Revision Notes
Class 9 Science
Chapter 12 - Improvements in Food Resources
1. Introduction
o All living species require food to survive.
o Food demand has risen with population growth.
o Sustainable agricultural and animal husbandry practices are essential.
2. Improvement in Crop Yields
o Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperatures, and
photoperiods.
o Kharif crops (June-October): Paddy, soya bean, maize, cotton, green gram,
black gram.
o Rabi crops (November-April): Wheat, gram, peas, linseed.
o Efforts for increasing crop yields: Crop variety improvement, crop production
improvement, crop protection management.
3. Crop Variety Improvement
o Achieved through selection process.
o Factors: Higher yield, increased quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change
in maturity duration, wider adaptability, desirable agronomic traits.
o Hybridization: Inter-varietal, inter-generic, inter-specific.
o Genetically engineered crops.
4. Crop Production Management
o Safeguarding growing or harvested crops.
o Improved by nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns.
o Agricultural practices: Preparing soil, sowing, adding fertilizers and manure,
irrigation, defending against weeds, harvesting, storage.
5. Nutrient Management
o Nutrients from air, water, and soil.
o Macronutrients and micronutrients.
o Nutritional deficiencies affect plant physiological activities.
o Soil improvement with manure and fertilizers.
6. Manure
o Created from decomposed animal excreta and plant waste.
o Types: Compost, vermicompost, green manure.
7. Fertilizers
o Provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.
o Promote healthy plant growth.
o Used in high-cost farming.
o Organic farming: Uses organic manures, recycled farm wastes, bio agents,
minimal chemicals.
8. Irrigation
o Ensures crops receive water at appropriate times.
o Old and modern methods.
o Water sources: Rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, tanks, dams, groundwater.
9. Cropping Pattern
o Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same land.
o Intercropping: Growing two or more crops with alternating rows.
o Crop rotation: Cultivating different crops on the same land over a year.
10. Crop Protection Management
o Weeds: Compete with crops, removed by herbicides or mechanical means.
o Pathogens: Bacteria, fungi, viruses controlled by herbicides, fungicides,
insecticides.
o Preventative measures: Good seed bed preparation, timely crop sowing,
intercropping, crop rotation.
11. Storage of Grains
o Losses caused by biotic and abiotic factors.
o Controlled through proper warehouse treatment and management.
o Preventive measures: Cleaning, drying, pesticide fumigation.
12. Animal Husbandry
o Scientific management of livestock animals.
o Includes feeding, breeding, disease control.
o Examples: Cattle, goat, sheep, poultry, fish farming.
13. Cattle Farming
o Purposes: Milk production, draught labour.
o Indian cattle species: Bos Indicus (cows), Bosbubalis (buffaloes).
o Management: Cleaning, sheltering, feeding.
o Diseases: External and internal parasites, vaccinations.
14. Poultry Farming
o Keeping chickens for eggs and meat.
o Broilers (meat), layers (eggs).
o Cross-breeding for desirable traits.
o Good management practices: Temperature, hygiene, feed, disease prevention.
15. Fish Production
o Tinned real fish, shellfish (prawns, mollusks).
o Methods: Catch fishing, fish farming (culture fishery).
16. Marine Fisheries
o Popular fish: Mullets, pomfret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, pearl spots, shellfish.
o Mariculture: Cultivating high-value marine fish and seaweeds.
17. Inland Fisheries
o Fish culture with rice crops.
o Composite fish culture system: Mix of different fish species in one pond.
o Hormone stimulation for quality seed.
18. Bee Keeping
o Apiculture: Keeping honey bee colonies in hives.
o Produces honey and wax.
o Commercial honey bees: Apis cercana indica, Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis
mellifera.
o Quality of honey depends on available flowers for nectar and pollen.
ce
Chapter 12 - Improvements in Food Resources
1. Introduction
o All living species require food to survive.
o Food demand has risen with population growth.
o Sustainable agricultural and animal husbandry practices are essential.
2. Improvement in Crop Yields
o Different crops require different climatic conditions, temperatures, and
photoperiods.
o Kharif crops (June-October): Paddy, soya bean, maize, cotton, green gram,
black gram.
o Rabi crops (November-April): Wheat, gram, peas, linseed.
o Efforts for increasing crop yields: Crop variety improvement, crop production
improvement, crop protection management.
3. Crop Variety Improvement
o Achieved through selection process.
o Factors: Higher yield, increased quality, biotic and abiotic resistance, change
in maturity duration, wider adaptability, desirable agronomic traits.
o Hybridization: Inter-varietal, inter-generic, inter-specific.
o Genetically engineered crops.
4. Crop Production Management
o Safeguarding growing or harvested crops.
o Improved by nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns.
o Agricultural practices: Preparing soil, sowing, adding fertilizers and manure,
irrigation, defending against weeds, harvesting, storage.
5. Nutrient Management
o Nutrients from air, water, and soil.
o Macronutrients and micronutrients.
o Nutritional deficiencies affect plant physiological activities.
o Soil improvement with manure and fertilizers.
6. Manure
o Created from decomposed animal excreta and plant waste.
o Types: Compost, vermicompost, green manure.
7. Fertilizers
o Provide nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.
o Promote healthy plant growth.
o Used in high-cost farming.
o Organic farming: Uses organic manures, recycled farm wastes, bio agents,
minimal chemicals.
8. Irrigation
o Ensures crops receive water at appropriate times.
o Old and modern methods.
o Water sources: Rivers, canals, ponds, lakes, tanks, dams, groundwater.
9. Cropping Pattern
o Mixed cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same land.
o Intercropping: Growing two or more crops with alternating rows.
o Crop rotation: Cultivating different crops on the same land over a year.
10. Crop Protection Management
o Weeds: Compete with crops, removed by herbicides or mechanical means.
o Pathogens: Bacteria, fungi, viruses controlled by herbicides, fungicides,
insecticides.
o Preventative measures: Good seed bed preparation, timely crop sowing,
intercropping, crop rotation.
11. Storage of Grains
o Losses caused by biotic and abiotic factors.
o Controlled through proper warehouse treatment and management.
o Preventive measures: Cleaning, drying, pesticide fumigation.
12. Animal Husbandry
o Scientific management of livestock animals.
o Includes feeding, breeding, disease control.
o Examples: Cattle, goat, sheep, poultry, fish farming.
13. Cattle Farming
o Purposes: Milk production, draught labour.
o Indian cattle species: Bos Indicus (cows), Bosbubalis (buffaloes).
o Management: Cleaning, sheltering, feeding.
o Diseases: External and internal parasites, vaccinations.
14. Poultry Farming
o Keeping chickens for eggs and meat.
o Broilers (meat), layers (eggs).
o Cross-breeding for desirable traits.
o Good management practices: Temperature, hygiene, feed, disease prevention.
15. Fish Production
o Tinned real fish, shellfish (prawns, mollusks).
o Methods: Catch fishing, fish farming (culture fishery).
16. Marine Fisheries
o Popular fish: Mullets, pomfret, mackerel, tuna, sardines, pearl spots, shellfish.
o Mariculture: Cultivating high-value marine fish and seaweeds.
17. Inland Fisheries
o Fish culture with rice crops.
o Composite fish culture system: Mix of different fish species in one pond.
o Hormone stimulation for quality seed.
18. Bee Keeping
o Apiculture: Keeping honey bee colonies in hives.
o Produces honey and wax.
o Commercial honey bees: Apis cercana indica, Apis dorsata, Apis florea, Apis
mellifera.
o Quality of honey depends on available flowers for nectar and pollen.