Turning operations
G Codes
M Codes
Canned Cycles
A canned cycle is a combination of machine movements that performs machining operation
like drilling, milling, boring and tapping. This simplifies the program by using a single block
with a G-code to specify the machining operations usually specified in several blocks.
Operators do no need to program every motion of the machine. Canned cycles allow for
shorter code in the CNC programs. Canned cycles have codes which are within the larger
program: a code within a code. The positioning of a canned cycle in the X and/or Y-axes can
be done with G90 (absolute) or G91 (incremental). Once a canned cycle is commanded, the
operation happens at all X-Y coordinates listed in the block. Canned cycle code for rough
turning operation using canned cycle is given below.
1. Write the manual part program for the Turning operations & Simulate.
(All dimensions are in mm)
O006
N010 G21 G98
N020 G28 U0 W0
N030 M06 T0101
N040 M03 S1200
N050 G00 X31 Z2
N060 G71 U0.5 R1
N070 G71 P80 Q130 U0.1 W0.1 F30
N080 G01 X0 Z0
N090 G03 X10 Z-5 R5 F30
N100 G01 X10 Z-15
N110 G01 X20 Z-25
N120 G01 X20 Z-35
N130 G02 X30 Z-40 R5 F30
N140 G70 P80 Q130
N150 G28 U0 W0
N160 M05
N170 M30
2. Write the manual part program for the Turning operations & Simulate.
(All dimensions are in mm)
O009
N010 G21 G98
N020 G28 U0 W0
N030 M06 T0101
N040 M03 S1200
N050 G00 X51 Z2
N060 G71 U0.5 R1
N070 G71 P80 Q160 U0.1 W0.1 F50
N080 G01 X0 Z0 F50
N090 G01 X10 Z0
N100 G01 X10 Z-15
N110 G01 X20 Z-20
N120 G01 X20 Z-40
N130 G01 X30 Z-40
N140 G01 X30 Z-60
N150 G01 X40 Z-65
N160 G01 X40 Z-95
N170 G70 P80 Q160
N180 G28 U0 W0
N190 M05
N200 M30
3. Write the manual part program for the Turning operations & Simulate.
(All dimensions are in mm)
O011
N010 G21 G98
N020 G28 U0 W0
N030 M06 T0101
N040 M03 S1200
N050 G00 X51 Z2
N060 G71 U0.5 R1
N070 G71 P80 Q160 U0.1 W0.1 F50
N080 G01 X0 Z0 F50
N090 G01 X10 Z0
N100 G01 X10 Z-15
N110 G03 X20 Z-20 R5 F50
N120 G01 X20 Z-40
N130 G01 X30 Z-40
N140 G01 X30 Z-60
N150 G01 X40 Z-65
N160 G01 X40 Z-95
N170 G70 P80 Q160
N180 G28 U0 W0
N190 M05
N200 M30
CNC MILLING
1. Write Manual Part Program for machining the profile shown in figure and
simulate. (All dimensions are in mm)
O002
N10 G21 G40 G49 G94
N20 G50 S3000
N30 G28 Z0
N40 G28 X0 Y0
N50 M06 T0101
N60 M03 S1200
N70 G00 X30 Y30 Z5
N80 G90 G01 Z-2 F30
N90 G01 X70 Y30
N100 G01 X70 Y70
N110 G01 X30 Y70
N120 G01 X30 Y30
N130 G28 Z0
N140 G28 X0 Y0
N150 M06 T0102
N160 M03 S1200
N170 G00 X15 Y15 Z5
N180 G99 G73 X15 Y15 Z-10 P2 Q0.5 R1 F30
N190 X85 Y15
N200 X85 Y85
N210 X15
N220 G28 Z0
N230 G28 X0 Y0
N240 M05
N250 M30
Module 3
Module 4
Photo Polymerization Processes:
Stereolithography (SL)
Materials used in SLA
Advantages and drawbacks of Stereolithography
Powder Bed Fusion Process
Introduction
Extrusion-Based Systems:
Material Jetting
Material jetting creates objects in a similar method to a two dimensional ink jet printer. Material
is jetted onto a build platform using either a continuous or Drop on Demand (DOD) approach.
Material is jetted onto the build surface or platform, where it solidifies and the model is built
layer by layer. Material is deposited from a nozzle which moves horizontally across the build
platform. Machines vary in complexity and in their methods of controlling the deposition of
material. The material layers are then cured or hardened using ultraviolet (UV) light.
As material must be deposited in drops, the number of materials available to use is limited.
Polymers and waxes are suitable and commonly used materials, due to their viscous nature and
ability to form drops.
Material Jetting builds objects in a similar method to a two dimensional ink jet printer. Multiple
materials can be used in one process and the material can be changed during the build stage.
Material is jetted onto the build platform surface in droplets, which are formed using an
oscillating nozzle. Droplets are then charged and positioned onto the surface using charged
deflection plates. This is a continuous system which allows for a high level of droplet control
and positioning. Droplets which are not used are recycled back into the printing system.
Drop on Demand (DOD) is used to dispense material onto the required surface. Droplets are
formed and positioned into the build surface, in order to build the object being printed, with
further droplets added in new layers until the entire object has been made. The nature of using
droplets, limits the number of materials available to use. Polymers and waxes are often used
and are suitable due to their viscous nature and ability to form drops. Viscosity is the main
determinant in the process; there is a need to re-fill the reservoir quickly and this in turn affects
print speed. Unlike a continuous stream of material, droplets are dispensed only when needed,
released by a pressure change in the nozzle from thermal or piezoelectric actuators. Thermal
actuators deposit droplets at a very fast rate and use a thin film resistor to form the droplet. The
piezoelectric method is often considered better as it allows a wider range of materials to be
used. The designs of a typical DOD print head changes from one machine to another but
according to Ottnad, typically include a reservoir, sealing ring, Piezo elements and silicon plate
with nozzle, held together with high temperature glue.
Post processing: Support material can be removed using a sodium hydroxide solution or water
jet. Due to the high accuracy of the process technology, the level of post processing required
to enhance the properties is limited and the functional and aesthetic qualities of a part are
largely determined during the printing stage. Stratasys polyjet technology cures the material
using UV light and therefore no post curing process is needed.
Materials used in Material Jetting: The material jetting process uses polymers and plastics.
Polymers: Polypropylene, HDPE, PS, PMMA, PC, ABS, HIPS, EDP
Advantages:
• The process benefits from a high accuracy of deposition of droplets and therefore low waste
• The process allows for multiple material parts and colours under one process
Disadvantages:
• Support material is often required
• A high accuracy can be achieved but materials are limited and only polymers and waxes can
be used
Binder jetting
Working principle: The binder jetting process uses two materials; a powder based material
and a binder. The binder acts as an adhesive between powder layers. The binder is usually in
liquid form and the build material in powder form. A print head moves horizontally along the
x and y axes of the machine and deposits alternating layers of the build material and the
binding material. After each layer, the object being printed is lowered on its build platform.
As with other powder based manufacturing methods, the object being printed is self-
supported within the powder bed and is removed from the unbound powder once completed.
The technology is often referred to as 3DP technology and is copyrighted under this name.
1. Powder material is spread over the build platform using a roller.
2. The print head deposits the binder adhesive on top of the powder where required.
3. The build platform is lowered by the model’s layer thickness.
4. Another layer of powder is spread over the previous layer. The object is formed
where the powder is bound to the liquid.
5. Unbound powder remains in position surrounding the object.
6. The process is repeated until the entire object has been made.