Standard Graphs and

BASIC MATHEMATICS A
their Equations
y y
y Straight line m = tanθ = slope
θ > 90°
m = tanθ = slope y = mx + c
θ < 90° +c m = –ve

C
mx

–
y = mx m = +ve y=

x
m
θ

=
x

y
O

Trigonometry c
Straight line
Straight line
Straight line

θ
θ
c
θ x
x

• Angle : The angle covered by the Coordinate Geometry O

O

revolving line OP is θ = ∠ POX P

1° = 60′ (minute) ; 1′ = 60′′ (second)
• Origin : Any fixed point from which all Differentiation Integration
measurements are taken from this.
180°
⇒ 1 rad = ≈ 57.3°
π θ • Axis : Any fixed direction passing • Physical Meaning of dy = 1 If I is the integration of f(x) with
π X y
⇒ Angle θ° to Radian multiply it by . O through origin. x dx respect to x then I = ∫ f(x)dx
180°
180° y y
(x,y) (i) The ratio of small change in the • Main Formulae of Integration :
⇒ Angle Radian to θ° multiplying it by . function y and the variable x is
π • Distance Formula : origin x
x called the average rate of change xn+1
∫ x dx = n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1
n
(0,0) 1.
• Trigonometrical Ratios : d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 y w.r.t. x.
Y
P MP B OM P ∆y ∆y dy
sin θ = =
H OP
cos θ = =
H OP In 3-d (space) – d = 2 2
(x 2 − x1 ) + (y 2 − y1 ) + (z 2 − z1 ) 2 (ii) When ∆x → 0. The limiting value of
∆x
is lim
∆x →∞ ∆x
=
dx
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c, c = constant
90°
X θ y y = F(x)
P MP
tan θ = =
B OM
cot θ = = O M X • Slope of a linen :
y B(x2,y2) 3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
B OM P MP y2 • Main Formulas of Differentiation
(x1,y1) θ ∆y 1 y
Y
H OP
sec θ = =
H OP
cosec θ = =
m = tan θ =
∆y y 2 − y1
=
y1 1.
d
(K) = 0 K = constant
4. ∫ x dx = loge x + c
B OM P MP ∆x dx
∆x x 2 − x1
⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ x x
∫ e dx = e + c
x x
x1 x2 5. x=a x=b
d dU
2. (KU) = K [U is a function of x] x dx
• Table : Trigonometry Standard angles dx dx • Define Integrals :
from 0° to 180° • Important Formulae of Differentiation : b
d dU dV dW b
• Four Quadrans and ASTC Rule : 3.
dx
(U ± V ± W ) = ±
dx dx
±
dx
d
(f(x)) = f ′(x) ∫ f ′(x)dx = f(x) a
90° d d d 1 If dx then a
⇒ In Ist quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. ⇒ (sin x) = cos x ⇒ (cos x) = − sin x (#) (loge x) =
IInd quadrant I quadrant
st dx dx dx x where U, V and W are functions of x. is called definite integral.
sin All 0°
⇒ In IInd quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. • Area Under Curve :
180° 360° d d d x d dV dV
tan cos ⇒ (tan x) = sec 2 x ⇒ (cot x) = −cosec 2 x (#) (e ) = e x 4. (UV) = U +V b
⇒ In IIIrd quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. dx dx dx dx dx dx
∫ f(x)dx = Shaded area between curve and x-axis.
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

a
⇒ In IVth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive. 270° d d ax dU dV
⇒ (cosec x) = −cosec x cat x (#) (e ) = ae x d U
V −U
dx dx 5.   = dx 2 dx
• Important trigonometric formula : dx  V  V
n(n − 1)x 2
y (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + + .....
• Range of trigonometric functions : B d n 2 ×1
Maxima 6. (x ) = nxn−1
P dx • Logarithm Main Formulae :
⇒ sin θ = and P ≤ H
H • Concept of Maxima and Minima
log mn = log m + log n log mn = n log m
H m
P
So, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1  dy d2 y  A minima log = logm − logn loge m = 2.303 log10 m
⇒ Condition for minima :  = 0 and > 0  x n
θ
 dx dx 2  b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
B B x1 = x2 = • Arithmetic Progression (AP) :
⇒ cos θ = and B ≤ H, So − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 gives 2a and 2a
H (AP) = a + a + d + a + 2d + .... + a + (n – 1)d
 dy d2 y 
⇒ Condition for maxima :  = 0 and < 0  ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 For real roots. where a = first term d = common difference
P  dx dx 2 
⇒ tan θ = So, − ∞ < tan θ < ∞ ⇒ Sum of n term’s Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d] = n [a + nth term]
B ⇒ 2
b – 4ac < 0 For Imaginary roots. 2 2

Sum of first n natural number’s — Sn = n(n + 1) ;

• Small Angle Approximation : • Binomial Expression : (i)
2
Algebra An algebraic expression having two n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
If θ is small (θ < 45°) (ii) Sum of squares of first n → S
n2
=
6
• Quadratic Equation and its Solutions : terms [Link] ipsum
sin θ ≈ θ; cos ≈ 1 and tan θ ≈ θ • Geometric Progression (GP)
An algebraic equation of 2nd order is called a Example : (a + b), (a + b)4, (2x– 3y)2 etc. (GP) = a, ar, ar2, ar3 ....... arn–1; a = first term, r = common ratio
quadratic equation. Equation = ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
• Binomial Theorem : n
Sum of n terms → Sn = a(1 − r ) ; For 0 ≤ | r | < 1
−b ± b − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 1− r
a b + ....
General Solu�on ⇒ X = 2a (a + b)n = an + nan–1 b′ + 2 × 1 Sum of ∞ terms S∞ = a
1− r
 Standard Graphs and
BASIC MATHEMATICS A
their Equations
y y
y Straight line m = tanθ = slope
θ > 90°
m = tanθ = slope y = mx + c
θ < 90° +c m = –ve

C
mx

–
y = mx m = +ve y=

x
m
θ

=
x

y
O

Trigonometry c
Straight line
Straight line
Straight line

θ
θ
c
θ x
x

• Angle : The angle covered by the Coordinate Geometry O

O

revolving line OP is θ = ∠ POX P

1° = 60′ (minute) ; 1′ = 60′′ (second)
• Origin : Any fixed point from which all Differentiation Integration
measurements are taken from this.
180°
⇒ 1 rad = ≈ 57.3°
π θ • Axis : Any fixed direction passing • Physical Meaning of dy = 1 If I is the integration of f(x) with
π X y
⇒ Angle θ° to Radian multiply it by . O through origin. x dx respect to x then I = ∫ f(x)dx
180°
180° y y
(x,y) (i) The ratio of small change in the • Main Formulae of Integration :
⇒ Angle Radian to θ° multiplying it by . function y and the variable x is
π • Distance Formula : origin x
x called the average rate of change xn+1
∫ x dx = n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1
n
(0,0) 1.
• Trigonometrical Ratios : d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 y w.r.t. x.
Y
P MP B OM P ∆y ∆y dy
sin θ = =
H OP
cos θ = =
H OP In 3-d (space) – d = 2 2
(x 2 − x1 ) + (y 2 − y1 ) + (z 2 − z1 ) 2 (ii) When ∆x → 0. The limiting value of
∆x
is lim
∆x →∞ ∆x
=
dx
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c, c = constant
90°
X θ y y = F(x)
P MP
tan θ = =
B OM
cot θ = = O M X • Slope of a linen :
y B(x2,y2) 3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
B OM P MP y2 • Main Formulas of Differentiation
(x1,y1) θ ∆y 1 y
Y
H OP
sec θ = =
H OP
cosec θ = =
m = tan θ =
∆y y 2 − y1
=
y1 1.
d
(K) = 0 K = constant
4. ∫ x dx = loge x + c
B OM P MP ∆x dx
∆x x 2 − x1
⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ x x
∫ e dx = e + c
x x
x1 x2 5. x=a x=b
d dU
2. (KU) = K [U is a function of x] x dx
• Table : Trigonometry Standard angles dx dx • Define Integrals :
from 0° to 180° • Important Formulae of Differentiation : b
d dU dV dW b
• Four Quadrans and ASTC Rule : 3.
dx
(U ± V ± W ) = ±
dx dx
±
dx
d
(f(x)) = f ′(x) ∫ f ′(x)dx = f(x) a
90° d d d 1 If dx then a
⇒ In Ist quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. ⇒ (sin x) = cos x ⇒ (cos x) = − sin x (#) (loge x) =
IInd quadrant I quadrant
st dx dx dx x where U, V and W are functions of x. is called definite integral.
sin All 0°
⇒ In IInd quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. • Area Under Curve :
180° 360° d d d x d dV dV
tan cos ⇒ (tan x) = sec 2 x ⇒ (cot x) = −cosec 2 x (#) (e ) = e x 4. (UV) = U +V b
⇒ In IIIrd quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. dx dx dx dx dx dx
∫ f(x)dx = Shaded area between curve and x-axis.
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

a
⇒ In IVth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive. 270° d d ax dU dV
⇒ (cosec x) = −cosec x cat x (#) (e ) = ae x d U
V −U
dx dx 5.   = dx 2 dx
• Important trigonometric formula : dx  V  V
n(n − 1)x 2
y (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + + .....
• Range of trigonometric functions : B d n 2 ×1
Maxima 6. (x ) = nxn−1
P dx • Logarithm Main Formulae :
⇒ sin θ = and P ≤ H
H • Concept of Maxima and Minima
log mn = log m + log n log mn = n log m
H m
P
So, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1  dy d2 y  A minima log = logm − logn loge m = 2.303 log10 m
⇒ Condition for minima :  = 0 and > 0  x n
θ
 dx dx 2  b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
B B x1 = x2 = • Arithmetic Progression (AP) :
⇒ cos θ = and B ≤ H, So − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 gives 2a and 2a
H (AP) = a + a + d + a + 2d + .... + a + (n – 1)d
 dy d2 y 
⇒ Condition for maxima :  = 0 and < 0  ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 For real roots. where a = first term d = common difference
P  dx dx 2 
⇒ tan θ = So, − ∞ < tan θ < ∞ ⇒ Sum of n term’s Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d] = n [a + nth term]
B ⇒ 2
b – 4ac < 0 For Imaginary roots. 2 2

Sum of first n natural number’s — Sn = n(n + 1) ;

• Small Angle Approximation : • Binomial Expression : (i)
2
Algebra An algebraic expression having two n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
If θ is small (θ < 45°) (ii) Sum of squares of first n → S
n2
=
6
• Quadratic Equation and its Solutions : terms [Link] ipsum
sin θ ≈ θ; cos ≈ 1 and tan θ ≈ θ • Geometric Progression (GP)
An algebraic equation of 2nd order is called a Example : (a + b), (a + b)4, (2x– 3y)2 etc. (GP) = a, ar, ar2, ar3 ....... arn–1; a = first term, r = common ratio
quadratic equation. Equation = ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
• Binomial Theorem : n
Sum of n terms → Sn = a(1 − r ) ; For 0 ≤ | r | < 1
−b ± b − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 1− r
a b + ....
General Solu�on ⇒ X = 2a (a + b)n = an + nan–1 b′ + 2 × 1 Sum of ∞ terms S∞ = a
1− r
 Standard Graphs and
BASIC MATHEMATICS A
their Equations
y y
y Straight line m = tanθ = slope
θ > 90°
m = tanθ = slope y = mx + c
θ < 90° +c m = –ve

C
mx

–
y = mx m = +ve y=

x
m
θ

=
x

y
O

Trigonometry c
Straight line
Straight line
Straight line

θ
θ
c
θ x
x

• Angle : The angle covered by the Coordinate Geometry O

O

revolving line OP is θ = ∠ POX P

1° = 60′ (minute) ; 1′ = 60′′ (second)
• Origin : Any fixed point from which all Differentiation Integration
measurements are taken from this.
180°
⇒ 1 rad = ≈ 57.3°
π θ • Axis : Any fixed direction passing • Physical Meaning of dy = 1 If I is the integration of f(x) with
π X y
⇒ Angle θ° to Radian multiply it by . O through origin. x dx respect to x then I = ∫ f(x)dx
180°
180° y y
(x,y) (i) The ratio of small change in the • Main Formulae of Integration :
⇒ Angle Radian to θ° multiplying it by . function y and the variable x is
π • Distance Formula : origin x
x called the average rate of change xn+1
∫ x dx = n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1
n
(0,0) 1.
• Trigonometrical Ratios : d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 y w.r.t. x.
Y
P MP B OM P ∆y ∆y dy
sin θ = =
H OP
cos θ = =
H OP In 3-d (space) – d = 2 2
(x 2 − x1 ) + (y 2 − y1 ) + (z 2 − z1 ) 2 (ii) When ∆x → 0. The limiting value of
∆x
is lim
∆x →∞ ∆x
=
dx
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c, c = constant
90°
X θ y y = F(x)
P MP
tan θ = =
B OM
cot θ = = O M X • Slope of a linen :
y B(x2,y2) 3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
B OM P MP y2 • Main Formulas of Differentiation
(x1,y1) θ ∆y 1 y
Y
H OP
sec θ = =
H OP
cosec θ = =
m = tan θ =
∆y y 2 − y1
=
y1 1.
d
(K) = 0 K = constant
4. ∫ x dx = loge x + c
B OM P MP ∆x dx
∆x x 2 − x1
⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ x x
∫ e dx = e + c
x x
x1 x2 5. x=a x=b
d dU
2. (KU) = K [U is a function of x] x dx
• Table : Trigonometry Standard angles dx dx • Define Integrals :
from 0° to 180° • Important Formulae of Differentiation : b
d dU dV dW b
• Four Quadrans and ASTC Rule : 3.
dx
(U ± V ± W ) = ±
dx dx
±
dx
d
(f(x)) = f ′(x) ∫ f ′(x)dx = f(x) a
90° d d d 1 If dx then a
⇒ In Ist quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. ⇒ (sin x) = cos x ⇒ (cos x) = − sin x (#) (loge x) =
IInd quadrant I quadrant
st dx dx dx x where U, V and W are functions of x. is called definite integral.
sin All 0°
⇒ In IInd quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. • Area Under Curve :
180° 360° d d d x d dV dV
tan cos ⇒ (tan x) = sec 2 x ⇒ (cot x) = −cosec 2 x (#) (e ) = e x 4. (UV) = U +V b
⇒ In IIIrd quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. dx dx dx dx dx dx
∫ f(x)dx = Shaded area between curve and x-axis.
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

a
⇒ In IVth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive. 270° d d ax dU dV
⇒ (cosec x) = −cosec x cat x (#) (e ) = ae x d U
V −U
dx dx 5.   = dx 2 dx
• Important trigonometric formula : dx  V  V
n(n − 1)x 2
y (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + + .....
• Range of trigonometric functions : B d n 2 ×1
Maxima 6. (x ) = nxn−1
P dx • Logarithm Main Formulae :
⇒ sin θ = and P ≤ H
H • Concept of Maxima and Minima
log mn = log m + log n log mn = n log m
H m
P
So, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1  dy d2 y  A minima log = logm − logn loge m = 2.303 log10 m
⇒ Condition for minima :  = 0 and > 0  x n
θ
 dx dx 2  b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
B B x1 = x2 = • Arithmetic Progression (AP) :
⇒ cos θ = and B ≤ H, So − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 gives 2a and 2a
H (AP) = a + a + d + a + 2d + .... + a + (n – 1)d
 dy d2 y 
⇒ Condition for maxima :  = 0 and < 0  ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 For real roots. where a = first term d = common difference
P  dx dx 2 
⇒ tan θ = So, − ∞ < tan θ < ∞ ⇒ Sum of n term’s Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d] = n [a + nth term]
B ⇒ 2
b – 4ac < 0 For Imaginary roots. 2 2

Sum of first n natural number’s — Sn = n(n + 1) ;

• Small Angle Approximation : • Binomial Expression : (i)
2
Algebra An algebraic expression having two n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
If θ is small (θ < 45°) (ii) Sum of squares of first n → S
n2
=
6
• Quadratic Equation and its Solutions : terms [Link] ipsum
sin θ ≈ θ; cos ≈ 1 and tan θ ≈ θ • Geometric Progression (GP)
An algebraic equation of 2nd order is called a Example : (a + b), (a + b)4, (2x– 3y)2 etc. (GP) = a, ar, ar2, ar3 ....... arn–1; a = first term, r = common ratio
quadratic equation. Equation = ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
• Binomial Theorem : n
Sum of n terms → Sn = a(1 − r ) ; For 0 ≤ | r | < 1
−b ± b − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 1− r
a b + ....
General Solu�on ⇒ X = 2a (a + b)n = an + nan–1 b′ + 2 × 1 Sum of ∞ terms S∞ = a
1− r
 Standard Graphs and
BASIC MATHEMATICS A
their Equations
y y
y Straight line m = tanθ = slope
θ > 90°
m = tanθ = slope y = mx + c
θ < 90° +c m = –ve

C
mx

–
y = mx m = +ve y=

x
m
θ

=
x

y
O

Trigonometry c
Straight line
Straight line
Straight line

θ
θ
c
θ x
x

• Angle : The angle covered by the Coordinate Geometry O

O

revolving line OP is θ = ∠ POX P

1° = 60′ (minute) ; 1′ = 60′′ (second)
• Origin : Any fixed point from which all Differentiation Integration
measurements are taken from this.
180°
⇒ 1 rad = ≈ 57.3°
π θ • Axis : Any fixed direction passing • Physical Meaning of dy = 1 If I is the integration of f(x) with
π X y
⇒ Angle θ° to Radian multiply it by . O through origin. x dx respect to x then I = ∫ f(x)dx
180°
180° y y
(x,y) (i) The ratio of small change in the • Main Formulae of Integration :
⇒ Angle Radian to θ° multiplying it by . function y and the variable x is
π • Distance Formula : origin x
x called the average rate of change xn+1
∫ x dx = n + 1 + c, n ≠ −1
n
(0,0) 1.
• Trigonometrical Ratios : d = (x 2 − x1 )2 + (y 2 − y1 )2 y w.r.t. x.
Y
P MP B OM P ∆y ∆y dy
sin θ = =
H OP
cos θ = =
H OP In 3-d (space) – d = 2 2
(x 2 − x1 ) + (y 2 − y1 ) + (z 2 − z1 ) 2 (ii) When ∆x → 0. The limiting value of
∆x
is lim
∆x →∞ ∆x
=
dx
2. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c, c = constant
90°
X θ y y = F(x)
P MP
tan θ = =
B OM
cot θ = = O M X • Slope of a linen :
y B(x2,y2) 3. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
B OM P MP y2 • Main Formulas of Differentiation
(x1,y1) θ ∆y 1 y
Y
H OP
sec θ = =
H OP
cosec θ = =
m = tan θ =
∆y y 2 − y1
=
y1 1.
d
(K) = 0 K = constant
4. ∫ x dx = loge x + c
B OM P MP ∆x dx
∆x x 2 − x1
⇒ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ; 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 ; 1 + cot 2 θ = cosec 2 θ x x
∫ e dx = e + c
x x
x1 x2 5. x=a x=b
d dU
2. (KU) = K [U is a function of x] x dx
• Table : Trigonometry Standard angles dx dx • Define Integrals :
from 0° to 180° • Important Formulae of Differentiation : b
d dU dV dW b
• Four Quadrans and ASTC Rule : 3.
dx
(U ± V ± W ) = ±
dx dx
±
dx
d
(f(x)) = f ′(x) ∫ f ′(x)dx = f(x) a
90° d d d 1 If dx then a
⇒ In Ist quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are positive. ⇒ (sin x) = cos x ⇒ (cos x) = − sin x (#) (loge x) =
IInd quadrant I quadrant
st dx dx dx x where U, V and W are functions of x. is called definite integral.
sin All 0°
⇒ In IInd quadrant, only sin θ and cosec θ are positive. • Area Under Curve :
180° 360° d d d x d dV dV
tan cos ⇒ (tan x) = sec 2 x ⇒ (cot x) = −cosec 2 x (#) (e ) = e x 4. (UV) = U +V b
⇒ In IIIrd quadrant, only tan θ and cot θ are positive. dx dx dx dx dx dx
∫ f(x)dx = Shaded area between curve and x-axis.
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant

a
⇒ In IVth quadrant, only cos θ and sec θ are positive. 270° d d ax dU dV
⇒ (cosec x) = −cosec x cat x (#) (e ) = ae x d U
V −U
dx dx 5.   = dx 2 dx
• Important trigonometric formula : dx  V  V
n(n − 1)x 2
y (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + + .....
• Range of trigonometric functions : B d n 2 ×1
Maxima 6. (x ) = nxn−1
P dx • Logarithm Main Formulae :
⇒ sin θ = and P ≤ H
H • Concept of Maxima and Minima
log mn = log m + log n log mn = n log m
H m
P
So, −1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1  dy d2 y  A minima log = logm − logn loge m = 2.303 log10 m
⇒ Condition for minima :  = 0 and > 0  x n
θ
 dx dx 2  b + b2 − 4ac −b − b2 − 4ac
B B x1 = x2 = • Arithmetic Progression (AP) :
⇒ cos θ = and B ≤ H, So − 1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 gives 2a and 2a
H (AP) = a + a + d + a + 2d + .... + a + (n – 1)d
 dy d2 y 
⇒ Condition for maxima :  = 0 and < 0  ⇒ b2 – 4ac ≥ 0 For real roots. where a = first term d = common difference
P  dx dx 2 
⇒ tan θ = So, − ∞ < tan θ < ∞ ⇒ Sum of n term’s Sn = n [2a + (n − 1)d] = n [a + nth term]
B ⇒ 2
b – 4ac < 0 For Imaginary roots. 2 2

Sum of first n natural number’s — Sn = n(n + 1) ;

• Small Angle Approximation : • Binomial Expression : (i)
2
Algebra An algebraic expression having two n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
If θ is small (θ < 45°) (ii) Sum of squares of first n → S
n2
=
6
• Quadratic Equation and its Solutions : terms [Link] ipsum
sin θ ≈ θ; cos ≈ 1 and tan θ ≈ θ • Geometric Progression (GP)
An algebraic equation of 2nd order is called a Example : (a + b), (a + b)4, (2x– 3y)2 etc. (GP) = a, ar, ar2, ar3 ....... arn–1; a = first term, r = common ratio
quadratic equation. Equation = ax2 + bx + c = 0
2
• Binomial Theorem : n
Sum of n terms → Sn = a(1 − r ) ; For 0 ≤ | r | < 1
−b ± b − 4ac n(n − 1) n−2 2 1− r
a b + ....
General Solu�on ⇒ X = 2a (a + b)n = an + nan–1 b′ + 2 × 1 Sum of ∞ terms S∞ = a
1− r