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Ecosystem Dynamics and Reproduction Methods

The document explains the concepts of environment and ecosystems, detailing their components, types, and interactions among organisms. It covers the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in energy flow and trophic levels, as well as the processes of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction in plants. Additionally, it highlights techniques like micropropagation for plant multiplication and the concept of biological magnification in ecosystems.

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garima0472
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5 views2 pages

Ecosystem Dynamics and Reproduction Methods

The document explains the concepts of environment and ecosystems, detailing their components, types, and interactions among organisms. It covers the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in energy flow and trophic levels, as well as the processes of vegetative propagation and sexual reproduction in plants. Additionally, it highlights techniques like micropropagation for plant multiplication and the concept of biological magnification in ecosystems.

Uploaded by

garima0472
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

ENVIRONMENT

Environment refers to the complete range of physical and biological conditions


in which organisms live and interact with biotic and abiotic factors.

ECOSYSTEM
All interacting organisms in an area together with non-living components form
an ecosystem. Example: forest, pond, lake, ocean.

Types of Ecosystem
1. Natural ecosystem – exists naturally like forest, lake, ocean.
2. Artificial ecosystem – man-made like crop field, aquarium, garden.

Components of Ecosystem
Abiotic components – air, water, soil, light, temperature.
Biotic components – producers, consumers and decomposers.

Producers
Green plants and blue-green algae prepare food by photosynthesis. They are
autotrophs.

Consumers
Organisms that depend on others for food.
Herbivores – eat plants (rabbit, goat).
Carnivores – eat animals (lion, snake).
Omnivores – eat plants and animals (human).
Parasites – live on host and obtain food without killing it.

Decomposers
Micro-organisms that break down dead plants and animals into simpler
substances.

Trophic Levels
Different steps in a food chain through which energy is transferred. Producers
form first level, herbivores second, carnivores third and top carnivores fourth.

Food Chain
Sequence of organisms through which energy flows from one to another.

Food Web
Network of interconnected food chains. An organism may occupy more than
one trophic level.

Energy Flow
Energy flows in one direction only, from producers to consumers. About 10%
energy is transferred to next trophic level.

Biological Magnification
Increase in concentration of harmful chemicals at higher trophic levels.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
Asexual reproduction in plants using vegetative parts.
Advantages – disease free plants, early flowering, genetically similar to parent.

Micropropagation
Tissue culture technique for rapid multiplication of plants using artificial
nutrient medium.
Advantages – large number of plants in short time, disease free crops.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Involves two parents. Fusion of gametes takes place forming zygote.
Shows variation in offspring.
Male gamete – small and motile.
Female gamete – large and stores food.

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