ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Lesson Overview
Have you ever wondered what today’s world be without Statistics?
Every day we are faced with situations where statistics can be applied. Statistics is
everywhere. News reports, poll results, NBA or PBA game standings, unemployment rates, business
trends, forecasts, President’s approval ratings, etc. indicate the presence of Statistics in many areas. It
is a tool to predict trends I this world where change is constant, and can track these changes. Further,
statistics plays a vital role in every field of human activity.
Intended Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagements, you should be able to:
1. Identify the basic concepts, meaning and nature of Statistics.
a. Describe the two categories of Statistics.
b. Distinguish the types of data.
c. Discuss the levels of measurement.
2. Express appreciation on the importance and power of Statistics to generate knowledge.
3. Enumerate some uses / functions of statistics in different fields.
There are ten statistical terms hidden in the puzzle below. Look up, down, across,
backward and diagonally to find the words.
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
Q B C O N T I N U O U S D E C
U U F G H I J K L M N O P Q O
A C A R D I N A L R S T U V N
L X I N F E R E N T I A L W S
I E Y Z T A B C D E F G H I T
T T J L M I N R S W X A B D A
A E K O P Q T T U V Y Z C O N
T R N O M I N A L E F G I H T
I C P Q R S T U T V W T K J I
V S X Y Z A B V C I A L M N O
E I Q W E I N T E R V A L E R
L D E S C R I P T I V E S D F
Analysis:
1. Were you able to find all the hidden words?
2. Are there words which are still strange to you?
3. What words have you already encountered before? Can you define using your own
words?
Content
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
FUNCTIONS OF STATISTICS
1. To describe a group in terms of what is average or typical
Ex. What is the average salary of DEPEd teachers?
2. To describe a group in terms of its dispersion or variability
Ex. Are the IQ of college students in ISPSC varied?
3. To determine the existence of a relationship between/among two or more variables
Ex. Is salary of employees correlated with their manifestation of work ethics?
4. To compare two or more group scores on a variable
Ex. Is there a significant difference in the level of financial management skills of teachers when
grouped according to highest educational attainment?
5. To determine the probability of occurrence of an event or observation
Ex. What is the probability that a person who is in close contact with a Covid-19 positive be
contaminated with the virus?
6. To estimate the value of a population parameter on the basis of an observed statistic
Ex. Can it be concluded that the claim of a company on the number of kilos of their chocolate
products is 1.5kg based on a sample of 20 packs?
Examples of the Functions of Statistics in Various Fields
Field Concrete Use
Medicine Trend of Covid Positive in the different regions
Sports Number of wins and loses
Education Trend in enrolment, number of graduates
Land Transportation Office Registration of Cars
Department of Trade in Industry Number of Micro Enterprises in the Province
Local Government Unit Profile of recipient of Social Amelioration Program
Psychology Attitudinal patterns, cause and effects of misbehavior
Business and Economics Sales, price indices, revenues, costs, inventories
Research To test claim or inferences about a group of people or
events
BRANCHES/FIELDS OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics. This type of statistics is used to describe a group of individuals or describe the
data that have been collected. In short, this type of statistics is devoted to summarization and description
of data sets.
Statistical tools used: frequencies, percentage distribution, measures of central tendency,
graphs, skewness and kurtosis, measures of variability, degree of relationships of group characteristics
Statistics- numerical indices are calculated from a sample drawn from a population.
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
Parameters-numerical indices are calculated from the entire population
2. Inferential Statistics. This type of statistics is used when one makes decision, estimates prediction
or generalization about a population based on a sample. In inferential statistics, testing the significant
difference and independence between two or more variables are given emphasis. A hypothesis about
the population is made and is intended to be rejected or accepted depending on the result of a test based
from available samples.
Some tools are: Normal Distribution (area under the curve), Sampling Distribution (sample size,
standard scores), Probability Distribution, Hypothesis Testing
One group: Chi square; Z
Two groups: t; Z; chi square, Mann-Whitney test; McNemar Test of Change; Wilcoxon Test; Sign Test;
Median Test
Three or more groups: Analysis of Variance, Kruskall-Wallis Test; Cochran’s Test; Chi square
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
Constants- refer to the fundamental quantities that do not change in value. Ex. Fixed costs and
acceleration due to gravity
Variables- quantities that may take anyone of a specified set of values.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. Qualitative (categorical) variables - non measurable characteristics that cannot assume a
numerical value but can be classified into two or more categories. Ex. Sex (male or female),
opinion in an issue (for, against, undecided), smoking habits (always, often, seldom, very seldom,
never).
Those data that are obtained about a qualitative variable are called qualitative data.
2. Quantitative (numerical) variables- those quantities that can be counted with bare hands, can
be measured with the use of some measuring devices or can be calculated using mathematical
formula
Those data involving quantitative variables are called quantitative data.
Discrete Variables-actual values obtained by counting. Ex. Number of students,
number of vehicular accidents
Continuous Variables- are obtained by measurement, usually with units such as height,
weight, time in minutes
-also obtained by evaluating values using a formula such as profits, IQ and final grades
SOURCES OF DATA
Data- refers to facts concerning things such as status in life of people, defectiveness
1. Primary-from eye or ear witness of past, first hand information
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
2. Secondary- information furnished by a person who was not a direct observer or participant of
the event
3. Documentary data- data obtained from records of offices, hospitals etc.
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT
1. Nominal
- involves naming or labeling; that is of placing cases into categories and counting their frequency
of occurrence
-distinguishes responses into attributes or categories
Ex. religion, gender( real dichotomy), nationality, aggression ( either active or passive- artificial
dichotomy)
2. Ordinal
-distinguishes among categories arranged in rank order, grouped according to rank/ ranges
Example of ordinal scale: military rank, comparing and rank-ordering of socio-economic status
(high, middle, low); state of happiness (very happy, not so happy, unhappy, very unhappy); rank
in an oratorical contest ( It cannot be concluded that the 1 st places is twice as good as the 2nd
placer.
3. Interval-expressed in terms of numbers and differences between successive numbers are
consistently the same
-not only tells about the ordering of categories but also indicates exact distance between them
(ex. Score in an exam, IQ, performance
-arbitrary zero-0 A zero score does not mean he has no knowledge of the subject at all.
4. Ratio- like the interval measurements are also expressed in numbers and the differences
between any two successive numbers are consistent
- it has a true zero, meaning measurement starts with zero
Ex. no of children, height, speed, capacity, years of experience
For a statistical technique to be more manageable, an interval/ratio variable may be
converted to an ordinal variable, for example length of service
Length of Service Rank
40 and above 1
30-39 2
20-29 years 3
10-19 years 4
10 years below 5
Intended Learning Activities
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
Task One
Task Two. Submit one research article on any topic. It should be a result of any SURVEY conducted
locally. Please read the guidelines below. Again, it should be a research article, not a news article.
Guidelines:
1. Cut out the whole article if taken from a magazine or newspaper. If it comes from the internet,
get the whole article.
2. Get the name of the magazine/ newspaper, title of the article and the author. If it is from the
internet, give the website and the author.
3. Give the title of the article.
4. Highlight the population/ sample/ margin of error used in the article. Identify statements which
belong to descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (at least two).
5. Find out the population/ sample used in the survey.
6. Note: Numbers 4 and 5 will be answered after my discussion on POPULATION AND
SAMPLE.. SO most probably, the submission will be on …
Sample Research Articles:
Follow this format
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units
ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Santa Maria Campus
MODULE 1
Rubrics for the Output
Output 1-2 points 3-4 points 5 points
The Article It is a news article; not It is a research article; not It is a research article; result
survey; magazine/ survey; magazine/ of survey; magazine/
newspaper/ website/ title newspaper/ website/ title newspaper/ website/ title
and author are not given. and author are not given. and author are given.
Population, Population is not Population and sample Population and sample size
sample and identified; sample size size are identified; margin are identified; margin of
margin of and margin of error used of error used in the survey error used in the survey is
error in the survey are not is not mentioned. mentioned.
mentioned.
Statements: Two descriptive Three descriptive and one Five descriptive and two
descriptive/ statements are gathered inferential statements are inferential statements are
inferential and correctly categorized; gathered and correctly gathered and correctly
no inferential statement is categorized. categorized.
identified.
Data No qualitative and One qualitative and one Two qualitative and two
gathered quantitative data are quantitative data are quantitative data are
gathered and gathered and categorized. gathered and categorized.
categorized.
Presentations No effort is done to make Presentation is hurriedly Presentation is appealing,
proper presentation. done; shows less effort; artistic and neatly done.
not neatly done.
Promptness Submits the output one or Submits the output the Submits the output on time.
more weeks after the following day after the
deadline. deadline.
Course Code: CCST 211
Descriptive Title: Quantitative Methods Instructor: Dr. Maria Teresa T. Garcia
Unit Number: 3 Units