Characteristics and

Examination of Wastewater

Group members: Tutor:

Saugat, 157 Asst. Prof. Shukra Raj Paudel
Saujan, 158 Department of Civil Engineering
Saurav, 159 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Saurav, 160
Saurav, 161
June 15, 2017
Sharda, 162 1
Objectives of the Presentation

Students will be able to learn the following things at

the end of the presentation:

• Various characteristics of waste water and their examination

• Sampling of waste water, preservation and storing

• Decomposition of waste water and its process

• BOD and COD and its significance

2
Presentation Outline

1. Characteristics of Wastewater

2. Sampling of wastewater

3. Decomposition of Wastewater

4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

5. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

6. Examination of Wastewater

3
Water Household/ Surface Storm
Wastewater
supply Industries Runoff Water

99.9% Liquid + 0.1% Solid

What is Wastewater??

4
 Types of Wastewater

Black faeces and urine with flush

water
Black water without urine or
Brown yellow water
Household
Urine from separated toilets and
Yellow urinals
Washing water from the
Wastewater Gray kitchen, bathroom, laundry
Urea, grease, protein, amino
Organic acids, phenols
Industrial
Chlorides, sulphates, toxic
Inorganic compounds, acids, alkalis

Fig 2: Types of Wastewater

5
1. Characteristics of Wastewater

• Wastewater – Part of water supply to the community or to

the industry which has been used for different purposes and
has been mixed with solids either suspended or dissolved.

• Characteristics of wastewater – Features of waste

water in terms of physical, chemical and biological aspects

Why do we need to characterize waste water?

• Information about type and concentration of contaminants
• In the design of treatment plants because the effluent
quality depends upon the influent characteristics
• To control the extent of treatment
• Determine whether the wastewater is harmful for the
environment, aquatic life or human health
6
1. Characteristics of Wastewater contd.

1.1. Physical Characteristics

 Colour, Odour, Temperature and Turbidity

1.2. Chemical Characteristics

 pH, Organic and Inorganic Solids, Nitrogenous
Compounds

1.3. Biological Characteristics

 Bacteria, Virus, Algae, Protozoa, Fungi

7
1. Characteristics of Wastewater contd.
Characteristics Sources
1. Physical Properties
• Colour Domestic and industrial wastes, natural decay of
organic materials
• Odour Decomposing wastewater, industrial wastes
• Solids Domestic water supply, domestic and industrial
wastes, soil erosion, inflow infiltration
• Temperature Domestic and industrial wastes
2. Chemical Constituents
a. Organic
• Carbohydrates Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
• Fats oils, and grease Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
• Pesticides Agricultural wastes
• Phenols Industrial wastes
• Proteins Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
8
• Surfactants Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
1. Characteristics of Wastewater contd.
Characteristics Sources
2. Chemical Constituents contd.
• Others Natural decay of organic materials
b. Inorganic
• Alkalinity Domestic wastes, domestic water supply,
groundwater infiltration
• Chlorides Domestic wastes, domestic water supply,
groundwater infiltration
• Heavy metal Industrial wastes
• Nitrogen Domestic and agricultural wastes
• pH Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
• Phosphorous Domestic, commercial, and industrial wastes
natural runoff
• Sulphur Domestic water supply, domestic and industrial
wastes
• Toxic Compounds Industrial wastes 9
1. Characteristics of Wastewater contd.

Characteristics Sources
2. Chemical Constituents contd.
c. Gases
• Hydrogen Sulphide Decomposition of domestic wastes
• Methane Decomposition of domestic wastes
• Oxygen Domestic water supply, surface water infiltration
2. Biological Constituents
• Animals Open watercourses and treatment plants
• Plants Open watercourses and treatment plants
• Bacteria Domestic wastes, surface water infiltration,
treatment plants .
• Protista Domestic wastes, treatment plants .
• Viruses Domestic wastes

10
1.1. Physical Characteristics
a. Specific Gravity – Nearly equal to that of water
b. Colour –Indicator of freshness of sewage
• Fresh sewage: greenish brown or yellowish
• Stale/Septic sewage: Black
• Industrial sewage: Varies due to specific chemicals
c. Odour
• Fresh sewage: Odourless or soapy odour
• Stale sewage: Offensive odour of H2S due to anaerobic
decomposition of wastes
d. Solids
• 0.1% of solids of wastewater present as suspended,
dissolved, colloidal and settleable solids
• 45% of total solids are organic and remaining are
inorganic
• Large quantity of solids is harmful for sewers 11
1.1. Physical Characteristics

e. Temperature
• Has direct effect on biological activity of bacteria present,
solubility of gases and viscosity of sewage
• Higher temperature than water supply due to the
utilization of water
• Average of 20°C

f. Turbidity
• Resistance of passing of light through sewage
• Represents dirty water from baths, faeces, greases etc.
• Depends upon the quantity of solid matter in suspension
state
• Determined by Turbidity rods or turbiditimeters e.g.
Nephlometric unit
12
Source: [Link]

Fig.: General Appearance of Fresh Wastewater

13
Fig.: General Appearance of Stale Wastewater

14
1.2. Chemical Characteristics

a. pH
• Fresh sewage is alkaline
• Later, pH tends to fall due to the bacterial action in
anaerobic or nitrification process
• With the treatment of sewage pH tends to rise
• Efficiency of certain treatment methods depend
upon pH especially the biological treatment
• For better result, the pH of sewage should be
around 7.0 in biological treatment as
microorganisms can flourish in that pH range
• pH can be determined using pH meter.

15
1.2. Chemical Characteristics contd.
b. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• Amount of oxygen dissolved in sewage for aerobic
decomposition
• Fresh sewage contains 2 to 5 ppm dissolved oxygen
• Presence of DO in sewage indicates the sewage is
fresh or oxidation has been occurred
• Minimum DO in water bodies should be 4 ppm have
aquatic life possible or survive

c. Surfactants
• Come primarily from synthetic detergents
• Discharged from bathrooms, kitchens, washing
machines etc.
• Cause foaming in wastewater

16
1.2. Chemical Characteristics contd.
d. Biological Oxygen Demand
• Amount of oxygen required by the microorganisms
(bacteria) to carry out decomposition of biodegradable
organic matter under aerobic condition

e. Chemical Oxygen Demand

• Amount of oxygen required to oxidize and stabilize
inorganic and organic substance

f. Chlorides
• Derived from Kitchen wastes, human feces and urinary
discharges
• Large amount of chlorine may enter from industries
• Determined by titrating wastewater with standard silver
nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator
17
1.2. Chemical Characteristics contd.
g. Fats, oil and grease
• Fats and oil are mainly contributed from kitchen waste
• Grease are produced from garages and workshops
• Float on the top of sedimentation tanks and choke
pipes in winter and clog filter
h. Toxic Compounds
• Copper, lead, silver, chromium, arsenic, phenols, boron,
cyanides etc. produced by industries
• Affect the microorganisms responsible for decomposition
and harmful for aquatic life
i. Acids and alkalis
• Acid and alkalis are discharged by chemical and other
industrial plants
• Harmful for bacterial as well as aquatic life
18
Nitrogen Compounds
• Presence of Nitrogen indicates the presence of organic matter
in the sewage in following forms
a. Free ammonia
b. Albuminoidal Nitrogen
c. Organic Nitrogen
d. Inorganic Nitrogen (Nitrites, Nitrates)
• Free ammonia indicates the decomposition of organic matter
• Albuminoidal nitrogen indicates the quantity of nitrogen
before the decomposition
• Nitrates indicates the presence of fully oxidized organic
matter in sewage
• Nitrites indicates the intermediate stage of conversion of
organic matter of sewage into stable forms, thus indicating
the progress of treatment
19
 Nitrogen Compounds Contd.
Ammonia (NH3)

Nitrite(NO2-) Nitrification
(Aerobic Environment)
Nitrate(NO3-)

Sediment or live rock surface

Nitrate(NO3-)
Nitrogen gas (N2)
Nitrite(NO2-)
Denitrification
(Anoxic Environment)
Ammonia (NH3)

Fig.: Nitrification and Denitrification Process 20

1.3. Biological Characteristics
• Bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa are the principal groups of
microscopic organisms present in wastewater
• Large number of 22 to 25 millions of microorganism per litre of
domestic sewage
• They helps in oxidation and decomposition of sewage
• Bacteria is the dominant among all and they are harmless non-
pathogenic
• During epidemics, wastewater contains large number of
pathogenes

21
1.3. Biological Characteristics contd.
Bacteria(Aerobic, Anaerobic, Facultative)
Zoogloea
Pseudomonas
Slime production in
Reduce NO3 to N2
the formation of flocs
Acinetobacter
Bdellovibrio
Store phosphate
Destroy pathogens in
(aerobic) and release
biological treatment.
(anaerobic)

Nitrosomonas Coliform bacteria

transform NH4 to NO2- Escherichia Coli
(indicator for the
Nitrobacter presence of
transform NO2- to NO3- pathogens).
22
Fig.: Important Bacteria Present in Wastewater
 1.3. Biological Characteristics contd.
Fungi
Important in decomposing organic
matter to simple forms.

Fig.: Fungi Algae

Cause eutrophication phenomena.
Useful in oxidation ponds
Protozoa Fig.: Algae
Feed on bacteria so they help in the
purification of treated waste water.
Fig.: Protozoa
Viruses
Can live as long as 41 days in water
and wastewater at 20°C and cause lots
of dangerous diseases.
Fig.: Virus 23
2. Sampling of Wastewater
What is Sampling of Wastewater?
Collection of representative sample of sewage to determine its
physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the sewage

Source: [Link]
Fig.: Sampler
24
2.1. Types of Samples

• Grab sample
Represents the
condition of sewage
at a particular point
Grab Samples Collected over different
• Integrated Sample times from 4 the same location
1 2 3
Grab sample taken at
different places at Source: [Link]
same time
10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00
• Composite sample
Grab sample taken
over different time at Composite Sample
same place
Fig.: Composite Sampling 25
Grab Sampling
• Taken from a waste stream on a one-time time basis
without consideration of the flow of the waste stream and
without consideration of time

• Gives an idea of what is happening right then

• Less labour cost and cheap equipment

Sometimes grab sample is considered controversial.

Why?
• No standardized protocol
• Varying Detention Times affect results
• Peak vs. low flow affect results

26
Composite Sampling
• Multiple samples taken from one point at multiple times and
integrated together for analysis

• The aggregate sample represent the average water quality

over the sampling period

• More representative measure of the discharge of pollutants

over a given period of time

• Developed from multiple grab samples or through a composite

sampler

• Typically used in wastewater treatment process

• Requires expensive equipment and labour intensive

27
 Conditions for Sampling

Analytical Constituent Requirements

Grab Required Grab or Composite
Alkalinity BOD5
Oil and Grease Nitrogen Species
Dissolved Oxygen Solids
pH Phosphorous
Temperature
Biological
Source: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 20th ed

28
2.2. Preservation and Storing
• Presence of Unstable Compounds so the sample should be
tested right away.
• Formaldehyde, chloroform, sulphuric acid etc. can be added
to preserve those samples.
• For BOD test, preservatives should not be used.
• Should be stored in an cool place to prevent biological
actions.

Source: [Link]
Fig.: Storing sewage sample
29
Sampling requirements Examples
1. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Container - polyethylene or glass
• Preservation - 4°C (ice)
• Maximum holding time - 48 hours

2. Oil and grease

• Container - glass
• Preservation - 4°C and add HCL or H2SO4 to pH<2
• Maximum holding time - 28 days

3. Fecal coliforms
• Container - polyethylene or glass
• Preservation - 4°C and 0.008% Na2S2O3
• Maximum holding time - 6hrs
30
3. Decomposition of Sewage

• Decomposition occurs both by biological as well as

chemical process – Biochemical Decomposition

• Decompose highly organic compound into constituents of

simple chemical structure

• Biodegradable Organic Matter – Organic matter which can

be decomposed by bacteria

• Bacterial Decomposition – two types

a. Aerobic Decomposition (aerobic oxidation)
b. Anaerobic Decomposition (Putrefaction)

31
 Aerobic Decomposition
(freely in dissolved form)
Bio-
Degradable Aerobic/ Oxidation
Organic Respiration
Facultative
Matter Bacteria
Inorganic Stable
Energy and Harmless End
Products
Multiplication
• Carbonaceous
More Micro-Organisms • Nitrogenous
• Sulphurous
Organic matter + Bacteria + O  + H O + Bacteria + • Phosphorous
Energy

Fig 12: Diagram Showing Aerobic Process

32
 What happens
Anaerobic when all of Free
Decomposition(Putrefaction)
Dissolved
start Oxygen
to occur in the is EXHAUSTED??
absence of DO and
light.

Anaerobic Bacteria and Facultative

Bacteria

33
Anaerobic Decomposition

• Anaerobic bacteria converts the complex organic matter

into simpler organic compounds of Nitrogen, Carbon and
Sulphur.

• Bacteria survives by extracting and consuming nitrates,

sulphates.

• Organic matter decompose into:

o Carbonaceous CO2
o Nitrogenous NH3 + N2 + Organic Acids
o Organic Acid CH4 + CO2
o Sulphurous H2S

34
 Complex Organic Matter
carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Hydrolysis

Soluble Organic Molecules

sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

Acidogenesis

Volatile fatty acids

Hydrogen,
Acetic acid Carbon dioxide
Acetogenesis

Methane,
Carbon dioxide
Methanogenesis

Fig 13: Diagram Showing Anaerobic Process

35
4. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

4.1. Definition of BOD and its Significance

4.2. Derivation of BOD equation

4.3. Rate reaction, ultimate BOD and relation with

temperature

4.4. Numerical on BOD

36
What is BOD?
• Organic matter is often assessed in terms of oxygen
required for complete oxidation of matter to CO2, H2O
and other end products.
• Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the
amount of oxygen required by the microorganisms
(bacteria) to carry out decomposition of biodegradable
organic matter under aerobic condition at standard
temperature.
• BOD is the widely used parameter of organic pollution
applied to both wastewater as well as surface water.
• Ultimate BOD – Oxygen demand of 20 days
representing organic matter for 99% decomposition
• 10 days for 90% decomposition and 5 days for 70%
decomposition
37
Significances of BOD Test

• Determination of quantity of oxygen required for

biological decomposition of organic matter

• Determination of size of treatment facilities

• Measurement of efficiency of some treatment process

• Determination of amount of clear water required for the

efficient disposal of wastewater by dilution

38
Stages of BOD
Oxidation of organic matter occurs in two steps
First Stage
• Decomposition of carbonaceous material
• Rapid Consumption of Oxygen
• Takes 5-7 days depending upon temperature and
strength of sewage
• Oxygen demand is called First Stage BOD
• CH3COO−+ O2 CO2 + HCO3− + H2O

Second Stage
• Nitrogenous matter are oxidized
• Corresponding BOD is called Second Stage BOD or
nitrification demand
• NH4 ++ 2 O2 NO3 − + 2 H+ + H2O

39
Stages of BOD

Source: PN Modi, 2001

Fig 14: Diagram Showing Stages of BOD
40
4.2. Derivation of BOD equation
Expression for First stage of BOD
At a given temperature, the rate of deoxygenation may be assumed to be directly
proportional to the amount of organic matter present in sewage at that time.
𝑑𝐿𝑡
= −𝐾 ′ ∗ 𝐿𝑡 … (5.1)
𝐿𝑡
where, 𝐿𝑡 = amount of first stage BOD remaining in the sample expressed as
mg/l.
K’ = rate constant signifying the rate of oxidation of organic matter having unit
(𝑑𝑎𝑦)−1
Integrating above equation,
𝐿𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝐿𝑡
න = −𝐾′ න 𝑑𝑡
𝐿𝑡
𝐿0 0
𝐿𝑡
or, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = −𝐾 ′ 𝑡
𝐿0
𝐿𝑡 ′
or, = 𝑒 −𝐾 𝑡 = 10−𝐾𝑡 …(5.2)
𝐿0
𝐾′
Where the rate constant K=
2.303
In the above equation, 𝐿0 is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter present in
the sewage at the beginning.
41
4.2. Derivation of BOD equation Contd.
The amount of BOD remaining at any time t is 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿0 ∗ 10−𝐾𝑡
Hence, 𝑦𝑡 , the amount of BOD that has been exhausted at any time is given
by
𝑦𝑡 = 𝐿0 − 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿0 (1 − 10−𝑘𝑡 ) …(5.3)
For t=5 days,
𝐵𝑂𝐷5 = 𝑦5 = 𝐿0 − 𝐿5 = 𝐿0 1 − 10−5𝑡
The ultimate first stage BOD will be obtained by substituting t=∞ in equation
5.3 .
BOD

Source: PN Modi, 2001

Fig 15: Diagram Showing BOD Reaction Profile 42
4.3. Rate Constant (K)
 The value of K (i.e. rate constant to the base 10, or
deoxygenation constant) determines the speed of the BOD
reaction, without influencing the ultimate BOD.
 The range of K at 20℃normally vary between 0.05 to 0.3
day−1
 The rate constant K depends upon the reaction
temperature which is given by Van’tHoft-Arrhenius
relationship.
𝐾𝑇 = 𝐾20 ∗ 𝜃 (𝑇−20) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 1.047
Temperature of Sewage(T) in ℃
 Relative Stability – Ratio of amount of oxygen available
in sewage to the amount of oxygen required to satisfy the
first stage of BOD of sewage
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑆𝑅 = 100(1 − 0.794𝑡20 )%

43
4.3. Rate Constant (K) contd.

Source: [Link]
Fig.: Effect of rate constant K on BOD for a given ultimate BOD
44
4.3. Rate Constant (K) contd.

Typical values of K at 20 ℃ for various

types of Waters and Wastewaters
Water Type K value (per day)
Tap waters < 0.05
Surface Waters 0.05 - 0.10
Municipal Wastewaters 0.10 - 0.15
Treated sewage effluents 0.05 - 0.10

45
5. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the total amount of

Oxygen required for the chemical oxidation of organic
matter and reducing agents present in the sewage.

• Potassium Dichromate, a strong oxidizing agent is used

in acidic medium

• Measures the oxygen equivalent of matter that can be

oxidized

• There is no clear correlation BOD and COD but at a

specific treatment plant, a correlation is possible

46
5. Chemical Oxygen Demand contd.

Significances of COD
• BOD takes a minimum of 5 days time, not useful in
treatment process
• COD can be conducted in 3-5 hours
• COD can be correlated to BOD for a specific plant
• Precise Results

Limitations of COD
• Sanitary Engineers are concerned more with oxidation
of biodegradable matter by bacteria only.
• COD does not provide accurate results

47
6. Examination of Sewage
1.1. Determination of Solids
 Total Solids
 Total volatile and fixed solids
 Settleable and non-settleable solids

1.2. Determination of DO

1.3. Determination of BOD

 Direct Method
 Dilution Method

1.4. Determination of COD

1.5. Biological Examination

48
6. Examination of Sewage: Solids Analysis
Settleable Imhoff
Sample Evaporation TS
solids Cone
Filter
(glass fibre)
Evaporation Evaporation
TS total solid
of filter TSS total suspended solid of filtrate
TDS total dissolved solid
VSS Volatile suspended solid
TSS FSS fixed suspended solid TDS
VDS volatile dissolved solid
FDS fixed dissolved solid
Muffle TVS total volatile solid Muffle
(oven) TFS total fixed solid (oven)

VDS FDS
VSS FSS

TVS TS TFS

Fig.: Schematic diagram of analysis of different types of solids 49

6.1.1. Determination of Total Solids
50-100ml

Residue

Dry crucible Well Mixed Sample Cooled crucible

Weight W 1 Volume V ml Evaporate to dryness Weight W 2
103°C to 105°C

(W2 −W1)
Total Solids in mg/l = ∗ 1000 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
V

50
 6.1.2. Determination of Volatile Solids

Residue Residue

Dry Crucible Cooled crucible

Weight W 2 Ignite at 600°C Weight W 3
Muffle furnace

(W3 −W2)
Volatile Solids in mg/l = ∗ 1000 𝑚𝑔/𝑙
V

Fixed solid in mg/l= Total solids in mg/l− Volatile solids in mg/l

51
6.1.3. Settleable and Non-settleable solids

• One litre of sewage is taken in imhoff cone

• Sewage is allowed to stand for two hours

• Volume of solids settled at the bottom of cone is read

• To express the settleable solids in mg/l, the solids

settled at the bottom of cone are collected and dried in
oven at 103°C to 105°C and weighted

• Non settleable solids = Total suspended solids – total

settleable solids Source: [Link]
Fig 16: Imhoff cone

52
6.2. Determination of DO

Winker’s Method:

• 300ml of sewage sample is collected in a BOD bottle

• 2 ml MnSO4, 2 ml alkali iodide-azide and 2 ml conc.

H2SO4 is added

• 100 ml mixed solution is titrated with N/80 sodium

thiosulphate using starch as an indicator

• Knowing the volume of hypo consumption, normality

equation is used to calculate the DO

53
6.3. Determination of BOD

Direct Method (Lovibond’s Oxi Direct BOD System)

• Sewage sample is kept in contact with definite volume of

air or oxygen in a specially prepared vessel

• Arrangement to absorb any CO2 produced.

• Oxygen absorbed is measured

• BOD(mg/l) = Initial DO – Final DO = Oxygen absorbed

Source: [Link]
Fig 17: OxiDirect BOD system
54
6.3. Determination of BOD contd.

Dilution Method 1:

• Sample is diluted with specially prepared dilution water

• Dilution water: Mixture of salts to provide nutrients for
biological activity along with phosphate buffer to regulate pH
• 1ml each of phosphate buffer solution, MgSO4 solution,
CaCl2 solution and FeCl3 solution in 1 litre of distilled water.
• Diluted sample of desired percentage mixture is prepared
in BOD bottle or sample of sewage is pipetted into a BOD
bottle to which water is added to completely fill the bottle
• Another BOD bottle is filled with dilution water only and both
bottles are incubated at 20℃ for 5 days
• DO present in both BOD bottles is determined and BOD is
calculated using formula
55
6.3. Determination of BOD contd.
Dilution Method 1 contd.
100
• For percent mixture, 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
% 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
• For direct pipetting, 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
• 𝐵𝑂𝐷(𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙) = 𝐷𝑂𝑏 − 𝐷𝑂𝑖 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 − (𝐷𝑂𝑏 − 𝐷𝑂𝑠 )

Where,
𝐷𝑂𝑏 , 𝐷𝑂𝑖 = DO of blank and diluted sample respt. at end of
incubation
𝐷𝑂𝑠 = DO present originally in undiluted sample

• (𝐷𝑂𝑏 − 𝐷𝑂𝑠 ) represents the correction for DO of the sample

56
6.3. Determination of BOD contd.
Dilution Method 2

• Simplified method than method 1

• Sample is diluted and DO is measured initially
• Sample is incubated for 20℃ for 5 days
• DO of the incubated sample is also measured
• BOD is calculated using formula
100
• For percent mixture, 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
% 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
• For direct pipetting, 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

• 𝐵𝑂𝐷(𝑚𝑔Τ𝑙) = 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑂 − 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑂 ∗ 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

57
6.4. Determination of COD
• A measured amount of potassium dichromate is added to
the diluted sample
• The acidified sample is then boiled for 1 to 2 hours and
then cooled
• The amount of dichromate is measured by titration with
ferrous ammonium sulphate

Source: [Link]
Fig 18: Determination of COD 58
6.5. Biological Examination

• It has no any serious effect on selection of treatment

method
• However, working of treatment units is possible in the
presence of bacteria
• Various tests can be done for the biological examination
like membrane filtration (coliform) and different pathogens
analysis
• Absence of bacteria in sewage indicates the presence of
industrial wastewater, hindering the biological activity
• Can be used to determine degree of pollution of water
bodies

59
Numerical on BOD

60
If 3 day BOD of a sewage sample is 200 mg/l at
25°C. Calculate its 5 day BOD at 20°C. Assume
k=0.12 per day (base 10) at 20°C.

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A wastewater sample is taken from a sewer.
The 5 day BOD was found to be 180 mg/l at
20°C which is 70 percent of ultimate BOD. What
will be 4-day BOD of the wastewater at 30°C?

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During BOD test conducted on a 5 percent
dilution of water, the following observations
were taken. (i) DO of aerated water used for
dilution = 3.6mg/l (ii) DO of original sample =
0.8mg/l (iii) DO of diluted sample after 5 days in
incubation = 0.7mg/l .Calculate a) 5 day BOD b)
Ultimate BOD

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The test of sewage of town for total solids
indicated the following parameter. Weight of dry
crucible = 40 gm, Volume of sample taken =
100 ml, Weight of crucible with dry residue
obtained after ignition = 40.033 gm.
Determine, (i) Total solids (ii) Volatile solids (iii)
Fixed solids

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Thank you for Listening!!!

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