JOINTS - CLASSIFICATION
• Joint is a junction between two or more bones or cartilages
• It is a device to permit movements
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses
-are fixed joints -Are joints at -are known as
at which there which slight freely movable
is no movement is joints
movement possible. Eg. Synovial
Eg. Sutures of Eg. joints
skull Cartilaginous
joints
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS
Fibrous joints Cartilagionus joints Synovial joint
•Sutures •Primary •Ball and socket
•Syndesmosis cartilaginous joint •Saddle / sellar
•Gomphosis •Secondary •Condylar
cartilaginous joint •Ellipsoid
•Hinge
•Pivot
•Plane
Fibrous joints
• Here the bones are joined by fibrous tissue
• Three subtypes – sutures, syndesmosis and gomphosis
Sutures – They are found in skull. Here the bones are connected by
connective tissue
• Syndesmosis:- bones are connected by interosseous
ligament
Eg. Inferior tibiofibular joint
• Gomphosis – Eg. Tooth in its socket
Cartilaginous joints
• Here the bones are joined by cartilage
Primary cartilaginous joints: bones
are united by a plate of hyaline
cartilage, joint is immovable. These
joints are temporary in nature
because after certain age the
cartilaginous plate is replaced by
bone
• Eg. Xiphisternal joint
Secondary cartilaginous joints: Here the articular surfaces are covered by a
thin layer of hyaline cartilage, and united by a disc of fibrocartilage.
These joints are permanent and permit limited movements
• Eg. Symphysis pubis
Manubriosternal joint
Intervertebral joint between the vertebral bodies
Synovial joint
Synovial joint
Features of synovial joint
• The articular surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage. Articular
cartilage is avascular, non-nervous.
• The joint is surrounded by an articular capsule which is made up of a
fibrous capsule lined by synovial membrane. Synovial membrane lines
whole of the interior of the joint except for the articular surfaces.
• Between articular surfaces there is a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
which is produced by synovial membrane
• Fibrous capsule is strengthened by ligaments which may be intra or extra
capsular.
Types of synovial joint
Plane synovial joints
• Here the articular surfaces are flat. They permit gliding movements in
various directions
• Eg. Intercarpal joints
Intertarsal joints
Hinge joints
• Here the articular surfaces are pulley shaped
• Movements are permitted in one plane around a transverse axis
• Eg. Elbow joint
Ankle joint
Pivot joint
• Here the articular surfaces comprise a central bony strucutre
surrounded by an osteoligamentous ring. Movements are permitted
in one plane around a vertical axis
• Eg. Superior radioulnar joint
Condylar joint
• Articular surfaces include two distinct condyles (convex male surface
fitting into receprocally concave female surfaces)
• Movements are permitted in one plane but partly another plane
Eg: Temporomandibular joint
Ellipsoid joint
• Articular surfaces include oval convex male surface fitting into an
elliptical concave female surface
• Movements are permitted around two axes, flexion and extension
around the transverse axis and abduction and adduction around the
anteroposterior axis
• Eg. Wrist joint
Saddle joint
• Here the articular surfaces are reciprocally concavoconvex
• Movements are similar to ellipsoid joint
• Eg. First carpometacarpal joint
• Sternoclavicular joint
Ball and socket joints
• Articular surfaces include a globular head fitting into a cup shaped
socket. Movements occur around an indefinite number of axes.
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral
rotation and circumduction, all occur quite freely
• Eg. Shoulder joint
Hip joint
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