WELCOME STUDENTS!

Name: ________________________________________________________
Last name: ________________________________________________________
School: ________________________________________________________
University: ________________________________________________________
Course: ________________________________________________________
City: ________________________________________________________
Address: ________________________________________________________
Phone number:
________________________________________________________

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 INDEX
Wh Questions .................................................................................................................................. 3
Collocations with have .................................................................................................................... 5
Have vs Have got ............................................................................................................................ 7
Collocations with take................................................................................................................... 10
Adjectives ending with -ed and -ing ............................................................................................. 11
Linking words ............................................................................................................................... 13
Wh questions with prepositions at the end ................................................................................... 14
Indirect Questions ......................................................................................................................... 15
Gerund after prepositions.............................................................................................................. 18
Ing as subject................................................................................................................................. 20
ING with like, dislike, hate, love, etc. .......................................................................................... 22
Present Perfect .............................................................................................................................. 26
Have you ever…. ? ....................................................................................................................... 33
Superlatives with present perfect .................................................................................................. 34
For vs Since................................................................................................................................... 35
Solar System .................................................................................................................................. 37
Reading Exercises ......................................................................................................................... 39
Vocabulary .................................................................................................................................... 67
Speaking exercises ........................................................................................................................ 72
Grammar exercises........................................................................................................................ 79
Listening exercises ........................................................................................................................ 81
Annexes ......................................................................................................................................... 83

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 Wh Questions
Wh questions are a group of questions that are characterized by the start of their name, since
almost all of these questions start with the letters “Wh-”

Wh question How to use it: Examples:

Use it to ask information about a What's your name? / What are you
What person, a thing or an action doing?

Why is the street closed?

Use it to ask the reason something Use “Because to answer the

Why happened question”

Use it to ask about the time of an When is your birthday? / When can
When occasion/moment I see you again?

Use it to ask the place of an occasion Where are the keys? / Where do you
Where or to ask about the position of a noun live?

Who Use it to ask about a person Who are you? / Who's at the door?

Use it to ask about a choice or to make Which shoes should I wear? / Which
Which comparisons drink do you want?

How much is it? / How many apples

Use it to ask about the way something are in the fridge? / How old are you?
has happened, use it to talk about / How does it work? How often do
How amounts you go to school?

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Don’t confuse What with Which:
Use What when the question is very general, and the possibilities are wide:
What is your name? What is your favorite food?
What did you eat yesterday?
Use Which when the question is specific, and the possibilities are narrow:
Which drink should I order, lemon juice or some apple juice?
Which color do you prefer, yellow or green? Which city do you like best, Guayaquil or Quito?

Write the correct Wh question

1.- _________ Are they?
They are at the supermarket.
2.- _________ is she?
She is my English teacher.
3.- _________ did you buy it?
Because it was on sale!
4.- _________ is your birthday?
It is on December 15th.
6.- __________ are you doing?
I am reading the newspaper.
7.- __________ clothes should I wear, a skirt or pants?
I think you should wear pants; it is cool outside.
8.- ___________ is he crying?
Because he failed his exam.
9.- ___________ is your number?
It’s 555-625-898
10.- ___________ is calling?
I think it’s my mom.

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11.- _______ often do you wash your car?
I wash the car on Sundays.
12.- _____ are you going to travel to USA?
In two months.
13.- ______ old are you?
I’m 15 years old

Collocations with have

We can also use have to show possession:

Subject Pronoun +Have + noun:
Ex: I have a dog, its name is Teddy.

5
Word Research
Look for the following collocations with Have

HAVE A BAD DAY HAVE A COLD

HAVE A DREAM HAVE A DRINK
HAVE A LAUGH HAVE A LUNCH
HAVE A NAP HAVE A PARTY
HAVE A RIDE HAVE A SNACK
HAVE A SWIM HAVE A TALK

6
 Have vs Have got
Both have the same meaning:

Have got (British English)

Negative form:

7
Interrogative form:

Have (American English)

8
Negative form:

Interrogative form:

9
 Collocations with take

Complete the sentences with the collocations with take

Did you _____________ last weekend?
Do you ______ cooking _____?
Can you _______ at my homework please?
Do you want to _______? I think you are hungry
You should really __________! You are a natural leader!
I’ll see you later! ________
I’m going to travel to the USA next year! I am excited to _____ lots of _____!
Come in! __________ Take a bite
Take time off
Take / pictures
Take care
Take / classes
Take a look
Take a stit
Take the lead

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Adjectives ending with -ed and -ing

Complete the following chart with the correct form of the adjective:

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Write sentences using the following adjectives:
Relaxed:
__________________________________________________________
Relaxing:
__________________________________________________________
Embarrassed:
__________________________________________________________
Embarrassing:
__________________________________________________________
Worried:
__________________________________________________________
Worrying:
__________________________________________________________
Amazed:
__________________________________________________________
Amazing:
__________________________________________________________
Terrified:
__________________________________________________________
Terrifying:
__________________________________________________________

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 Linking words
Linkers are used to link two or more ideas in a paragraph, it allows us to make a better speech,
example:
Carlos has been happier since he got his new puppy.

Complete the sentences with the correct linking word.

That book looks interesting _____ that one looks boring

A) And B) Whereas C) Thus

Global warming is getting worse __________ the excessive use of greenhouse gases.

A) Although B) As well as C) As a result of

I want to buy a new car ____ I don’t have enough money right now.

A) And B) Thus C) But

He is tall ____ handsome!

A) And B) But C) So

I haven’t eaten today ____ I am hungry!

A) So B) However C) Since

She fell in love with him _______ they just met!

A) As a consequence B) Although C) As well as

Maria is a better person _____ she went to her retreat

A) Therefore B) Also C) Since

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 Wh questions with prepositions at the end
In English it is very common to use prepositions in an interrogative sentence, usually because we
need to use that same preposition in the answer, but unlike the questions in Spanish, we are
going to use the prepositions at the end of the question.
We can use them with verbs, adjectives or a noun. Example:
What are you looking at?
What was the meeting about?
Who are you waiting for?
Where did this come from?

With “Who” we can use the preposition at the beginning of the question with “Whom”

Who are they talking to? To whom are they talking?

Using the WH Questions and the prepositions write interrogative sentences:
_____________________________________________________________ ?
My mom is waiting for my sister.
_____________________________________________________________ ?
They are from Ecuador
_____________________________________________________________ ?
This skirt belongs to my best friend.
_____________________________________________________________ ?
The book was written by J.K Rowlings.
_____________________________________________________________ ?
He is looking at the moon.
_____________________________________________________________ ?
Give this bag to Simon

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 Indirect Questions
Indirect questions usually start with an opening phrase in order to be less direct and more polite.

We can also make indirect questions with yes/no questions (closed questions):

15
 Notes
*You can use any tense you need to use, but remember with indirect questions we don’t use
the auxiliary verb, we need to conjugate the main verb in the tense we need to use in
affirmative questions.
*If the indirect question starts with I was wondering or I’d like to know or , there is no need to
use question marks.
*The opening phrases “Do you know …? Could you tell me… ? and May I ask …?” are used
mainly to ask for information.
*We usually use indirect questions with people we don’t know, so we can be more polite.

Speaking exercise:
Complete the conversation and read with a classmate.
Conversation 1:
A: Hello, excuse me, Could you __________________________?
B: It’s 3 o’clock
A: Oh God….
B: I’m sorry but May I ask ____________________________ ?
A: I am getting late for work!
Do you know _________________________ ?
B: The nearest station is at 145 Kingdom and Wooster street.
A: Do you know _______________________________ ?
B: The next train leaves in 10 minutes.
A: Ohh I see, then I should hurry up, thank you!
B: Don’t worry!

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Conversation 2:
A: Hey! Are you alright?
B: I am worried I might be failing my class this semester…
A: May I ask ___________________ ?
B: I’ve been missing some of my classes…
I was wondering _________________________
A: Yes, I would! Don’t worry!
B: Thank you! You are my savior!

Conversation 3:
A: Good afteroon welcome to Chocobread coffee
How may I help you?
B: Hi! I’d like to know _____________________ ?
A: Yes, we do sell cakes, our specialty is Chocolate cakes
B: Could you tell me _______________________ ?
A: Yes, we can make a coconut cake
When do you need it?
B: Tomorrow
A: Perfect, do you need anything else?
B: I was wondering _____________________
A: Of course! We can write the birthday girl’s name
What’s her name?
B: Pamela! thanks!
A: We’re at your service

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 Gerund after prepositions
The verbs place after a prepositions need to be in the gerund form (ING form)
Preposition + gerund
I will have some soda after washing the dishes.

Adjective + preposition + gerund

They are scared about visiting the doctor.

Nouns + preposition + gerund

There might be a chance of traveling to USA next year

Verb + preposition + gerund

I believe in working out as a lifestyle.
Write sentences with gerunds after prepositions:

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19
 Ing as subject
The gerund form (ING form) can be used as the subject of a sentence or the object of a sentence.

Reading is my hobby.

In this example you can see the -ing form of the verb “to read” working as a noun, since the
gerund form of a verb can work as a noun, they can be the object of the sentence as well:

Don’t confuse the continuous tenses with the gerund form

Reading is my hobby Gerund form

She is reading Not a Gerund (present continuous tense)

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Complete the sentences below with the correct gerund form
____________ is one of my biggest hobbies.

____________ is dangerous for our health, it is better if we don’t do it.

____________ too much sugar can lead to diabetes.

____________ to music can help us if we are feeling sad.

____________ tv is one of the most popular activities people do these days.

____________ a book can help us improve our vocabulary.

____________ videos for social media sometimes can help us earn money.

____________ a new language is always useful.

____________ yoga can be relaxing.

____________ around the world is our dream!

____________ with someone you trust about problems is the best way to get it out of your chest.

____________ as a doctor is Karla’s dream.

Make Listen Cook Talk Read Work Eat Travel Smoke Watch

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ING with like, dislike, hate, love, etc.
When we are talking about something we like, dislike, hate, love, etc. and we need to use a verb,

we will use two forms of the verb:

1) Verb + ing form (gerund form)

She loves dancing.
I like playing video games.
This is the most common way. We use it to emphasize the action
2) Like + Infinitive form (to verb)
She loves to dance.
I like to play video games.
We use it to give more emphasis to the result of the action and sometimes when we want to walk
about habits and choices.
Keep in mind:
Not using one of these forms is a grammar mistake.
She loves dance. X
I like play video games. X

We can also use these verbs with a noun:

Verb + noun
I love movies!
We dislike spinach.

We can also use a negative auxiliary verb:

I don’t like to cook/cooking
With enjoy only use -ING form

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Choose the correct option:
I like _________ in the morning.
A) cook B) cooking
He loves _________ tv series in the morning.
A) to watch B) watch
My daughter hates __________ to the dentist.
A) going B) go
I enjoy ___________ hamburgues once a month.
A) eating B) to eat
We dislike __________.
A) to the morning classes B) the morning classes

Write sentences using the following verbs with like, dislike, love, enjoy, mind and hate.
(To wash the dishes)
_________________________________________
(To sweep)
________________________________________
(To listen to music)
________________________________________
(To meet your friends)
________________________________________
(To cook)
________________________________________

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Reading comprehension
Complete the reading.

A day in Daisy’s life.

Hello! My name is Daisy, I’m 15 years old and I’m
from New York, USA. Everyday I like __________
(read) some pages from my book while I’m having
breakfast, when I’m ready, my father takes me to
school, I enjoy __________ (listen) to music when
I’m in the car. I hate _________ (get up) so early but I
try to do my best to be in a good mood.

At school I like _____ (be) with my best friend Christina, she doesn’t like maths and literature,
but I do enjoy ________ (have) those classes. We are a little bit different but sometimes we can
agree, we both hate ______________________ (sweep and mop) the house however we do help
at home.
Christina’s favorite activity is _________ (dance), she loves her dancing classes. She says she
wants to become a professional ballerina when she’s older. I don’t like ________ (dance) but I
do enjoy ______ (music) . Sometimes I think I want to be a DJ when I’m older, but I also like
____________ (help) animals. So maybe I’ll be a veterinarian. I don’t mind ________ (think)
about that right now, I might change my mind next year, so I’m open to any possibility.
When school is over, I go back home, I don’t mind ________ (do) homework as long as it is not
too long. Once my homework is done, I help my mom, I love ________________ (cook) dinner
with her, we talk a lot about our day, my dad dislike _______________ (cook) so he doesn’t
mind _____________ (wash) the dishes.
Right before we go to bed, we like ______________ (watch) a series together, it is a comedy and
we like it very much. At 10pm we say good night and we go to our bedrooms. I check social
media and then I take a shower to relax. I enjoy ____________ (take) a bath especially after a
hot day. That’s all I do on a normal day.

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What does Daisy and Christina hate doing?
______________________________________________________
Who cooks dinner every night?
______________________________________________________
What does Daisy’s father do instead of cooking?
______________________________________________________

Shapes

Circle Square Rectangle Triangle

Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Pentagon

Hexagon Oval Star

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 Present Perfect
We use present perfect tense to talk about actions that started in the past and continue in the
present, and when that action that took place in the past is important in the present.
Use it to express:
life experiences: She has danced in several competitions.
Actions that started in the past but continues in the present: Daphne has studied English since
2020.
To talk about the same action that took place at different moments in the past and that has taken
place at least more than once: I’ve listened to this album twice.

With this tense, we need to use the past participle form of the verb.

For this tense, we are going to use the auxiliary verb: Have
Affirmative form:

We can use a contraction as well:

I’ve eaten too much
He’s eaten too much
We’ve eaten too much

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Negative form:

Interrogative form:

Short answer:

27
Change the following sentences to present perfect:

Did they have lunch together? ___________________________________

She didn’t give us the keys ____________________________________

Karla woke up early ____________________________________

I wrote a few stories ____________________________________

We won the competition _____________________________________

He cried a lot _____________________________________

You drew a rainbow _____________________________________

The court was dirty _____________________________________

The bike broke _____________________________________

The teacher taught us the verbs _____________________________________

The dog bit me _____________________________________

The bird flew away _____________________________________

They lived in New york _____________________________________

Were you angry? _____________________________________

I ate too much pizza _____________________________________

The sun came out early _____________________________________

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I met him at a café _____________________________________

We went to the concert _____________________________________

My classmates didn’t understand _____________________________________

Simon swam in the sea _____________________________________

I told you the truth! _____________________________________

My father read so many books _____________________________________

Did you listen to that new album? _____________________________________

I loved you _____________________________________

Substitute the pronoun and conjugate the verbs according to it.

1. I have spoken English all day.

You/ We / They / He /She

Subject pronoun Auxiliary Verb Complement

You have spoken English every day

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 2. You have watched tv since the morning..

We/ They / I / Charles / Betty

Subject pronoun Auxiliary Verb Complement

We

3. She hasn't heard that song before.

You / We / They / My parents.

Subject pronoun Auxiliary in Verb Complement

negative

You

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 Rewrite the sentences in negative
School has started.

The film has finished.

The teacher has taught the class.

The students have understood the assignment.

Lucy has chosen a new apartment.

Subject pronoun Auxiliary in Verb Complement

negative

School

Write the correct form of the auxiliary verb and the verbs:

1. Speak
2. copy
3. live
4. read
5. have
6. fly
7. eat
8. drink

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Auxiliary Subject Verb Complement

I Good English?

We Our homework?

You In Ecuador?

She A magazine?

They A cat?

He Math?

The plane To Korea?

She The lunch early?

He Enough water?

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 Have you ever…. ?
We use “Have you ever…?” to ask about a life experience “ever” means from the time you were
born until the present

Speaking exercise:

Answer the following questions:

Have you ever read a book?
Have you ever ridden a horse?
Have you ever met a celebrity?
Have you ever cried in a movie theatre?
Have you ever baked a cake?
Have you ever traveled abroad?
Has somebody told you a lie?
Have you ever gotten lost?
Have you ever woken up past noon?
Have you ever stayed up for a whole day?
Have you ever done sports?
Have you ever seen a ghost?
Have you ever flown on an airplane?
Have you ever danced or sung in a competition?
Have you ever been to a costume party?
Have you ever eaten snails?
Has a dog ever bitten you?
Have you ever climbed a mountain?

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 Superlatives with present perfect
Superlatives can be used with present perfect:
Superlative + noun + subject + auxiliary + ever + verb (past participle)
That is the best pizza I have ever eaten!
You can also use the WH Question “What”
What + superlative + noun + subject + auxiliary + ever + verb (past participle)
What’s the funniest movie you have ever seen?
Don’t forget the rules to form the superlatives adjectives

Answer the following questions:

What’s the coldest place you have ever been to?
________________________________________________________
What’s the most expensive thing you have ever bought?
________________________________________________________
What’s the worst movie you have ever watched?
________________________________________________________
What’s the worst food you have ever eaten?
________________________________________________________
What’s the best song you have ever listened to?
________________________________________________________
What’s the most beautiful city you have ever visited?
_______________________________________________________
What's the saddest thing you have ever experienced?
________________________________________________________

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 For vs Since

Choose the correct option:

1.- John has lived in Quito _____ he was born.
A) For B) Since
2.- They have watched tv _____ two hours.
A) For B) Since
3.- I haven’t slept well _____ a week!
A) For B) Since
4.- Nick has been an artist _____ 2000.
A) For B) Since
5.- The school hasn’t opened ______ last Friday
A) For B) Since
6.- She has read that book _____ 2 years and she hasn’t finished it yet.
A) For B) Since

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7.- He has forgotten to pay rent ____ two months.
A) For B) Since
8.- Ashley has sung in the glee club _____ 2017.
A) For B) Since
9.- Hayley has taught Spanish ______ a long time.
A) For B) Since
10.- We haven’t eaten _____ last night, we should go for a meal.
A) For B) Since

Speaking exercise
Answer the following questions, remember, use “For” and “Since”

How long have you been alive?

How long have you had social media?

How long have you studied English?

How long have you met your best friend?

How long have you had your pet?

How long have you worn glasses?

How long have you liked your favorite song?

How long have you been in this English course?

How long have you waited for your favorite tv show to come out?

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 Solar System

Answer the questions:

What’s the nearest planet to the Sun? ___________________
What’s the planet between Jupiter ad Uranus? __________________
What’s the farthest planet from the Sun? ___________________
What’s the fifth planet from the Sun? _____________________
What’s the largest planet in the Solar System? __________________
What’s the smallest planet in the Solar System? _________________

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 Shapes

Circle Square Rectangle Triangle

Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezoid Pentagon

Hexagon Oval Star

38
 Reading Exercises
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh,
Scotland, on March 3, 1847. When he was only
eleven years old, he invented a machine that could
clean wheat. Graham studied anatomy and
physiology at the University of London but moved
with his family to Quebec, Canada, in 1870. Bell
soon moved to Boston, Massachusetts. In 1871, he
began working with deaf people and published the
system of Visible Speech that was-developed by his
father. Visible Speech illustrated how the tongue,
lips, and throat are-used to produce vocal sounds. In 1872, Bell founded a school for the deaf,
which soon became part of Boston University. Alexander Graham Bell is best known for his
invention of the telephone. While trying to discover the secret of transmitting multiple messages
on a single wire, Bell heard the sound of a plucked string along some of the electrical wire. One
of Bell's assistants, Thomas A. Watson, was trying to reactivate a telephone transmitter. After
hearing the sound, Bell believed he could send the sound of a human voice over the wire. After
receiving a patent on March 7, 1876, for transmitting sound along a single wire, he successfully
transmitted human speech on March 10. Bell's telephone patent was one of the most valuable
patents ever issued. He started the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. Bell went on to invent a
precursor to the modern-day air conditioner and a device called a "photo phone" that enabled
sound to be transmitted on a beam of light. Today's fiber optic and laser communication systems
are- based on Bell's photo phone research. In 1898, Alexander Graham Bell and his son-in-law
took over the National Geographic Society and built it into one of the most recognized magazines
in the world. Bell also helped found Science Magazine, one of the most respected research
journals in the world. Alexander Graham Bell died August 2, 1922. On the day of his burial, in
honor of Bell, all telephone services in the United States were-stopped for one minute.
1.) Where was Alexander Graham Bell born?
a.) England
b.) Quebec
c.) Scotland
d.) Boston
2.) What did Alexander Graham Bell do in 1872?
a.) Invent a machine for cleaning wheat
b.) Start a school for deaf people
c.) Invent the telephone
d.) Study at the University of London

39
3.) What happened FIRST?
a.) Bell invented the telephone.
b.) Bell moved to Canada.
c.) Bell published the Visible Speech system.
d.) Bell moved to Massachusetts.
4.) What was Thomas
a.) Watson doing when Alexander Graham Bell heard the sound of a plucked string over electric
wire? a.) Transmitting multiple messages over a single wire
b.) Transmitting the human voice over a single wire
c.) Starting the Bell Telephone Company
d.) Reactivating a telephone transmitter
5.) What is the best definition for "transmit" in this passage?
a.) to block by stopping
b.) to send
c.) to make larger
d.) to disturb
6.) Which of the following was Alexander Graham Bell NOT involved with?
a.) National Geographic Magazine
b.) Science Magazine
c.) photophone
d.) teaching blind people
7.) What is a photophone?
a.) A device that can transmit a message on a sound wave.
b.) A device that can transmit a message on a wire.
c.) A device that can transmit a message on a beam of light.
d.) A device that can transmit a message on a telephone.
8.) The photo phone was most important to what industry?
a.) fiber optics and laser communication systems
b.) telephone
c.) air conditioning
d.) publishing
9.) On the day of his funeral, American telephone services were disabled for how many
minutes? ________________

40
AMAZON RAIN FOREST
The Amazon is the world’s largest tropical rain
forest. It covers an area of nearly 2.8 million
square miles, which is nearly the size of the
continent of Australia. The Amazon rain forest
gets its life from the majestic Amazon River, the
world’s second-largest river, which runs directly
through the heart of the region. The rain forest
itself is simply the drainage basin for the river
and its many tributaries. The vast forest itself
consists of four layers, each featuring its own
ecosystems and specially adapted plants and
animals. The forest floor is the lowest region.
Since only 2 percent of the sunlight filters through
the top layers to the understory, very few plants
grow here. The forest floor, however, is rich with
rotting vegetation and the bodies of dead
organisms, which are quickly broken down into
nutrients integrated into the soil. Tree roots stay
close to these available nutrients, and
decomposers, such as millipedes and
earthworms, use these nutrients for food. The understory is the layer above the forest floor. Much
like the forest floor, only about 2–5 percent of the sunlight reaches this shadowy realm. Many of
the plants in the understory have large, broad leaves to collect as much sunlight as possible. The
understory is so thick that there is very little air movement. As a result, plants rely on insects and
animals to pollinate their flowers. The layer above the understory is the canopy. This is where
much of the action in the rain forest occurs. Many canopy leaves have specially adapted leaves,
which form “drip tips.” Drip tips allow water to flow off the leaves, which prevents mosses, fungi,
and lichens from occupying the leaves. Leaves in the canopy are very dense and filter about 80
percent of the sunlight. The canopy is where the wealth of the rain forest’s fruits and flowers grow.
Bromeliads, cuplike plants, provide drinking pools for animals and breeding locations for tree
frogs. The emergent layer is above the canopy and is the top layer of the rain forest. Trees in the
emergent layer break through the canopy and may reach heights of 200 feet. Leaves in the
emergent layer are small and covered with a special wax to hold water. Seeds are-blown to other
parts of the forest. Trees that rise to the emergent layer are massive. Many are-braced by huge
buttress roots. Trunks can be 16 feet in circumference. Many animals that survive in the emergent
layer never touch the ground.

1.) The Amazon rain forest covers an area nearly the size of the continent of
___________________.

41
2.) Which of the following is not a layer of the rain forest?
a.) understory
b.) emergent
c.) sub-canopy
d.) canopy
3.) Which layer of the rain forest is right above the forest floor?
a.) emergent layer
b.) canopy
c.) understory
4.) Most of the fruits and flowers of the rain forest grow in its…
a.) emergent layer
b.) canopy
c.) forest floor
d.) understory
5.) _____________________ provide drinking pools for animals and breeding locations for
tree frogs.
6.) Many trees in the ______ of the rain forest are-braced by huge buttress roots.
a.) emergent layer
b.) understory
c.) canopy
d.) forest floor
7.) Animals that live in the ________ may never touch the ground.
a.) canopy
b.) understory
c.) forest floor
d.) emergent layer
8.) Why do few plants grow in the understory?
a.) There is not enough water.
b.) There is not enough sunlight.
c.) Their leaves are too large.
d.) There are not enough nutrients.
9.) Why do plants in the understory have to rely on insects to pollinate them?
a.) The sun is too bright in the understory.
b.) The wind is too strong and seeds blow into the Amazon River.
c.) There is very little wind in the understory.
d.) There are very few butterflies in the rain forest.

42
THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
The Birth of the Appalachians
480 million years ago the land masses of the world
collided into a giant supercontinent called Pangea. As
tectonic plates met one another, crashes of land
shoved sheets of earth upwards to form the Central
Pangean Mountains. This young mountain range was
tall and mighty, with jagged peaks and rocky slopes.
When Pangea began to break apart 175 million years
ago, the Central Pangean Mountains split into the
Scottish Highlands, the Little Atlas Mountains of
Morocco, and the Appalachian Mountains of North
America.
Hydrology
The Appalachian Mountains today are worn smooth
by age and erosion. They stretch from Alabama to the
southeastern corner of Canada and have 13 major
regions. The Eastern Continental Divide lies along the
Appalachian Mountains. A continental divide is a
boundary that defines the direction of water flow in the
region. To the east of the mountains, rivers flow into
the Atlantic Ocean. On the westward side of the
mountains, rivers flow to the Gulf of Mexico. The
geography of the Appalachian Mountains also affects
precipitation patterns. Clouds laden with rain break open as they pass over the peaks, making
this region one of the wettest in the United States.
Effects of Glaciers
The lush forests of the Appalachian Mountains support plants and animals with unique histories.
Long ago, glaciers extended as far south as Pennsylvania. Many plants and animals normally
adapted to the cooler climate of the northern latitudes could not withstand the harsh conditions of
this glaciatic invasion. Simply retreating southward, however, would leave many species in
climates that were too warm. The cool alpine weather of the Appalachian Mountains became a
refuge for Northern species seeking new homes. Although the glaciers have retreated since the
last Ice Age, many of these cold-weather species still call the Appalachian Mountains home.
Spruce-fir forests are one such souvenir of the last Ice Age. These rare ecosystems still exist on
the highest peaks of the southern Appalachian Mountains and are one of the most endangered
ecosystems in North America.

43
Challenges
Today these ancient mountains face threats from a myriad of sources. Since the early 1900s,
parasites have changed the face of the forests of Appalachia. First, a fungus called chestnut blight
destroyed iconic chestnut trees that were-prized in the Appalachian Mountains. Since the 1950s,
invasive insects from Europe have been attacking the evergreen trees of the endangered spruce-
fir forests. Threats from industry, such as acid rain and the destruction of mountain peaks for coal
mining, also challenge the health of this region’s ecosystems. While the geology and ecosystems
of the mountains were-formed over millions of years of change, one thing is for-certain: the
Appalachian Mountains will continue to change in the years to come.

1. Based on the following sentence, which adjective best describes the author’s
impression of the Central Pangean Mountains? “This young mountain range was tall and
mighty, with jagged peaks and rocky slopes.”
a.) Sturdy
b.) Impressive
c.) Peaceful
d.) Frightening
2. Based on the following sentence, what would be the best meaning of the phrase “laden
with rain”? Clouds laden with rain break open as they pass over the peaks, making this
region one of the wettest in the United States
a.) carrying a lot of rain
b.) surrounded by rain
c.) slowed by rain
d.) pushed by rain
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
a.) The Appalachian Mountains were once tall and full of rocky peaks.
b.) The Appalachian Mountain region receives substantial precipitation.
c.) Glaciers once extended much farther south than they do now.
d.) To the east of the Appalachian Mountains, water flows into the Gulf of Mexico, and to the west,
water flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
4. Without changing the meaning of this sentence, which noun would best replace the word
“withstand”? Many plants and animals normally adapted to the cooler climate of the
northern latitudes could not withstand the harsh conditions of this glaciatic invasion.
a.) fight
b.) survive
c.) escape
d.) get-used to

44
5. Based on what you learned about the history of spruce-fir forests, what is the best
reason why they only exist at the highest elevations of the Southern Appalachian
Mountains?
a.) Coal mining destroyed the spruce-fir forests at lower elevations
b.) Invasive insects only attack spruce-fir forests at lower elevations
c.) Rainfall on the highest peaks is not acidic
d.) Spruce-fir forests need the cold environment of high elevations
6. According to the final paragraph, why will the Appalachian Mountains continue to
change in the coming years?
a.) Tectonic plates are shifting
b.) Chestnut trees will be-destroyed
c.) Insects and industry will affect mountain ecosystems
d.) Spruce fir forests will disappear

45
The Bermuda Triangle

The Bermuda Triangle, a region of the Atlantic Ocean

defined roughly as the area between Florida, Puerto
Rico, and Bermuda, is a hotspot of legend and mystery
for navigators and writers alike. Countless airplane and
ship disappearances have been credited to the
ominous forces of the Bermuda Triangle. Long before
the Triangle even had a name, William Shakespeare
was inspired by the stories of this Caribbean mystery
when he wrote one of his most famous plays, “The
Tempest”. Despite the long history of wrecks and
disappearances in this patch of ocean, story and myth
persist around the reason why the Bermuda Triangle claims so many tragedies. Few can decide
which tale to believe. One rather explosive theory points to the geochemical action of methane
gas on the seafloor. When soils on the seafloor shift, methane gas that was trapped underneath
can erupt in a flurry of bubbles. Some theorize that the “bubbly” ocean water from such a release
could decrease the density of the water, making it harder for a passing ship to stay afloat. If the
highly flammable methane gas could rise into the atmosphere, some believe that a passing plane
could explode from the interaction of the plane engines with the methane. This theory would
explain why so many ships and airplanes seem to disappear without a trace in the Bermuda
Triangle.
Unfortunately, the enormous distances the methane gas would have to travel from seafloor to
atmosphere cast doubt on the feasibility of this theory. Some blame the Bermuda Triangle’s
turbulent history on the perilous Sargasso Sea that lies within the Triangle’s boundaries. This sea
is unique in that its borders are defined not by land, but by the powerful currents that surround it.
In the middle of these currents, the still, nearly windless waters harbor dense mats of floating
seaweed. It’s no wonder that even today, abandoned ships are found trapped by coiling plants.
With no winds to move ships safely onwards, the Sargasso Sea has long posed a danger to ships
that rely on the power of the winds for propulsion and steering. While the Sargasso Sea may
explain some of the dangers ships face when navigating the Bermuda Triangle, it fails to account
for the dozens of planes and ships that have disappeared without a trace. Skeptics claim that the
disappearances of the Bermuda Triangle are unremarkable when the physical and weather-based
challenges travelers face in this portion of the ocean are considered. The Triangle is prone to
storms and hurricanes that can confuse navigators and cause equipment to malfunction. Some
parts of the Triangle are full of sharp coral that can rip holes in ships and cause them to sink.
Deep pockets and trenches in the ocean floor may hide the remains of wreckages that are
commonly believed to have disappeared without a trace. Whatever the true cause of the Bermuda
Triangle tragedies, this area will indisputably be a source of lore and intrigue for years to come.

46
1. Why was William Shakespeare inspired by the Bermuda Triangle?
a.) The Bermuda Triangle was mysterious
b.) The Bermuda Triangle was a large area of the ocean
c.) The Bermuda Triangle had just been discovered
d.) His ship disappeared in the Bermuda Triangle
2. Based on the following sentence, what could be the best definition of the word
“geochemical”? One rather explosive theory points to the geochemical action of methane
gas on the seafloor
a.) Having to do with the chemistry of water
b.) Having to do with the chemistry of rocks and soils
c.) Having to do with explosions
d.) Having to do with a theory or idea
3. According to the methane gas theory, why would a ship sink after a release of methane
gas from the seafloor?
a.) The ship’s engine would explode
b.) An explosion in the base of the ship would cause it to sink
c.) The density of the water would decrease
d.) The density of the ship would decrease
4. Which heading would be most appropriate for the second paragraph?
a.) “Deadly Dangers of Methane Gas”
b.) “Region of Danger for Ships and Airplanes”
c.) “Doubt Cast on Methane Gas Theory”
d.) “One Theory for Plane Disappearances”
5. Which of the following is not a feature of the Sargasso Sea?
a.) Thick coiling mats of seaweed
b.) Borders defined by currents rather than by land
c.) Dangerously shallow waters
d.) A lack of strong winds

47
6. What do the skeptics described in the final paragraph believe about the Bermuda
Triangle?
a.) The mystery of the Bermuda Triangle will never be solved
b.) The tragedies of the Bermuda Triangle can be attributed to mysterious forces
c.) Trenches in the ocean floor cause many of the Bermuda Triangle shipwrecks
d.) The events of the Bermuda Triangle are caused only by the dangerous weather and
challenging physical features of the Triangle
7. Which of the following best describes the conclusions drawn from the Bermuda
Triangle?
a.) There are few theories that explain the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle
b.) Although there are theories explaining the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle, there remainsa
lack of consensus.
c.) Methane gas is likely the culprit behind the dangers of the Bermuda Triangle
d.) In reality, very few ships or planes have disappeared passing through the Bermuda Triangle.

48
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Benjamin Franklin was one of the most
important Americans in history. In the early
part of his life, Franklin was a business person
and inventor. He ran the Pennsylvania Gazette
(newspaper) and also-published Poor
Richard's Almanac. Poor Richard's Almanac
was very popular because it made predictions
about the future and had wise sayings.
Ben Franklin also invented the Franklin stove,
lightning rod, bifocals (eyeglasses), and
started America's first library. He is-probably
best known for his kite experiment, which proved electricity could be-harnessed from lightning. In
the later part of his life, Franklin became interested in politics. He spent many years in England
before coming back to America. In 1776, Franklin helped Thomas Jefferson write the Declaration
of Independence. Two years later, he went to France and convinced the French to help America
in the war against England.
After the war, Franklin joined the Continental Congress and signed the Constitution. He died in
1790. Today, Ben Franklin is-honored on the $100 dollar bill. His name is-honored on highways,
schools, and businesses across America.
1.) Which of the following is something invented by Ben Franklin?
A. Headphones
B. Electricity
C. Bifocals
D. Kites
2.) Which is something that may have been found in Poor Richard's Almanac?
A. Directions for operating a soda machine.
B. The score of a football game.
C. "A penny saved is a penny earned".
D. People's phone numbers.
3.) Ben Franklin started America's first _______________.
4.) Ben Franklin proved electricity could be harnessed from _________________.
5.) In the later part of his life, Franklin became interested in _________________ .
6.) Which of the following did Ben Franklin not do?
A. Become President
B. Sign the Constitution
C. Help with the Declaration of Independence
D. Travel to England

49
7.) What happened first?
A. Franklin goes to France.
B. 1776.
C. Franklin signs the Constitution.
D. Franklin goes to England.
8.) Today, Ben Franklin is honored on the __________ dollar bill.

50
Betelgeuse
The sun may appear to be the brightest star in
our sky, but beyond our solar system lies an
even more massive red supergiant.
Betelgeuse, a bright red star in the
constellation Orion, is one of the most luminous
stars in the sky, is 640 light years from our
earth, and is 950 times as large as our sun. In
fact, Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars we
know: but it’s also nearing the end of its life.
Betelgeuse is at a specific stage in its life: that
of a red supergiant.
Red supergiants are dying stars that are in the
last segment of their stellar lives. As stars
develop over time, they balance the inward
pressure of their own gravity with the outward
pressure of the fusion process creating energy.
When stars grow older, fusion slows, and
gravitational pressure causes the star to
compress inward so that it becomes smaller
and tighter. Eventually, the star’s temperature increases, and its hydrogen shell heats up so that
hydrogen fusion can begin again.
Red giants are able to sustain themselves for anywhere from a few thousand to a million years,
but eventually, they run out of chemicals for the fusion process. When that happens, the star
shrinks, and an explosion in its core causes its outer layers to blow away in shells called planetary
nebulae. Then, the star’s core continues to collapse until it becomes a white dwarf. This process
will eventually happen to Betelgeuse when it runs out of fuel and implodes under its own weight.
Over the last 100,000 years, Betelgeuse has been shedding shells of its mass, hinting at a
potential transition to the next stage in its life. Betelgeuse is expected to explode soon: but in
astronomical speak, soon could mean sometime in the next million years.
When supergiants shed their matter and become white dwarves, that mass can fall onto a nearby
white dwarf, producing a large and bright explosion called a supernova. This future is inevitable
for Betelgeuse, but in the next few thousand years, it is also expected to crash into a wall of
interstellar dust. The collision is predicted to happen at a speed of 66,960 miles per hour—
potentially having consequences for Betelgeuse that may occur before it even has the chance to
become a white dwarf. One of the largest and brightest stars might be on track for the cosmos’
biggest car crash
1. Which will happen to Betelgeuse first?
a. Betelgeuse will shrink.
b. Betelgeuse’s core will collapse.
c. Betelgeuse will run out of chemicals for fusion.
d. Betelgeuse will implode under its own weight.

51
2. For which of the following durations could a red giant not sustain itself?
a. 3,000 years
b. 1,000,000 years
c. 5,000,000 years
d. 1,000,000,000 years
3. Which of the following describes Betelgeuse compared to the sun?
a. Both are located in the same solar system.
b. Both are red giants, but the sun is brighter than Betelgeuse.
c. Both are large stars, but Betelgeuse is larger and more luminous.
d. Both are bright, but Betelgeuse is closer to the Earth.
4. A star in the sky suddenly compresses so that its size decreases and its particles are
more closely packed together. What could be the cause of this?
a. Fusion is no longer occurring, and the star’s gravitational pressure is causing it to grow smaller
and pack tighter.
b. Gravity is no longer affecting the star, and fusion is shrinking its size and packing it tighter.
c. Fusion and gravity are both no longer affecting the star, causing it to shrink until it disappears
from existence.
d. The star is becoming a red supergiant, and the processes of fusion and gravity are occurring
at too high levels to maintain its size.
5. Which of the following describes the formation of a supernova?
a. A red supergiant explodes, triggering a supernova explosion.
b. Shed mass from a white dwarf lands on a supergiant, causing a supernova explosion.
c. Shed mass from a supergiant lands on a white dwarf, causing a supernova explosion.
d. A red supergiant hits a wall of interstellar dust, causing a supernova explosion.
6. What are planetary nebulae?
a. Debris left over from a star that has imploded.
b. Layers of mass released from a shrinking star.
c. Remnants of a supernova explosion.
d. Materials that can form a new star.
7. Betelgeuse’s collision with the wall of interstellar dust is described as “the cosmos’
biggest car crash.” What type of figurative language is found in that phrase?
a. Simile
b. Metaphor
c. Onomatopoeia
d. Oxymoron

52
BILL GATES
William Henry Gates III (Bill) was born on October
28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington. Bill was the
second of three children in an upper-middle class
family. He enjoyed playing games with the family
and was very competitive. He also loved to read.
Bill became bored in public school, so his family
sent him to Lakeside School, a private school,
where he excelled in math and science and did
well in drama and English. Gates became
interested in computer programming when he was
13, during the era of giant mainframe computers.
His school held a fund-raiser to purchase a teletype terminal so students could use computer time
that was donated by General Electric.
Using this time, Gates wrote a tic-tac-toe program using BASIC, one of the first computer
languages. Later he created a computer version of Risk, a board game he liked in which the goal
is world domination. At Lakeside, Bill met Paul Allen, who shared his interest in computers. Gates
and Allen and two other students hacked into a computer belonging to Computer Center
Corporation (CCC) to get free computer time but were caught. After a period of probation, they
were allowed back in the computer lab when they offered to fix glitches in CCC’s software. At age
17, Gates and Allen were paid $20,000 for a program called Traf-O-Data that was used to count
traffic. In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the U.S. House of
Representatives. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and was accepted by Harvard
University.
Steve Ballmer, who became CEO of Microsoft after Bill retired, was also a Harvard student.
Meanwhile, Paul Allen dropped out of Washington College to work on computers at Honeywell
Corporation and convinced Gates to drop out of Harvard and join him in starting a new software
company in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They called it Micro-Soft. This was soon changed to
Microsoft, and they moved their company to Bellevue, Washington. In 1980, IBM, one of the
largest technology companies of the era, asked Microsoft to write software to run their new
personal computer, the IBM PC. Microsoft kept the licensing rights for the operating system (MS-
DOS) so that they earned money for every computer sold first by IBM, and later by all the other
companies that made PC computers.
Microsoft grew quickly from 25 employees in 1978 to over 90,000 today. Over the years, Microsoft
developed many new technologies and some of the world’s most popular software and products
such as Word and PowerPoint. Although some have criticized Gates for using questionable
business practices, he built Microsoft into one of the largest companies in the world. He has been
described as brilliant but childlike, driven, competitive, intense, fun, but lacking in empathy. Bill
Gates is one of the richest men in the world. In 2012, his $61 billion in assets made him the world's
secondrichest man according to Forbes Magazine. In 2006, Gates announced that he would cut
back his involvement at Microsoft to spend more time on philanthropy and his foundation.

53
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation supports many causes including the quest to eradicate
polio, fighting AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis; providing vaccinations for children; and even
reinventing the toilet, among many other things.

1.) The second to last paragraph describes…

a.) how Microsoft became a bigger company than IBM.
b.) the technical details of MS-DOS.
c.) how Bill Gates became a billionaire.
d.) how Microsoft rose to a major corporation.
2.) Where was Steve Ballmer a student?
a.) Harvard University
b.) Albuquerque, New Mexico
c.) Washington College
d.) The passage doesn't say.
3.) Microsoft earned money every time…
a.) Traf-O-Data was used
b.) IBM built a computer.
c.) IBM sold a computer running MS-DOS.
d.) CCC used its software.
4.) What question is answered in the second-tolast paragraph?
a.) How rich is Bill Gates?
b.) How many people work for Microsoft today?
c.) What does empathy mean?
d.) What new technologies, besides MS-DOS, did Microsoft develop?
5.) What does the word "philanthropy" mean in the last paragraph?
a.) computer technology
b.) charity
c.) wealth
d.) business
6.) If the entire passage was limited to the last paragraph, what would an appropriate name
for the passage be?
a.) Microsoft and its Billionaires
b.) Microsoft and its Software
c.) The Rise of Microsoft
d.) The Business Practices of Microsoft

54
7.) In which of the following ways were Bill Gates and Paul Allen NOT alike?
a.) They both went to the same college.
b.) They both liked computers.
c.) They both dropped out of college.
d.) They went to the same school.
8.) Which is NOT true about Bill Gates in the first paragraph?
a.) He was competitive.
b.) He was born in Seattle, Washington.
c.) He enjoyed public school.
d.) He was involved in drama.
9.) Which of the following was the EFFECT of Bill hacking into the CCC computer?
a.) They were allowed back on the computer eventually.
b.) He lost computer privileges.
c.) He wrote a tic-tac-toe program.
d.) He met Paul Allen.
10.) Which of the following WAS NOT a program written by Bill Gates or Paul Allen?
a.) A computerized version of Risk
b.) Traf-o-Data
c.) A computerized version of tic-tac-toe
d.) BASIC

55
The Future of the Polar Bear

With their huge paws, fluffy white fur, and

dark, expressive eyes, polar bears can
appear to be cute and friendly creatures -
from afar. Up close however, it is easy to
see why polar bears are fearsome apex
predators in their arctic homes. These
enormous animals are outfitted with
strong, sharp claws and a keen nose to
help them detect and catch seals that swim
to holes in the ice to breathe.
During cold arctic winters, polar bears enjoy prime hunting season. Other arctic animals like the
arctic fox depend on the leftovers from polar bear kills to sustain them throughout the harsh winter.
In this way, polar bears fill an important niche, or role, in arctic ecosystems by controlling
populations of seals while also providing food to scavengers. Unfortunately, polar bears face a
perilous future. In previous years, the biggest threat to polar bear populations was hunting by
humans. While careful regulations helped to control this threat, polar bears are still not safe. Today
polar bears are most threatened by the effects of a warming arctic climate.
Polar bears depend on the expansive sheets of ice that form during cold winters to hunt seals.
When ice forms later in the fall and thaws earlier in the spring, polar bears have less time to fatten
up during their most vital feeding season. This is especially dangerous for polar bear mothers and
their cubs. Mothers fast for long periods of time while their cubs are very young. With a shortened
hunting season, polar bear mothers can be particularly challenged in finding enough food to
replenish fat stores. Sea ice is also vital for the long migration routes polar bears follow annually.
The bears can get stranded when warm weather prevents the sea from freezing.
Hungry bears that are stuck in the wrong place at the wrong time can be a big problem for humans.
With their routes across the ice unavailable, polar bears are unable to move north and may
venture towards towns to try to find food in garbage dumps and backyards. This is dangerous for
humans and bears and creates a perception that bear populations are increasing. Unfortunately,
it is extremely difficult to survey, or count, the number of polar bears accurately. The remote
habitat that polar bears occupy can be hazardous for humans to access. On top of that, polar
bears have large ranges and can be spread over long distances. Even heat-seeking cameras
don’t make the job any easier. Polar bear fur is such effective insulation that bears give off almost
no detectable body heat. Without accurate measurements of polar bear populations, it is difficult
to make informed plans to protect this precious predator of the north.

56
1.) Based on the following sentence, what could be the definition of “apex predator”? Up
close however, it is easy to see why polar bears are fearsome apex predators in their arctic
home
a.) a predator that lives in the arctic
b.) a predator who occupies the highest spot in the food chain
c.) a predator that humans like to hunt
d.) a predator that plays an important role in the food chain
2.) Based on the information in the passage, if polar bear populations decline, what could
you expect to happen to arctic foxes?
a.) Arctic fox populations might increase because they will not be hunted as much
b.) Arctic foxes might be able to have larger territories
c.) Arctic fox populations will probably stay the same
d.) Arctic fox populations might decline
3.) According to the passage, why could shortened winters be particularly dangerous to
female polar bears?
a.) Female polar bears need more food to stay warm
b.) Female polar bears have to spend some of wintertime taking care of cubs instead of hunting
c.) Female polar bears overheat more easily than male polar bears
d.) Female polar bears have to spend more time traveling during the wintertime than male polar
bears
4.) Why could it be important to have accurate counts of polar bear populations?
a.) Scientists need to know how many polar bears there are to be able to feed bears enough food
b.) Citizens need to know if they should be practicing bear safety when in polar bear habitat
c.) To know how polar bear populations change year after year
d.) It is important to know if polar bears will hunt too many seals
5.) What could be an appropriate title for the second paragraph?
a.) “Threats to Polar Bears, Past and Present”
b.) “The Effect of Hunting on Polar Bears”
c.) “Winter Survival Techniques”
d.) “Yearly Polar Bear Migration”
6.) What could be the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
a.) To persuade
b.) To inform
c.) To entertain
d.) To frighten

57
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa,
Italy, in 1451. His career in exploration
started when he was very young. As a
teenager, he traveled the seas and
eventually made Portugal his base. He
appealed to the kings of Portugal, France,
and England to finance a westward trip to the
Indies, but all denied his request. After ten
years of monumental efforts but fruitless
results, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
of Spain agreed to finance Columbus in the
hopes of acquiring great wealth. On August 3, 1492, Columbus and three ships, the Nina, the
Pinta, and the Santa Maria, left Palos, Spain, and headed westward.
After stopping in the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, Columbus's ships hit the open seas.
Covering about 150 miles a day, the trip was long and arduous. The crew was afraid of sea
monsters and grew more restless every day land was not sighted. Columbus offered a reward for
the first person to sight land. On October 12, a crew member aboard the Pinta sighted one of the
Bahama Islands. Columbus set foot on what he believed was one of the Spice Islands, a group
of islands in Asia (now known as Indonesia), where valuable spices and riches came from. He
named the land San Salvador.
Columbus failed to find the riches he expected and continued to search for China. He next visited
Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic). He encountered native peoples who he named
"Indians" because he believed they were inhabitants of the Indies. Columbus returned to Spain a
hero. He was named viceroy of the Indies. He soon returned to the New World but never found
the riches he expected. Some began to believe that Columbus had found "a new world" rather
that a shortcut to the Indies. Christopher Columbus made one of the greatest discoveries in the
history of the world - North America. Though he probably wasn't the first explorer to see the
continent, and he believed until his death that the islands he encountered were in the Asian
continent, his discoveries were instrumental in the establishment of Spanish colonies in North
America. Today, we celebrate Columbus Day in October to commemorate his discoveries.
1.) In what year was Christopher Columbus born? _____________
2.) On October 12, 1492, where did Columbus think he was?
a.) Asia
b.) Africa
c.) North America
d.) Dominican Republic

58
3.) Which of the following is NOT a ship that went on the voyage?
a.) Santa Monica
b.) Santa Maria
c.) Pinta
d.) Nina
4.) About how many miles did the ships travel every day? ___________
5.) Select all of the following places that Columbus visited on his voyage.
a.) Dominican Republic
b.) Cuba
c.) Florida
d.) Canary Islands
6.) What happened last?
a.) Columbus was named viceroy of the Indies.
b.) Spain set up colonies in the New World.
c.) October 13, 1492
d.) Columbus encountered Indians.
7.) Which of the following is closest in meaning to "fruitless"?
a.) without any cost
b.) without success
c.) broken promise
d.) without fruit
8.) Christopher Columbus thought he could find a shortcut to the Indies by sailing…
a.) east.
b.) north.
c.) south.
d.) west.
9.) What country eventually agreed to finance Christopher Columbus's trip?
a.) England
b.) Portugal
c.) France
d.) Spain
10.) What happened first?
a.) October 12, 1492
b.) The Santa Maria left Spain and headed westward.
c.) Columbus stopped in the Canary Islands.
d.) King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to pay for the trip.

59
Writing:
Write Daily Lists and Calendar Items
Write your to -do list for each day:
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
6.-
7.-
8.-
9.-
10.-

You can write short sentences if needed.

60
Write your grocery list (Use the food vocabulary)
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
6.-
7.-
8.-
9.-
10.-
11.-
12.-
13.-
14.-
15.-

Use the vegetables and fruit vocabulary

61
Keep a One-sentence Journal

Write one sentence that can define your mood or important events of the day.

Monday:
__________________________________________________________________
Tuesday:
__________________________________________________________________
Wednesday:
__________________________________________________________________
Thursday:
__________________________________________________________________
Friday:
__________________________________________________________________
Saturday:
__________________________________________________________________
Sunday:
__________________________________________________________________

Don’t forget to write the date

62
What did you eat today?
Post a picture of what you had for breakfast, lunch and dinner today, and write
the recipe behind the culinary masterpiece and your followers will love you for
it!
Breakfast:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Lunch:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Dinner:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Help yourself!

63
Watch a movie and write your opinion about it, share your experience with it,
did it arouse some emotions or thoughts out of you?
Name: ____________________________
When did you watch it? _____________________________
What was your favorite character?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
What’s the movie about?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Your opinion:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Rate the movie:

64
 Breaking news
Write about some breaking news from this week

When did it happen? ______________________________________

Where it happened? _______________________________________
What happened?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

65
Post/tweet
Share with your followers what is on your mind, don’t forget to tag your
teacher or to screenshot your posts so you can share it with your teacher
• What are your plans for this weekend?
Post your weekend on social media and write short sentences about your activities
for the weekend.
• What is your favorite series at the moment?
Post about your favorite series, give a short review about it and rate it.
• What are you thinking?
Post about your day and your thoughts
• Did something funny happen to you?
Post about the funny thing, and share how you felt when it happened

66
 Vocabulary
At the Airport

Suitcase Passport Flight Airport Boarding pass

Gate Luggage/Baggage Check – In Postcard

Usefull pharses:
Do you Know which is the gate for flight…?
What time will we be boarding?
What time is my flight?
What’s my flight number?
Where is check-in for…?
Which gate is the flight to …. leaving from?
How late will the flight be?
The flight is delayed by 20 minutes.
Do you have your boarding card/ pass?
Do you have any baggage to check?
The flight is cancelled.
I’ve lost my baggage.
Where is the baggage reclaiming?

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 At the restaurant

Menu Drinks Glass Napkin Spoon

Fork Knife Cup and Saucer Tablecloth Bill

Dessert Baked Potatoes Mashed Potatoes French Fries Chips/Crips

Shrimp/Prawns Clam chowder Fish Crab Seafood

Ham Pork Beef Meat Sausage

Ketchup Mayonnaise Mustard Hot sauce Salt and Pepper

Soup Pie Salad Dish/Plate Bowl

68
 At home

Sofa and Cushions Curtain Rug/carpet Sideboard Stool

Pillow Blanket Wardrobe Dresser Bed Sheets

Sink Toilet Toilet paper Soap Comb and hairbrush

Towel Toothbrush Toothpaste Razor Shower and Bath

Saucepan Frying pan Pot Strainer Grater Whisk

Microwave Oven Stove Toaster Blender Rice cooker

Cupboard Refrigerator Washing machine Iron Broom Mop Dust pan

69
 At the beach

Sunscreen Surfboard Flipflops Swimsuit Goggles Diving mask Bucket and spade

Life jacket Cool box Folding chair Shell Rubber ring Sea gull Suntan lotion

Sand castle Boogie board Jellyfish Seahorse Starfish Wave Tent

Swimming tunk Bikini Cap Lifeguard

70
 At the hospital

First aid kit Syringe Cast Crutches Stretcher Wheelchair

Pills Stethoscope Blood pressure monitor Thermometer Band aids

Illnesses

Headache Earache Toothache Backache Stomachache

Sore throat Bruise Sunburn Rash Fever

Flu Dizziness Cramps Cough Broken bone Sprained ankle

Swelling Sore shoulders Chicken pox Measles Joint pain

71
 Speaking exercises
At the airport:
Using the “At the airport” vocabulary answer the following questions:
- Have you ever travelled abroad?
- Have you ever travelled inside your country?
- Where have you gone?
- Tell us about the place you’ve visited
- Share with your classmates a funny traveling story

Create a conversation with a classmate where you have to recreate being at the
airport. You can use costumes or objects that can help you recreate the setting.

Person A: tourist
Person B: flight attendant

Situation one: The tourist lost their luggage and the flight attendant is trying to
help find it.

Situation two: The tourist missed their flight; the flight attendant is telling them
that he or she has to wait for the next flight and the tourist is angry.

Situation three: The flight attendant is sick, and she or he sneeze over the tourist
who is concerned now about the virus they might have now.

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At the restaurant:
Using the “At the restaurant” vocabulary create a menu and work with your
classmates:

You will run a restaurant, and two of your classmates

will be your customers, describe to them the special dish of the house
Customers can ask the following questions:
- What is the special dish of the house?
- What are the ingredients?
- How much is it?
- What is the most requested dessert?

Answer the following questions about yourself:

- What is your favorite restaurant?
- What is your favorite food?
- What is your favorite dessert?
- How many times do you eat fruit in the week?
- How much is your favorite drink?
- What is your favorite ice cream flavor?

2.- Describe your kitchen, you can try answering the following questions:

- What color are the walls?

- How many dishes do you have?
- How many spoons, forks and knives do you have?
- Can you describe how to find the salt and pepper in your kitchen?
- What color is the cupboard?

73
 At home:
Go to your room, and describe your room.
You can start answering these questions:
What color are your walls?
What color are your bed sheets?
Do you have a tv in your room?
Show 3 of your favorite things from your room
and describe them.

Go to the kitchen, and describe it.

You can start answering these questions:
What color are the walls?
Is your oven big?
Is your cupboard and your fridge full?
Show 3 of your favorite meals and snacks and
describe them.

Go to the living room, and describe it.

You can start answering these questions:
What color are the walls?
Do you have a sofa?
Do you have a tv or a radio in the living room?
Do you have any pictures on the wall?
Show 3 things you like from this room and describe them.

74
 Look at the pictures and describe what is happening

Answer the following questions about the beach:

What is your favorite beach?
What is your favorite activity at the beach?
Do you like to tan or do you rather use sunscreen and protect your skin from
the sun?
Do you rather swim in the sea or play volleyball on the sand?
Do you like building a sand castle?

75
 At the hospital.
Work with a partner:

Person 1: Doctor
Person 2: Patient.

Situation one:
The patient is having a very bad headache and is fainting because of it, the
doctor is trying to get the patient to accept a magnetic resonance but the
patient has claustrophobia.

Situation two:
The patient is getting better after a very bad stomach flu, the doctor is about
the discharge the patient, so the doctor is asking the patient questions about
how she/he is feeling.

Situation three:
The patient just arrived to the hospital with chickenpox, the doctor is asking
him/her if he/she got vaccinated from chickenpox, the patient is not sure but
has a high fever and it is itching everywhere.

76
Write the meaning of the following idioms:
1.- A blessing in disguise
___________________________________________________
2.- Break a leg
___________________________________________________
3.- Call it a day
___________________________________________________
4.- Get out of hand
___________________________________________________
5.- Hang in there
___________________________________________________
6.- Hit the sack
___________________________________________________
7.- Make a long story short
___________________________________________________
8.- Under the weather
___________________________________________________
9.- Bite off more than you can chew
___________________________________________________
10.- Break the ice
___________________________________________________
11.- Comparing apples to oranges
___________________________________________________
12.- Don't count your chickens before they hatch
___________________________________________________
13.- It's a piece of cake
___________________________________________________
14.- It's raining cats and dogs
___________________________________________________
15.- Cut the mustard
___________________________________________________
16.- Have your head in the clouds
_________________________________________________
17.- Like riding a bicycle
_________________________________________________
18.- Like two peas in a pod
_________________________________________________

77
 Complete the following chart:

Synonym Antonym
Amazing
Scared
Quiet
Start
Large
Tired
Sick
Wrong
Unhappy
Rich
Wet
Thick
Gorgeous
Blank
Middle
Wide
High
Faithful
Clever
Huge
Polite
Quick
Safe
Messy
Funny
Near

78
 Grammar exercises
Choose the correct answer:
Gregory often _________ a trip to Venecia every year, but this year he
________________ to Panama.
a. Goes on / is traveling
b. Goes for / is traveling
c. Go on / has traveled
d. Went / was traveling
She always ______ the homework at the end of the class, but today she ________ it
before.
a. Done / does
b. Is doing / has done
c. Has done / do
d. Does / did
When my parents _______ at home, my brother and I ___________ a movie.
a. Have arrived / are watching
b. Arrived / were watching
c. Arrive / watched
d. Arrives / were watching
What ______ do on Sunday?
a. Will you
b. Are you going to
c. Are you doing
d. Did you has to
I _____ in the classroom when the professor _______ the lesson.
a. Will /starts
b. Was/ was starting
c. Was/ started
d. Am/ start
While you _________ the cake, my mother _______ the chocolate topping.
a. Are baking / does
b. Were baking / was doing
c. Have baked / has done
d. Baked / did
Tori _______ dancing in front of people. Every two weeks she _____ a presentation for
her ballet class.
a. Like / has
b. Likes / Having
c. Likes / has
d. Liking / Had

79
 Have _________ a snail? – No, but people ____ it is delicious.
a. You ever eaten / says
b. You ever been eating / say
c. You ever ate / said
d. You ever eaten / say
Elena ________ a penguin yesterday, she ____________ in the Antarctica since last
week.
a. Saw / has been
b. Sees / is
c. Saw / was
d. See / has been
Why ____________ while I ____________________ the house chores?
a. Are you sleep / do
b. Were you sleeping / was doing
c. Have you slept / have done
d. You slept / am doing
I _____ the president yesterday.
a. Meet
b. Am meeting
c. Was meeting
d. Met
I __________ almost 100 books in my life.
a. Am reading
b. Read
c. Have read
d. Was reading
Ariana _____ in Ecuador, but she __________ in Peru, she _________ last year.
a. Lived / use to lived / move
b. Lives / used to live / moved
c. Is living / lived / move
d. Lives / used to lives / moves
We _________ pizza now, we might ______ some coke afterwards.
a. Are eating / drink
b. Were eating / were drinking
c. Have eaten / drank
d. Ate / have drunk

80
 Listening exercises
At the doctor’s
Listen and answer the following questions:
1. What number is Dennis Smith?
a. 1
b. 5
c. 7
d. 17
2. What’s the doctor’s name?
a. Dr. Miles
b. Dr. Miller
c. Dr. Miley
d. Dr. Moles
3. What are Dennis’ symptoms?
a. Backache, can’t breathe, and fever
b. Shiver, sneezing, and nausea
c. Sore throat, fever, cough
d. Stomachache, earache, nasal congestion
4. Does Dennis have fever?
a. Yes
b. No

At the office:
1. Why did Katherine arrive late?
a. Because she had an accident
b. Because she fell asleep
c. Because she had flat tire
d. Because she forgot her report
2. Did they start the meeting on time?
a. Yes
b. No
3. Have they got high or low sales?
a. High
b. Low
4. What did the marketing department do?
a. prices were lowered
b. Giveaways
c. Improve the product
d. Promos

81
Decorating a room
[Link] room do they want to decorate?
a. The bedroom
b. The dinner room
c. The living room
d. The garden
2. What color will they paint the wall?
a. Grey
b. White
[Link]
[Link]
3. Where did they take inspiration from?
a. A magazine
b. The TV
c. A book
d. The internet

82
 Annexes
Prepositions of place
Prepositions of place Translation

In

On

At

Between

Above

Under

Below

Between

Near

Far

In front of

Opposite

On the left/the right

Behind

Next to /Beside

83
Prepositions of time Translation

In

On

At

Prepositions of Manner Translation

By

On

In

With

Like / As

For

Of

84
Prepositions of Movement Translation

Into

Toward / Towards

From

Along

Against

To

Down

Off

Out of

Up

Down

Along

Through

Across

Over

Around

85
 Irregular verbs list:
Verb Past tense Past participle Present Progressive Meaning

Be Was/were Been Being

Become Became Become Becoming

Begin Began Begun Beginning

Bite Bit Bitten Biting

Break Broke Broken Breaking

Bring Brought Brought Bringing

Build Built Built Building

Choose Chose Chosen Choosing

Come Came Come Coming

Cut Cut Cut Cutting

Do Did Done Doing

Draw Drew Drawn Drawing

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking

Eat Ate Eaten Eating

Fail Fell Fallen Falling

Fly Flew Flown Flying

Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting

Get Got Gotten Getting

Give Gave Given Giving

86
Go Went Gone Going

Have Had Had Having

Lose Lost Lost Losing

Make Made Made Making

Meet Met Met Meeting

Put Put Put Putting

Read Read Read Reading

Run Ran Run Running

Ride Rode Ridden Riding

See Saw Seen Seeing

Sit Sat Sat Sitting

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking

Swim Swam Swum Swimming

Stand Stood Stood Standing

Take Took Taken Taking

Teach Taught Taught Teaching

Tell Told Told Telling

Think Thought Thought Thinking

Understand Understood Understood Understanding

Wake up Woke up Woken up Waking up

Win Won Won Winning

Write Wrote Written Writing

87
 Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
1st person I Me My Mine Myself

2nd person You You You Yours Yourself

3rd person He Him His His Himself

(male)

3rd person She Her Her Hers Herself

(female)

3rd person It It Its (not used) Itself

1st person We Us Our Ours Ourselves

(plural)

2nd person You You Your Yours Yourselves

(plural)

3rd person They Them Their Theirs Themselves

(plural)

88
Fundación Internacional Dr. Arturo Espín Ordóñez
ASO TEACHERS ECUADOR
Informes e inscripciones
[Link]
Guayaquil (Samanes, primera etapa Mz 135 villa 11)
0985179187
@Ecu_bilingue
@ECUbilingue