells within the brain and spinal cord, depending on the method used
they make up between 20 and 40% of all glial cells.

Oligodendrocytes
These cells are responsible for insulating the axons in the central nervous system. They carry out this
function by producing a myelin sheath that wraps around a part of the axon.

Microglia
These cells form the resident immune system of the brain. They are activated in response to tissue
damage and have the capability to recognise foreign antigens and initiate phagocytosis to remove
foreign material.

Ependymal cells
The ependyma is the thin lining of the ventricular system of the brain and spinal cord. The main
function of these cells is the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a part of the choroid plexus.
thank you
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