TYPES_OF_NOUNS

Nouns

• Definition: A word that functions as the name of a thing or set of things including living creatures, objects,
places, actions, qualities, and ideas.
Types of Nouns
1. Common Nouns

• Definition: General name of a person, animal, place, thing, or idea, based on overall characteristics without
specific details.

• Capitalization: Not capitalized unless at the beginning of a sentence or used as a proper title or used as a
form of address.

• Examples:
o "You should go to university to study Linguistics."
o "Lizzie stopped at the gas station to wait for her friend."
o "The book was written by Professor Williams."
o "The award was presented by Mayor Johnson at the ceremony."
2. Proper Nouns

• Definition: Name a specific person, animal, place, thing, or idea; always capitalized.

• Examples:
o "Nike is a popular brand for sportswear."
o "Mount Mayon is known for its perfect cone shape."
3. Concrete Nouns

• Definition: Refer to tangible materials, objects, or phenomena that can be recognized by the five senses.
(visual, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, and auditory)

• Examples:
o "One goal for good health is to drink eight glasses of water every day."
o "My mom's kitchen always smells like cinnamon during holidays."
4. Abstract Nouns

• Definition: Name ideas, concepts, qualities, emotions, and events. Identifies something that cannot be
physically touched

• Examples:
o "His perseverance led him to where he is right now."
o "His intelligence is admired by everyone."
5. Compound Nouns

• Definition: Made up of two or more words acting as a single unit. It may be written as separated, hyphenated,
or combined.

• Types:
1. Separated Compound Nouns: Formed when an adjective modifies a noun.
o Examples: "living room", "full moon", "high school", "black eye".
2. Hyphenated Compound Nouns: Combined words involving specific meanings.
o Examples: "self-esteem", "well-being", "Editor-in-chief".
3. Combined Compound Nouns: Look like one word, these word were not used together but they are now
accepted as real words.
 o Examples: "bookstore", "notebook", "waistcoat", "fireman".
6. Collective Nouns

• Definition: Used to talk about groups of things, animals, or people.

• Examples:
o "a batch of cookies"
o "a bouquet of flowers"
o "a flock of birds"
o "a wealth of information"
o "a quiver of arrows"
7. Countable Nouns

• Definition: Items that can be counted; can be used with articles a/an and the or quantifiers like few or many

• Examples:
o "I bought a book about philosophy and world religion."
o "I have an iPhone, few Chanel bags, and a Rolex watch."
8. Non-countable Nouns

• Definition: Items that cannot be counted and cannot use "a/an".

• Examples:
o "milk"
o "water"
o "information"
o "coffee"
o "rice"
o "air"
o "electricity"
o "patience"

Adjectives
Adjectives
• Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns, providing information about the
qualities or characteristics of someone or something.
Types of Adjectives
1. Proper Adjectives
• Modify nouns or pronouns and are formed from proper nouns.
• Examples:
o We studied Shakespearean literature in class.
o The Egyptian pyramids are a marvel of ancient engineering.
2. Descriptive Adjectives
• Describe various qualities of nouns or pronouns that is being modified: smell, taste, texture,
appearance, and shape.
 • Examples:
o The vivid colors of the sunset were breathtaking.
o The luminous moonlight illuminated the dark forest.
3. Quantitative Adjectives
• Provide information about the quantity of nouns or pronouns, answering “how much” or “how
many.”
• Examples:
o There is enough juice for my breakfast.
o Little water is needed to make the pastry.
4. Compound Adjectives
• Compound words acting as adjectives, contain two or more words hyphenated together.
• Examples:
o She is a well-known artist.
o I wore a high-heeled shoe to the party.
o The old-fashioned clock was a family heirloom.
5. Demonstrative Adjectives
• Help specify which noun is being discussed, based on location relative to the speaker. Common
forms include: this, that, these, those.
• Important Note: Demonstrative adjectives describe nouns whereas demonstrative pronouns
replace nouns.
• Examples:
o This hypothesis needs further testing.
o That theory was debunked by recent research.
6. Distributive Adjectives
• Words use to refer to each member of a group as individuals. Examples include each, every,
either, neither.
• Important Note: Indefinite pronouns stand alone in a sentence; distributive adjectives modify
nouns and are followed by a noun.
• Examples:
o Each request will be given careful consideration.
o Neither option is ideal, but we have to choose one.
o Either path leads to the same destination.
7. Interrogative Adjectives
• Modify nouns by asking questions; used in interrogative sentences to inquire about specific
information.
• Examples:
o Whose speech was the most impactful?
o Which philosopher's theories do you agree with?
8. Possessive Adjectives
• Words placed before nouns to show ownership or indicate possession.
• Examples:
o His dedication to preserving historical artifacts is evident in the museum’s collection.
o My skills in graphic design have improved significantly.
Summary of Types of Adjectives
• Proper: American, Greek, Spanish
• Descriptive: serene, vibrant, gloomy, majestic
• Quantitative: little, sufficient, numerous, few
• Compound: blue-eyed baby, full-time job
• Demonstrative: this, that, these, those
• Distributive: each, every, either, neither
• Interrogative: what, whose, which
• Possessive: my, your, his, her, its, our, their

SENTENCE_AND_ITS_TYPES
Sentence Definition
• A sentence is a word or group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a
complete thought.
Types of Sentences According to Use
• Types of Sentence
o Sentences can be classified based on their purpose and punctuation:
1. Declarative: Makes a statement. (.)
▪ Example: "The call for a society that recognizes gender parity in all spaces is
an enduring struggle."
2. Interrogative: Asks a question. (?)
▪ Example: "Was it through hard work that he succeeded?"
3. Exclamatory: Forms an expression. (!)
▪ Example: "I am so glad to see you after two years!"
4. Imperative: Gives a command. (./!)
▪ Example: "Send me your email address."
Subject and Predicate
• Subject: A word or group of words which can be the actor (doer) of the action or the topic which is
the matter being dealt within a text or discourse. (Simpler term: The part of the sentence that
performs the action or is being described.)
o Can be defined as the actor (the doer of the action) or the topic that the sentence is
addressing.
▪ Subject (as Actor):
▪ "Most people welcomed the government's change of economic agenda."
 ▪ Subject (as Topic):
▪ "Gender equality is a fundamental human right and is essential to achieving
peaceful societies."
• Predicate: Includes the verb expressing the subject’s action or state of being and may also include
objects and modifiers that describe the verb.
o Verbs That Express State of Being:
▪ Example: "After a long illness, she finally felt well again."
o Verbs That Express Action:
▪ Example: "Her influence stretches beyond the government."
o Predicate at the beginning of an imperative sentence : Imperative Sentence Usually
lack an explicit subject, with the understood subject being ‘you’.

▪ Example: "Stop.", "Stand up”, “Bake in a preheated oven for twenty minutes.”
o Predicate composed of a helping or auxiliary verb and a main verb

▪ Example: "I have found a wonderful book on culinary arts."

o Predicate before the subject
▪ Example: “Never had I felt so lonely.”

Simple and Compound Subjects and Predicates

• Simple Subject: Consists of one topic or actor.
o Example: "The clouds, massing on the horizon, gave warning that a storm was
approaching."
• Compound Subject: Composed of two or more topics or actors that share the same verb.
o Exaple: "Vincent Van Gogh and Paul Gaugin exchanged paintings, works that have come to
be known as the “friend portraits.”
• Simple Predicate: Made up of one verb.
o Example: "Bong Joon Ho’s South Korean film Parasite originally premiered at the 2019
Cannes Film Festival.”
• Compound Predicate: Composed of two or more connected verbs with the same subject.
o Example: "The symphony starts softly, builds to a crescendo, and ends with a flourish."
Complete Subject and Complete Predicate
• Complete Subject: A subject including all its modifiers.
• Complete Predicate: A predicate including all its objects and/or modifiers.
o Example: "The design and delivery of programs in flexible learning address learners’ unique
needs in terms of place, pace, process, and learning."
Consistency in Verb Tense
Shift in Verb Tenses

• Definition: A change in verb tense that reflects a shift in time frame within a text.

• Example Usage:
o Present tense introduced at the beginning to define a concept.
o Past tense used to describe a past event or existence.
Consistent Verb Tense Rules

• Avoiding Shift Tense Error:

o To avoid shift tense error, do not change the verb tense if the time frame being referred to is the same
as in the other verbs used.

o Example Errors:
▪ "We were seven miles from shore. Suddenly the sky turns dark." (Inconsistent verbs: "were"
vs. "turns")
▪ Better: "We were seven miles from shore. Suddenly the sky turned dark."
Revision Practice

• Sentence Revision Examples:

o Incorrect: "The boy closed his book and hurries away to the playground."
▪ Revision: "The boy closed his book and hurried away to the playground."
o Incorrect: "The telephone rings while I was having a bath."
▪ Revision: "The telephone rang while I was having a bath." or "The telephone rings while I am
having a bath."
Summary of English Verb Tenses
Present Tenses
1. Simple Present: Describes general truths or habitual actions.
o Example: "She writes every day."
2. Present Progressive: For actions happening at the moment.
o Example: "She is writing right now."
Past Tenses
3. Simple Past: Actions completed at a specific time in the past.
o Example: "She wrote last night."
4. Past Progressive: Ongoing actions at a specific past time.
o Example: "She was writing when he called."
Future Tenses
5. Simple Future: Actions happening at a specific future time.
o Example: "She will write tomorrow."
6. Future Progressive: Ongoing actions at a specific future time.
o Example: "She will be writing when you arrive."
Perfect Tenses
7. Present Perfect: Actions that happened at an unspecified time.
o Example: "She has written Chapter 1."
 8. Present Perfect Progressive: Actions starting in the past and continuing.
o Example: "She has been writing for two hours."
9. Past Perfect: Actions completed before another past event.
o Example: "She had written Chapter 3 before she started Chapter 4."
10. Past Perfect Progressive: Ongoing actions before another past event.
o Example: "She had been writing for two hours before her friends arrived."
11. Future Perfect: Actions to be completed before a specific future time.

• Example: "She will have written Chapter 4 before she writes Chapter 5."
12. Future Perfect Progressive: Ongoing actions until a future time.

• Example: "She will have been writing for two hours by the time her friends come over."
Example of Shifting Verb Tenses

• Original Paragraph:
o "Last weekend, I go to the beach with my friends. We are having a great time swimming and playing
volleyball. Suddenly, it starts to rain. While we were leaving, I realized I forgot my sunglasses on the
sand. I ran back to get them, but they are already gone. By the time I returned to my friends, they
have been waiting for me for ten minutes."
Refined Version with Consistent Verb Tenses

• Revised Paragraph:
o "Last weekend, I went to the beach with my friends. We were having a great time swimming and
playing volleyball. Suddenly, it started to rain. While we were leaving, I realized I had forgotten my
sunglasses on the sand. I ran back to get them, but they were already gone. By the time I returned to
my friends, they had been waiting for me for ten minutes."