E.

Ahamed Model United Nations Conference

India 2025

Unity Transcending Boundaries:

Patching Together the Global Mosaic

UNITED NATIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL
AGENDA
Post Conflict Reconstruction:
Recovery in the Face of Emerging Terrorism

CONFERENCE BACKGROUND GUIDE

 Table of Contents
Sr. No. TOPIC PAGE

I Committee Overview 1

II Introduction to the Agenda 3

III Evolution of Terrorism and Peace Building 5

1 The 19th Century 6

2 The 20th Century 7

3 The 21st Century 9

IV The Impact of Terrorism 11

1 Human Rights 11

2 Victims 12

3 Oppresors 13

4 Economy 14

5 Ecosystem 15

V The View of Acts of Terrorism as War Crimes 18

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 Sr. No. TOPIC PAGE

VI The Dynamics of Post Conflict Reconstruction 20

1 Peace Building 21

2 The Role of National Leaders 22

3 Strengthening Governance Structures 23

VII Case Studies -

1 Cameroon - West Africa 24

2 Vietnam 26

3 Ukraine 29

VIII Rehabilitation from The Effects of Terrorism 32

IX The Role and Perspective of International Organisations 34

X Counter Terrorism 36

XI Conclusion 38

XII Questions a Resolution Must Answer 39

XIII Position Paper Guidelines 40

XIV Bibliography 41

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved ii

 Committee Overview
INTRODUCTION
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the
United Nations, tasked with maintaining international peace and security.
Established in 1945 under the UN Charter, the UNSC holds the authority to make
binding decisions that member states are obligated to implement. Its unique
powers include the ability to impose sanctions, authorise the use of force, and
establish peacekeeping operations.

STRUCTURE AND MEMBERSHIP

The UNSC comprises 15 members: five permanent members and ten non-
permanent members. The permanent members—China, France, Russia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States—hold veto power, enabling them to block any
substantive resolution. The ten non-permanent members are elected by the
General Assembly for two-year terms, with five replaced each year. These members
are selected to ensure geographical representation.

🇩🇰
🇺🇸 🇸🇱 DECISION MAKING

🇬🇷
🇫🇷 🇵🇰
Decision-making within the council requires a majority of
nine votes, including the concurring votes of all the

🇷🇺 🇵🇦 permanent members for substantive matters. This dynamic

often leads to complex negotiations and requires a
🇬🇾 delicate balance between national interests and collective

🇨🇳 🇸🇴
🇩🇿
security goals. The veto power of the permanent members
can sometimes lead to deadlock, making consensus-

🇬🇧
building a crucial aspect of the work of the council.
🇸🇮
🇰🇷
United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 01
 FUNCTIONS AND POWERS
The UNSC's primary responsibility is to maintain international peace and security.
Its functions under the United Nations Charter include:

1. The UNSC can

intervene in conflicts
through diplomatic
means, peacekeeping
missions, and, if
n e c e s s a r y, m i l i t a r y
action.
2. The Council can impose
economic and
diplomatic sanctions to
pressure states or entities that pose a threat to peace.
3. The UNSC mandates and oversees UN peacekeeping forces deployed in
conflict zones to stabilise regions and protect civilians.
4. The Council works to foster cooperation between nations to address global
security challenges, including terrorism, disarmament, and nuclear non-
proliferation.

RECENT ACTIVITIES AND CHALLENGES

In recent years, the UNSC has faced significant challenges, including geopolitical
tensions, civil wars, and the global threat of terrorism. Several conflicts around
the world have tested the Council's capacity to respond effectively.

Additionally, issues such as climate change, cyber threats, and pandemics have
emerged as critical security concerns requiring international cooperation and
innovative solutions. The developing and underdeveloped countries are
frequently underrepresented and there are no permanent members from both
Africa and Latin America. Membership of the Security Council does not reflect on
today’s globalised world.

Did you know?

The UNSC is the only council in the United
Nations with the authority to issue
resolutions that are binding on all member
states.

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 Introduction to the
Agenda
Terrorism does not have an official definition due to the existence of a myriad of
types, however, we have a rough understanding of its impacts around the globe.
The principle motive of terrorism is generally along the lines of radical political
change, causing the fall of various
governments.

It is a form of warfare that features

lesser utilisation of arms but much
greater attention to spreading a certain
form of ideology. Perpetrators are
often weaker in terms of conventional
military power and thus employ
unconventional methods to level the playing field and draw attention to their
cause.

Types of Terrorism

Ethno-Nationalist Cyber
Terrorism Terrorism
Caused by communities that seek Targeted attacks carried
autonomy from a government or Political Special Interest out by terrorist
another community organisations using the
Terrorism Terrorism internet
Focuses on a few specific
issues rather than religious,
political or social change

Non-State Terrorism State Sponsored Terrorism

Caused by organisations or groups not Carried out by organisations or groups with
official affiliated with any government the governmental support of a country

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 03

 TRENDS IN
TERRORISM
22%
Deaths as a result of
terrorism have risen 22
Measuring the Impact of Terrorism percent when compared to
the prior year.
Recent trends in terrorism have shown that

2.5
terrorism still remains a serious global threat,
with signi cant increases in the number of
terrorist attacks and its frequency. Terrorist Con ict remains
attacks are becoming increasingly deadlier,
resulting in a drastic change in the number of the primary driver
deaths per attack. In contrast, there were of terrorism. Over
around 122 countries in 2023 which did not 90% of terrorist Terrorist attacks have
record a single death as a result of terrorism. attacks in 2023 become more frequent,
Burkina Faso became the country with the occurred in and deadlier, with deaths
highest impact of terrorism with deaths con ict in icted per attack reaching 2.5,
increasing by 68% to 1,907. compared to just 1.6 in
areas.
2022.

Most Impacted Score Rank Trends Least Impacted Score Rank Trends
1. Burkina Faso 8.571 1 89. Trinidad and Tobago 0.000 5

2. Israel 8.143 24 89. Turkmenistan 0.000 5

3. Mali 7.998 1 89. Vietnam 0.000 5

4. Pakistan 7.916 3 89. Zambia 0.000 5

5. Syria 7.890 - 89. Zimbabwe 0.000 5

99%
The total deaths due to terrorism
in Iraq have fallen 99% since
2007

Iraq, Afghanistan, and Nigeria

have had the largest falls in
terrorism.

98% of deaths due to terrorism

and terrorist attacks have
occurred in countries
experiencing some form of
con ict.
Source: Global Terrorism Index 2024
Institute of Economics and Peace

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 04

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 Evolution of
Terrorism and
Peace Building
This part of the guide explores political violence over the past 200 years and
counter-terrorism measures employed against these violences. Although the term
‘terrorism’ did not exist before the era of the French Revolution, forms of political
violence resembling modern day terrorism were prominent even in the 14th century.

The idea of peace building has undergone significant changes since its inception,
evolving from simple efforts to
resolve conflicts, to a sophisticated
global regime amid at fostering
peace and sustainability. During the
post- World War era, peacekeeping
efforts were largely focused on
reconstruction and reconciliation of
The evolution of the global peace
building regime instills an
understanding that achieving peace in
the long term requires a multifaceted approach, addressing the causes of conflicts
and building irrepressible societies. This evolution has been directed and shaped by
various international organisations such as the United Nations, local organisations,
governments and people themselves.

Crisis Management

CONFLICT
VIOLENCE

PEACE Peac
e Bu
tion ildin
ven g
Pre

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 The Pre Modern The 20th Century
Era

The 19th Century The Contemporary World

~The 19 th Century~

Targeted Assassination Dynamite

Anarchist and nationalist movements Terrorists were able
preferred this strategy. Assassinations were to carry out and
frequently perfor med in order to publicise their acts
undermine the government and force more extensively in
political change. A few examples are the the late 19th
assassinations of an Italian king, an Austro- century due to the
Hungarian empress, a French president, availability of
and a Russian tsar. dynamite.

Propaganda Mass Communication

To instil fear and effect News, ideas, and events could be quickly
political change, shared across great distances thanks to
terrorist organisations the introduction of mass communication
used violent acts to technology like the telegraph and steam-
spread their viewpoints powered rotary press. This made it easier
and inspire others to for terrorist ideologies and methods to
support them. proliferate.

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 The 19th Century Peace Building Regime
Governments often employed
repressive measures to counter
terrorism, including execution,
mass arrests, and imprisonment.
For instance, the French
government executed large
numbers of persons it believed
to be counter-revolutionaries
during the Reign of Terror.

To highlight the importance of national security and to depict terrorists as

adversaries of the state, governments employed propaganda. In response to
nationalist and anarchist ideas, governments suppressed the corresponding
movements and classified them as state enemies. This included targeting anarchist
and nationalist groups and their leaders, through arrests, imprisonment, and
executions.

~The 20 th Century~

State-sponsored Terrorism Did you know?

In the past, countries have actively helped The Irish Republican
Army, was established
terrorist groups carry out acts of terrorism. The
in 1919 to oust British
Soviet Union and the United States actively rule over Ireland.
backed Cold War proxy organisations in the Attacks on British
1940s. State-sponsored terrorism is a major infrastructure and
threat to inter national cooperation and administration, guerrilla
diplomacy. warfare, and bombs,
were frequent.

Ethno-Nationalist Terrorism
An international conflict inflicted by an ethnic group to further their
aspirations. It was one of the most significant causes of terrorist activities
and guerrilla warfare in the 20th century.

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 Assassinations Cyberterrorism
In the 20th Century, As the 20th century came to an end and
politically motivated the internet and other digital
assassinations frequently technologies proliferated globally, linked
targeted well-known terrorist organisations started
people, leaders, or investigating how they could use
figures who were seen as cyberterrorism to break into government
challenges or threats to and corporate data centres, spread false
specific ideologies, information, and interfere with vital
movements, or regimes. infrastructure.

For governments and nations everywhere, combating terrorism has become an

urgent responsibility. Anti-terrorist measures have been put into place, and nations
have utilised all of their power to combat terrorism. This includes enforcing strict
border controls, gathering intelligence, responding militarily, cooperating with other
countries, passing new anti-terrorism legislation, and using force to stop potential
terrorist acts.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO)
Founded on April 4, 1949, it was formed to prevent
militarism in Europe, discouraging Soviet expansion and
promoting European unification.

Financial Action Task Force

Governments around the world have been working
closely with financial departments to freeze financial
assets being supplied to terrorist groups to fund terrorist
activities. Formed through the initiative of the G7, the
Financial Action Task Force was established in 1989 to
create rules that prevent money laundering. The scope of
its jurisdiction was extended to cover financing of
terrorism in 2001.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 08

 ~The 21 st Century~

Observations on Contemporary Terrorism

Terrorism in the 21st century is a rapidly evolving and complex threat which poses a
significant challenge to global security and stability. The proliferation of digital
propaganda and exploitation of modern technologies have led terrorist
organisations to adapt to a highly interconnected world.

Unlike traditional terrorist organisations seen in the 19th and 20th century,
contemporary terrorists operate in fluid amorphous cells, making them extremely
difficult to track and dismantle. Besides, terrorist ideology has evolved and
diversified, ranging from religion extremism to social grievances.

Conventional Weaponry Social Media

Terrorists use conventional weapons such Terrorist groups use
as manufactured and improvised firearms, social media platforms
bombs, and explosives. These include car to spread propaganda,
and truck bombs, letter and parcel bombs, using images, video,
pressure cooker bombs, and incendiary and text messages.
devices like Molotov cocktails. There is This allows their media
also usage of handheld weapons like to reach a wider
pistols, assault rifles, and rocket-propelled audience, and create a
explosives. Some terrorist groups also have sense of fear all over
access to long-ranged missiles. the globe.

Encrypted Unconventional
Finance Weaponry
Using cryptocurrencies to Terrorists have shown a significant
transfer funds anonymously i n t e re s t i n u s i n g u n c o n v e n t i o n a l
a n d s e c u re l y m a k e s i t weapons, such as chemical and
difficult for authorities to biological agents. They can be produced
trace and seize financial with minimal resources and can cause
assets. remarkable harm.

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 Development of the Peace Building Regime in the
Contemporary World

The United Nations

The United Nations plays a leading role in coordinating
global counter-terrorism efforts through the UN Global
Counter-Terrorism Strategy and relevant Security Council
resolutions.

Legal Frameworks
Governments strengthen legal frameworks and
regulations to criminalise terrorist activities and prevent
the spread of terrorist ideologies. This includes proposing
new laws and regulations to address specific threats and
challenges.

International Cooperation
Governments engage in international cooperation to
share intelligence, coordinate efforts, and develop
common strategies to counter terrorism.

The UN Global Counter Terrorism Strategy

Adopter through consensus by the General
Assembly on 8 September 2006, the UN
Global Counter Terrorism Strategy is a unique
global instrument designed to enhance
regional, national, and international efforts to
counter terrorism.

The strategy is reviewed by the General

Assembly every two years to adapt it to future
needs and changes.

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 The Impact of Terrorism
HOW DOES TERRORISM CONDITION A COUNTRY

Terrorism can have a profound a far reaching impact on a nation, affecting it in ways
that go beyond immediate security concerns. By instilling a sense of fear and
uncertainty among citizens, terrorism disrupt economic stability, and compels
governments to allocate substantial resources towards counter-terrorism efforts
along with enhanced security measures.

HUMAN RIGHTS
Terrorism often influences the political landscape, leading to the adoption of
stringent laws and measures that aim on preventing future attacks. However, it leads
to a significant impinge on civil liberties.

Certain countries have engaged in

torture and ill-treatment to combat
terrorist. Legal safeguards available to
prevent ill treatment of individuals,
such as regular and independent
monitoring of detention centres, have
often been disregarded.

Other nations have imposed several

repressive measures that have been
used to shut the voices of human
rights defenders, journalists, minorities, indigenous groups and civil society.
Resources ideally allocated to social programmes and welfare schemes have been
diverted to the security sector and defence, affecting the economic, social and
cultural rights of many.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 11

 VICTIMS
Most victims of terrorism are innocent people who unknowingly find themselves in
the wrong place at the wrong [Link] attacks result in various physical injuries,
ranging from small wounds to severe physical disorders or permanent disabilities.
They also lead to long-term medical needs, recuperation, and daily challenges,
affecting an individual's quality of life, ability to work, and enjoyment of activities.
Therapy, rehabilitation and long term medical care can pose significant financial
burdens for the victims and their family, leading to financial instability. When looked
at as the entire population as a whole,
terrorist attacks can instil a sense of fear
in people’s minds. They begin avoiding
public spaces and cancel or change travel
plans.

Terrorist victims often suffer from brutal

and painful psychological and emotional
trauma, anxiety, depression, survivor guilt
and several other mental disorders,
resulting from prolonged exposure to
v i o l e n c e a n d l o s s . Te r ro r i s m c a n
encourage and manipulate individuals and communities to alter or change their
behaviour and customs due to fear or need along with the desire for increased
security, such as avoiding public spaces, implementing and following stricter
security measures, or altering daily routines. Physiological trauma along with
physical injuries may prevent victims from continuing their work or daily activities,
leading to a loss of income. If not this, victims may need to change their entire
careers in order to accommodate their physical or mental health issues.

Number of Fatalities
40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

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 OPPRESSORS
Terrorists are themselves profoundly affected by the acts they commit.
Psychologically, they may be affected by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD),
guilt, and remorse after looking at the aftermath of what has been committed by
them and the adversity they have brought on people and nations. It can also lead to
desensitisation of emotions and personal
morals, causing them to commit further
atrocities in the future.

Engaging in terrorist activities leads to

the isolation of individuals from societal
and familial life. Terrorists are stigmatised
and ostracised for the crimes they
commit, even by their own society and
family. Their involvement in terrorism can
sever relationships and break bonds
between family, friends and loved ones.
The particular community that terrorists belong to gets condemned as a whole
leading to severe consequences for them.

The nature of terrorist activities puts

Cognitive them in a constant risk of injury and
death, either from their own actions, or
Dissonance from anti-terrorist activities. Terrorists
Long term exposure to conflict always live under a constant threat from
and violence can deepen their surveillance and targeted operations by
intelligence organisations from
radical ideology and
countries across the world. This leads to
commitment to the cause. a life of perpetual fear and instability.
Cognitive dissonance is when a
person has two ideological Community backlash may be provoked
beliefs that contradict each within communities they belong to or
o t h e r. T h i s c a n b e s e e n operate in, leading to further isolation
and animosity. Engaging in terrorism
significantly in terrorism, where
disrupts a person’s ability to maintain a
acts that terrorists commit regular job, resulting in economic
violate their personal beliefs hardships for themselves and their
and morals. family.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 13

 THE ECONOMY
Terrorism, besides causing devastation to life, has the potential to inflict widespread
damage and result in serious repercussions on a country’s economy. The intensity of
these impacts vary depending on an attack’s frequency, scale, and location.
Significant strides have been made in dismantling powerful terrorist groups during
the past 2 decades, nonetheless, several regional groups have emerged within the
boundaries of developed countries.

The most immediate and measurable impact of terrorism is its physical destruction.
In the case of smaller scale
attacks, cafes, churches, roads

$52 Billion
and infrastructure of general use
are affected. In contrast, attacks
of large scale may result in the
destruction of billions of dollars
worth of property.
According to The Institute for Economics
and Peace research, the global
People living in regions away from economic impact of terrorism has
terrorist attacks are also affected reached an unprecedented US$52
indirectly through uncertainties in Billion.
global market conditions.

Economic Impact of Terrorism from 2000-2018

120

90
Billion US dollars

60

30

0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

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 THE ECOSYSTEM
Ecological threats refer to events, processes, and changes in our Earth’s climate
system that can cause harmful ecological and physiological problems. As threats
such as food insecurity, water scarcity, and climate change become increasingly
common in today’s world, the links between the ecological crisis and regional
terrorism have become unmistakable.

Over the past 8 years, which have been on record as the warmest on Earth, the
world has seen rising temperatures, droughts and disasters that exacerbate
resource scarcity, disrupt agriculture and trigger rural-to-urban migration. Almost all
agro-pastoral disputes occur in regions affected by terrorist or separatist violence.
When these changes fall under the shadow of terrorism, the risk of climate induced
challenges multiplies many fold.

18%
The Vicious Cycle

Increasing water shortages SHORTAGE OF NATURAL

and scarcity has escalated RESOURCES
con ict by 18%.

36%
Growing food insecurity
ESCALATES
CONFLICT
FURTHER DEPLETION OF
NATURAL RESOURCES
increases the risk of con ict
by 36%.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 15

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 THE DISTRIBUTION OF TERRORISM
The following series of images highlight the growing and increasingly distributed
terrorism in today’s world when compared to two decades ago.

2002

2008

2014

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 2002 A significant global picture emerged in 2008,
with the impact of terrorism significantly
Most Impacted Rank decreasing in North America. However much of
United States 1 Asia witnessed a drastic increase in terrorism
and terrorist activity.
Russia 2

India 3 In 2014, the impact of terrorism has

Colombia 4 significantly spread to Northern and Central
Africa. Europe has also had a higher affliction
Algeria 5
since 2008. Terrorism is now more widely
distributed across the globe when compared to
2008 the turn of the century.

26%
Most Impacted Rank
Iraq 1

Pakistan 2

India 3
Sahel is the most a ected area
Afghanistan 4
within the sub-Saharan region,
with 26% of all terrorist attacks in
Sri Lanka 5 2023 occurring in the area. Over
half of all deaths due to terrorism
occurred here.
2014
Most Impacted
Iraq
Rank
1
54%
Afghanistan 2 Out of 3,350 terrorist attacks in
2023, 54% of them were attributed
Nigeria 3 to a speci c group or organisation.
Pakistan 4 Burkina Faso, Mali, Myanmar, and Pakistan had the
highest number of deaths not attributed to a group or
Syria 5 organisation.

90%
~ Con ict remains the primary
driver of terrorism, with 90% of
terrorist attacks occurring in
con ict zones.
~
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 War Crimes and Terrorism
THE VIEW OF ACTS OF TERRORISM AS WAR CRIMES

Acts of terrorism provoke a wide range of opinions and often reflect the complexity
and diversity of human perspectives. Here are some common views:

Denunciation Political
Many people explicitly condemn Motivation
acts of terrorism as morally Critics argue that terrorism is
reprehensible and unjustifiable. sometimes politically motivated
They argue that violence against and aims to challenge existing
innocent civilians can never be power structures or promote a
justified, regardless of the specific agenda. They may point
perpetrator's grievances or to historical examples where
motivations. governments or rebel groups
have used terrorism as a tactic to
Overall, views on terrorism are diverse achieve their goals.
and multifaceted, reflecting a complex
interplay of political, social, economic, and
cultural factors. Counterterrorism efforts must recognise this complexity and
seek comprehensive, evidence-based solutions.

Media and Public Perception

Media coverage plays an important role in shaping public
perception of terrorism. Some critics argue that sensational
reporting can incite fear and hysteria, while others say it is
important to inform the public and punish perpetrators.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 18

 Can terrorist acts be related to war crimes?

War crimes refer to those acts or crimes

that violate international law and are
directed to civilians taking no direct part in
hostilities. Considering terrorist acts as war
crimes requires applying the principles of
international humanitarian law (IHL) International
governing armed conflict to terrorist acts. Humanitarian Law
Here are some ways to express this using
several perspectives: This law includes a set of rules
which seek to limit the effects of
armed conflict on innocent,

Use of unarmed persons. It protects

those who are not or are no
Prohibited Weapons longer participating in hostilities
of conflict. It is also known as
Some terrorist groups use weapons
the Law of War or the Law of
or tactics prohibited by international Armed Conflict.
law, such as chemical weapons or
land mines. Using these weapons A majority of this law is included
against civilians could be considered under the Geneva Conventions
a war crime. of 1949.

Indiscriminate Attacks
International humanitarian law prohibits attacks that cause
disproportionate harm to civilians. Terrorist acts, such as bombing or
shooting at civilian areas, often cause indiscriminate harm that amounts
to war crimes.

Terrorism aims to spread fear and fear among civilians for political or
ideological purposes. Intentionally targeting civilians to achieve these
objectives violates the principles of distinction and proportionality enshrined

~
in international humanitarian law.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 19

 Dynamics of
Post Conflict Reconstruction

The complicated process of post-conflict reconstruction has multiple objectives

which include improving the political, economic and social conditions as well as
sensitivity to issues of security, justice, and reconciliation that arise in the aftermath
of a crisis. Post conflict reconstruction aims to reverse the damage done to a
country after conflict, war or attacks. This reduces the risk of returning to conflict,
while simultaneously incentivising
development.

Acquiring resources for societal

reconstruction poses a vital challenge
which requires the active involvement of
people ranging from countries to local
communities to ensure the growth and
stability of conflict affected regions. Along
with this, various other factors like the
tactical interests of Western donor
countries tend to overcomplicate the process of post-conflict reconstruction.

Addressing these challenges and overcoming them is essential in order to attain the
goal of establishing security and peace in regions suffering from impacts of conflict.
Recognising and mitigating the
influence of western donor
countries is hence also vital.

First and foremost, post conflict

re c o n s t r u c t i o n i n v o l v e s t h e
foundation of recovery, that is,
peace and harmony.

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 PEACEBUILDING
Peace building refers to efforts made to assist countries and regions in their
transitions from war to peace and to reduce a country's risk of relapsing into
conflict. Strengthening the foundations of sustainable peace and development can
help nations ensure the swift, safe and efficient shift from conflict to harmony.

Peace building requires adequate global support for national efforts across a wide
spectrum of activities. For instance, peace builders monitor ceasefires, demobilise
and reintegrate combatants, assist the return of refugees and displaced persons,
and help organise and monitor elections of a new government.
Along with this, they actively support justice, implement vital
security sector reforms, enhance human rights protections, and
foster reconciliation after past atrocities.

Peacekeeping helps countries navigate the complicated

path of conflict to harmony.
Integrating the unique strengths of nations which
include burden sharing, and an ability to deploy
troops and police from around the world, with
civilian peacekeepers is necessary in order to
ensure long term peace and prevent relapse of
post-conflict societies into conflict once again.

Strategies to prevent disputes from progressing into war

Preventive Preventive
Diplomacy Disarmament
Preventive diplomacy are Preventive disar mament is the
actions taken to prevent collection, documentation, control
disputes from arising and and disposal of small arms,
escalating into conflicts, as ammunition, explosives and light and
well as to limit the spread of heavy weapons of combatants.
conflicts as they arise. Development of responsible arms
Diplomacy may take the form management programmes is an
of mediation, conciliation or essential feature of preventive
negotiation. disarmament.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 21

 THE ROLE OF NATIONAL LEADERS
In countries that are prone to conflict, it takes time before the rule of law and other
institutional frameworks of democratic governments are fully developed. In these
types of settings, the society desires the active engagement of national and local
leaders who can restore the dignity of local people by adhering to locally adapted
universal norms and standards of governance behaviour.

In the immediate aftermath of

conflict, the critical task for
national leaders is to balance
the need for securing political
stability, if necessary with
force, with governing their
countries by influencing the
thought and behaviour of
opponents, as well as their
followers. It requires both
proactive leadership and the
willingness to share and accommodate divergent interests, opinions and
aspirations. The best way to establish a society and community based on the rule of
law and moral principles is for leaders to act virtuously rather than using power and
force to strengthen their position.

STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE STRUCTURES

The establishment of a strong public administration system is a key part of

rebuilding a state and upholding long-term peace in the aftermath of conflict.
Strengthening institutions is essential for securing long-term peace and promoting
inclusive development, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Public administration systems and institutions play a central role in developing

integrated approaches to the achievement of long-term goals in the face of the
multiple challenges that countries emerging from conflict must address, not least in
balancing the short-term needs of security with bold and transformative ambitions
in relation to the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable
development.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 22

 Governance Structure
A country's governance structure refers
to the framework of rules, institutions,
and practices that define how power and
responsibilities are distributed, decisions
are made, and authority is exercised and
controlled. It encompasses the roles of
the executive, legislative, and judicial
branches, and includes mechanisms for
accountability.

Short term survival functions such as security, rule of law, and basic administration
must be maintained post conflict in the short term. These needs compete with
functions that are expected to help the State in the long term, such as economic
planning and delivery of public services.

Government institutions and public administration are more complex in conflict-

affected countries than in countries that have not seen conflict for a long time.
Achieving the targets of the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), is
getting increasingly difficult because these issues tend to be
heightened by conflict. In countries affected by
conflict,, politics is more divided and corruption
tends to be more prevalent

In addition to this, public

administration sometimes may
foster policies that exclude
certain groups which in turn
contributes to the root causes of
violent conflict. Hence, care needs
to be taken to avoid re-
establishing policies and institutions that risk contributing to the continuity of
conditions that lead to the renewal of violent conflict.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 23

 CAMEROON
Case Study 1

ABOUT THE COUNTRY

Cameroon, located in Central Africa, is a diverse country bordered by Nigeria, Chad,
Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo.
Known as the “Africa in miniature," it features varied landscapes, including beaches,
deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannahs. The country is rich in cultural
diversity, with over 250 ethnic groups
and two official languages: French
and English.

Cameroon has a mixed economy with

agriculture, oil, and timber as key
sectors. Its vibrant music and football
culture, along with natural attractions
like Mount Cameroon and Waza
National Park, make it a unique and
dynamic nation.

ABSTRACT
According to the Global Terrorism Index report of 2023, Cameroon has a terrorism
index of 6.98 out of 10 and ranks 12 among 163 countries. It has about 168 attacks
per year with around 289 fatalities each time. The terrorist groups Boko Haram and
Islamic State West Africa (ISWA) are mainly active in the Far-North Region but attacks
could occur anywhere, including major towns and cities such as Yaoundé and
Douala. There was also an increase in the use of improvised explosive devices by
violent extremist organisations in the Far-North Region in 2023.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 24

 COUNTER TERRORISM MEASURES
The Government of Cameroon, along with the international community, continued
its efforts to counter terrorist threats. This included participation in operations of the
Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) and membership in initiatives such as the
Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership and the Global Coalition to defeat ISIS.

Disarmament Humanitarian &

Demobilisation Reconstruction
Reintegration Efforts
The government established DDR The UN agencies and several
centers to accommodate ex- other international organizations
combatants and their families, supported victims of terrorist
w i t h v o l u n t a r y re p a t r i a t i o n activities through projects
facilitated for some individuals. promoting economic recovery,
and infrastructure rebuilding in
the most-affected divisions of the
IMPACT Far North Region. The
government also invested $10
The implementation of counterterrorism
million in rebuilding infrastructure
measures and DDR efforts in the Far
destroyed by terrorist groups,
North Region of Cameroon led to the
with initiatives including the
surrender and reintegration of
thousands of ex-combatants, as well as
reconstruction of markets,
humanitarian support for displaced security posts, and schools.
populations.

CONCLUSION
By continuing to prioritise
counterterrorism cooperation, DDR
initiatives, and humanitarian support,
the government and its partners aim to
further mitigate the effects of terrorist
activities and promote sustainable
peace and development in the region.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 25

 VIETNAM
Case Study 2

ABOUT THE COUNTRY

Vietnam, located in Southeast Asia, is a long, narrow country bordered by China,
Laos, Cambodia, and the South China Sea. Known for its rich history and cultural
heritage, it features diverse landscapes, including mountains, deltas, and a long
coastline. The capital is Hanoi, while Ho Chi Minh City is its largest urban center.

Vietnam's economy has rapidly

transformed, with key sectors
including agriculture,
manufacturing, and tourism. The
country is renowned for its cuisine,
vibrant cities, and historical sites
like Ha Long Bay and the ancient
town of Hoi An. Vietnam's blend of
tradition and modernisation makes
it a captivating destination.

ABSTRACT
The Vietnam War, which lasted from 1954 to 1975, was a prolonged conflict
between South Vietnam, supported mainly by the U.S., and North Vietnam(Viet
Cong). The war was fought to prevent South Vietnam from being united with North
Vietnam under communist rule. The Tet Offensive of 1968, where the Viet Cong and
North Vietnamese attacked most South Vietnamese provincial and district capitals,
marked a turning point in the war. Growing opposition to the war in the U.S., both
on moral and practical grounds, led President Lyndon B. Johnson to adopt a policy
of "de-escalation." between 1969 and 1973, U.S. troops were withdrawn from
Vietnam. However, the war expanded to Cambodia and Laos in 1970.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 26

 SOUTH VIETNAM TAKING CONTROL

1. Finding the ‘Bad Elements’

For soldiers and higher-ranking officials in the South Vietnam government, and for
anyone else viewed with suspicion, “re-education” was longer and more severe. In
total, about a million people in the former South Vietnam were subjected to some
form of “re-education.”

2. Monitoring and silencing alternative forms of thinking and beliefs

The media, schools, and religious institutions were brought under government
control. All of these represented potential challenges or alternatives to socialism and
were therefore seen as threats. Newspapers were shut down and the government
started keeping records of who attended religious services.

3. Cracking down on Capitalism

The government confiscated (took away) private property from its owners and
“nationalised” (took control of) many southern businesses. One of the groups most
affected was the ethnic Chinese minority, known as the Hoa who profited during the
period of French colonisation, and continued to play a major role in South Vietnam’s
capitalist economy.

PEACE AGREEMENTS

In January 1973, the United States and North Vietnam concluded a final peace
agreement, ending open hostilities between the two nations. War between North
and South Vietnam continued, however, until April 30, [Link] years of warfare,
an estimated 2 million Vietnamese were killed, while 3 million were wounded and
another 12 million became refugees. Warfare had demolished the country’s
infrastructure and economy, and reconstruction proceeded slowly.

Psychologically, the effects ran even deeper. The war had pierced the myth of
American invincibility and had bitterly divided the nation. Many returning veterans
faced negative reactions from both opponents of the war (who viewed them as
having killed innocent civilians) and its supporters (who saw them as having lost the
war).

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 27

 MILESTONES IN THE INTERNATIONAL PEACE
BUILDING PROCESS

Political Economic
Stabilisation Reconstruction
U.S.-Vietnam initiatives to In 1986, the Vietnamese
locate and repatriate the government launched Đ i M i, a
remains of missing U.S. service series of economic reforms
members. This cooperation transitioning towards a market-
forged Vietnam’s participation oriented economy. These reforms
in APEC, which created several facilitated Vietnam's integration
opportunities for Vietnam to i n t o t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y,
engage with major economies, markedly increasing its exports
including the US. from $293.5 million in 1981-1985
to nearly $22 billion in
2000-2005. This economic
resurgence paved the way for
Social Healing deeper collaboration between
Vietnam Veterans Against the Vietnam and the U.S.
War raised funds to construct a
library in Quang Ngai province.
Project RENEW, supported by The post-war reconstruction of
the U.S. and international Vietnam involved comprehensive
efforts in economic reform, political
NGOs, worked to neutralise
stabilisation, and social healing,
unexploded ordnance, making
marked by significant international
lands habitable. The U.S.- cooperation, especially with the
Vietnam Dialogue Group on United States. These measures
Agent Orange/Dioxin, rehabilitated the nation’s economy
established in 2007, focused and infrastructure while fostering
o n a d d re s s i n g t h e w a r ' s reconciliation and addressing the
lingering chemical effects. war's deep psychological scars.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 28

ổ
ớ
 UKRAINE
Case Study 3

ABOUT THE COUNTRY

Ukraine is a country located in eastern

Europe. The capital of Ukraine is Kyiv,
located on the banks of the Dnieper River in
the north-central region of the country.
Ukraine has a rich culture and history, with
historical roots dating back to the Slavic
Civilisation. It declared independence from
the Soviet Union in 1991. Ukraine is a major
producer of grains as it lies on fertile plains.
The country has faced an enormous setback in recent times due to the conflict with
Russia.
ABSTRACT
The Russia-Ukraine War began in February
2014 with the covert invasion of the
Ukrainian autonomous republic of Crimea
by disguised Russian troops. In March
2014, Russian troops took control of the
Ukrainian region of Crimea, citing the
need to protect the rights of Russian
citizens and Russian speakers. Russia then
annexed the peninsula after a disputed
local referendum. This crisis heightened
ethnic divisions, leading to major tensions and led to armed conflict between
Russian-supported forces and the Ukrainian military in eastern Ukraine. The conflict
ended up in a deadlock with frequent shelling and clashes along the front lines.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 29

 CAUSES
The roots of the Ukraine War can be traced back to Ukraine's historical ties with
Russia and its Soviet past. Following Ukraine's independence in 1991, tensions
simmered between pro-European and pro-Russian factions. In 2013, Ukraine's then-
president Viktor Yanukovych rejected a trade deal with the European Union, sparking
widespread protests known as the Euromaidan movement.

In Crimea, Pro- Russian protesters became increasingly assertive as armed men

surrounded the airports in Simferopol and Sevastopol. The crisis in Ukraine was
further fueled by the aim to balance relations between Russia and the West, which
led to internal political divisions. Russia continued to solidify its hold on Crimea, and
it abrogated the 2010 treaty that extended its lease on the port of Sevastopol in
exchange for a discount on natural gas.

International Intervention
Efforts to reach a diplomatic settlement and satisfactory resolution
through the Minsk Accords and various international interventions,
including coordinated Flash Appeals by the UN and humanitarian
partners, were largely unsuccessful.

Emergency talks between Ukraine, the United States, the EU, and
Russia in Geneva did not produce a substantial breakthrough, and
further military manoeuvres and control expansion were observed
on both sides.

Current Implications
As of 2024, the conflict is ongoing. Russia continues to support
separatist forces in Eastern Ukraine, while Ukraine seeks to
maintain its territorial integrity and strengthen ties with Western
allies. The war has heightened tensions between Russia and
NATO, affecting European security dynamics. The ongoing conflict
and Russian influence have hindered Ukraine’s efforts to reform
and align with European Union standards.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 30

 EFFECTS
The United States estimates Russia suffered
one hundred thousand casualties in
Bakhmut, including twenty thousand
deaths. Ukraine also took heavy casualties
in the urban warfare.

On June 6, 2023, a breach in the Nova

Kakhovka dam, sixty kilometres north of
Kherson on the Dnipro River, caused severe
flooding in southwest Ukraine, affecting
over eighty thousand people who live in the riparian zone.
a breach in the Nova Kakhovka dam caused severe flooding in southwest Ukraine,
affecting thousands of people. Despite Ukraine's counteroffensive attempts,
resistance from Russian forces and heavy losses were experienced.

REDEVELOPMENT PLANS
The EU and its Member States and the
European financial institutions, in a Team
Europe approach, are making available €99
billion in financial, humanitarian, emergency,
budget and military support. A UN-backed
study published by Denise Brown, the UN
Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator in
Ukraine, underscored the need to invest in
Ukraine’s people because the country’s future
depends on them. Around €14 million has
been allocated by the European Commission to purchase school buses and bring
children to school safely.

CONCLUSION
The Ukraine War illustrates the complexities of modern geopolitical conflicts,
involving historical grievances, ethnic divisions, and competing geopolitical
interests. Its impact on international relations, European security, and Ukrainian
sovereignty continues to reverberate, highlighting the challenges of resolving such
conflicts through diplomatic [Link] message of the General Assembly is loud
and clear: End hostilities in Ukraine — now. Silence the guns — now. Open the door
to dialogue and diplomacy — now

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 31

 Rehabilitation from the
Effects of Terrorism

Providing crucial psychological care for victims of terrorism is important for

rehabilitation. Crisis intervention as soon as possible and long-term mental health
services are essential for successful
rehabilitation. Counselling and therapy
are critical components of crisis
intervention, as they help individuals
understand their experiences. It is
therefore crucial that trust is developed
between survivors and mental health
practitioners for effective rehabilitation.
The support from family and community
enhances the efficacy of psychological
rehabilitation processes. Terrorism thus
has significant social implications on people's attitudes and behaviour for a long
time. Consequently, it is critical to
understand the enduring impact of war for
sustainable peace-building.

Some studies have established that

people's perception of the risk of
terrorism is positively related to the
treatment of minorities. When addressing
terrorism, government officials should
consider various consequences.
Humanitarian organisations face several
challenges in helping populations
targeted by acts of terror. People
associated with terrorists often find themselves in terrible situations, meaning that
vulnerable individuals require individual attention and protection from terrorism's
harms.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 32

 Victims often sustain complex injuries that demand further medical attention in the
form of surgeries, physiotherapy, and subsequent rehabilitation sessions. This
process usually involves initial stabilisation, acute surgical intervention, tissue
reconstruction, pain management, and mobilisation to optimise function and quality
of life.

Medical rehabilitation must address not only evident injuries such as fractures and
cuts but also hidden wounds like
traumatic brain injuries and chronic pain
conditions. A comprehensive and
c o o rd i n a t e d a p p ro a c h i n v o l v i n g
s u rg e o n s , p h y s i o t h e r a p i s t s , p a i n
specialists, and occupational therapists
is necessary for patients.

Assistance to women and children

connected with terrorists is an important
and sensitive mission for the United
Nations, which helps member states
comply with international law.

SOCIAL PREJUDICE

Eradicating social prejudice towards mental health disorders and overcoming

survivors' reluctance to seek support proves to be a hurdle. Community engagement,
such as advertising, is crucial
in demystifying stigma and
emphasising the need to
seek help.

Additionally, reintegration
p r o g r a m s i n p o o r,
malnourished , and war-
affected countries are often
underfunded, highlighting
the need for long-ter m
financial support along with
international collaboration to
rebuild communities and restructure livelihoods.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 33

 The Role and Perspective of
International Organisations

The post-conflict International organisations play a pivotal role in the complex

process of post-conflict reconstruction, particularly in regions affected by terrorism.
Their involvement is crucial in coordinating global efforts to stabilise and rebuild
societies torn apart by violence and extremism. These organisations, including the
United Nations, the World Bank, and various regional bodies, bring together
expertise, resources, and political leverage to support national governments in their
recovery efforts.

Humanitarian Assistance
International organisations such as the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and various NGOs have
provided immediate humanitarian assistance to regions affected by
terrorism. They distributed food, medical supplies, and other
necessities to displaced people and survivors.

The perspective of international organisations is often shaped by their mandates to

promote peace, security, and development. They operate on principles of
n e u t r a l i t y a n d i m p a r t i a l i t y, e n s u r i n g t h a t
reconstruction efforts are inclusive and adhere
to international standards of human rights
and governance. International organisations
are also instrumental in mobilising financial
resources, providing technical assistance,
and facilitating the delivery of
humanitarian aid.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 34

 Economic Infrastructure
Recovery Rebuilding
International organisations, The World Bank, along with
including the International other international development
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the partners, supported the
World Bank, helped design reconstruction of infrastructure.
economic recovery programs. This included rebuilding roads,
These programs aimed at schools, and hospitals. For
stabilising the economy, example, the World Bank's
promoting investment, and post-genocide support focused
fostering economic growth. on infrastructure rehabilitation
included rebuilding roads, and the development of
schools, and hospitals. economic sectors.

Peace-building Policy
Various international organisations
facilitated dialogue and reconciliation
Advice
The World Bank,
e f f o r t s . C r i m i n a l Tr i b u n a l s w e r e
I M F, a n d o t h e r
established to prosecute those
development
responsible for the acts of terror, serving
agencies have
both justice and a deterrent function.
provided policy
advice on economic
reform and
Demobilisation governance. Their
International organisations assisted in guidance has
disarming former combatants and helped shape an
reintegrating them into civilian life. affected country’s
Efforts to disarm combat groups and recovery strategy
integrate former combatants into the and long-term
national framework have been successful. development plans.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 35

 Counter Terrorism

Counter-terrorism in post-conflict reconstruction is a complex and multifaceted

challenge. In the aftermath of conflict, countries often face a fragile security situation
where the risk of terrorism can be high. Addressing this issue requires a
comprehensive approach that integrates security measures with broader
reconstruction and development efforts. Here are some key elements to consider:

STRENGTHENING INSTITUTIONS

Security Sector Reform (SSR): Rebuilding and reforming the police, military, and
intelligence services to ensure they are effective, accountable, and respectful of
human rights.

Judicial and Legal Reforms:

Strengthening the legal framework to
ensure the rule of law and fair justice
p ro c e s s e s , w h i c h a re c r u c i a l f o r
maintaining order and addressing
terrorism.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT
Building Trust: Engaging with local communities to build trust and cooperation.
Communities can be key partners in preventing radicalisation and identifying
potential threats.

Counter-Radicalisation Programs: Implementing programs to counter extremist

ideologies, including education and community outreach.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 36

 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Creating Opportunities: Providing economic opportunities and development
programs to address the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty and lack of
employment.

Reconstruction and Infrastructure: Investing in rebuilding infrastructure and public

services to support economic stability and growth.

COUNTER TERRORISM STRATEGIES

Intelligence Gathering: Enhancing

intelligence capabilities to detect and
prevent terrorist activities

Border Security: Improving border security

to prevent the movement of terrorists and
illegal arms.

INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION
Partnerships: Working with international organisations and neighbouring countries to
share intelligence, resources, and strategies.

Capacity Building: Receiving support from international partners for training,

technical assistance, and financial aid.

“Terrorism is a signi cant threat to peace,

prosperity and people”, Ban ki-Moon

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 37

fi
 Conclusion
The post-conflict reconstruction in the face of terrorism is a complex and
multifaceted challenge that requires coordinated efforts at national, regional, and
international levels. The aftermath of terrorism often leaves nations grappling with
deep-rooted trauma, fractured institutions, and devastated economies. Effective
reconstruction must prioritise not only the physical rebuilding of infrastructure but
also the social and psychological healing of affected communities. The role of
international organisations, such as the United Nations, is crucial in facilitating
dialogue, providing technical assistance, and ensuring that recovery efforts are
inclusive and sustainable.

The aftermath of terrorism is complex and extends beyond psychological and

medical issues to social and economic ones. Effective rehabilitation requires crisis
intervention at the first signs of relapse, continuous psychological assistance,
targeted medical treatments, social integration, and community resilience building.
Challenges like diversifying survivors' needs, overcoming prejudice, and addressing
funding shortages present significant barriers to recovery. However, coordinated
efforts by governments, global and national organisations, and communities can
foster an environment for survivors to overcome their trauma. Utilising an
interdisciplinary approach can mitigate the long-term impacts of terrorism and
support those affected.

Moreover, the fight against terrorism cannot be viewed in isolation from the broader
context of development and governance. Addressing the root causes of terrorism,
such as poverty, inequality, and political exclusion, is essential to prevent the
recurrence of violence. Nations emerging from conflict must be supported in
establishing strong governance frameworks, promoting the rule of law, and ensuring
respect for human rights. As delegates, your role is to devise innovative and
collaborative strategies that not only address the immediate needs of post-conflict
societies but also lay the foundation for lasting peace and resilience against future
threats.

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 38

 QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER

1. How can post-conflict societies ensure the reconstruction of critical

infrastructure while maintaining security and preventing further terrorist
attacks?

2. What mechanisms should be established to facilitate the reintegration of

former combatants and prevent their re-recruitment by terrorist organisations?

3. How can the international community effectively support national governments

in rebuilding governance structures and restoring the rule of law in post-
conflict regions?

4. What role should international financial institutions and donor countries play in
funding and managing post-conflict reconstruction efforts?

5. How can the reconstruction process address the psychological trauma and
social divisions caused by terrorism, ensuring inclusive community healing and
reconciliation?

6. What strategies can be implemented to promote economic recovery and

create job opportunities in post-conflict regions, particularly for youth and
marginalised groups?

7. How can the resolution ensure that the reconstruction process is inclusive and
representative of all affected communities, including women, minorities, and
displaced persons?

8. What measures should be taken to ensure the protection of human rights and
the delivery of justice in post-conflict regions recovering from terrorism?

9. How can the resolution address the potential for corruption and
mismanagement of resources during the reconstruction process?

10. What role should regional organisations and neighbouring countries play in
supporting and stabilising post-conflict recovery efforts?

11. How can the resolution ensure the establishment and maintenance of effective
early warning systems to detect and prevent the resurgence of terrorist
activities during the reconstruction phase?

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 39

 POSITION PAPER GUIDELINES

Format:

Font: Times New Roman

Font Size: 12

Page Limit: One page (exclusive of bibliography)

—————————————————————————————————————

Page One:

Delegate Name:___________

Country:___________

Committee:___________

Topic:___________

‘A quote is preferred, but not compulsory’

Paragraph One:

Introduction to the topic and steps taken by the UN on the topic at hand.

Paragraph two:

Elaboration on the country's laws and policies regarding the topic, how it is affected
by the topic at hand, and measures incorporated by the country to combat the
problem. Statistical Data is preferred.

Paragraph three:

Unique solutions suggested by the delegate to combat the problem.

—————————————————————————————————————

Page Two:

Bibliography

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 40

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Cover: Photo by Robert Clark: [Link]

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 41

 AUTHORS

Tarun Venkatesh Aqeedath Khanum

Tanvi Rawat Atul Sanjeev
Akshitha Santhosh Kashish Rathod
Sakina Kantawala Niranjan Sunil
Nieve Damian Pinto Mohammed Shoaib
Alyssa D’Souza Shahnawaz

Mentored by Mrs. Maleka Iqbal Ariwala

Plagiarism: 1.5%

United Nations Security Council

E. Ahamed Model United Nations Conference

United Nations Security Council © 2025 [Link]. All rights reserved 42

 AUTHORS
Tarun Venkatesh
Tanvi Rawat
Akshitha Santhosh
Sakina Kantawala
Nieve Damian Pinto
Alyssa D’Souza
Aqeedath Khanum
Atul Sanjeev
Kashish Rathod
Niranjan Sunil
Mohammed Shoaib Shahnawaz

United Nations Security Council

E. Ahamed Model United Nations Conference
United Nations Security Council Authors List 42