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Class 12 Physics Formulas & Derivations

This document is a comprehensive summary of important formulas and derivations for Class 12 Physics, covering topics such as electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, and semiconductors. Each chapter includes key equations and concepts, along with notable derivations relevant to the subject matter. It serves as a concise reference for students preparing for exams.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
11 views3 pages

Class 12 Physics Formulas & Derivations

This document is a comprehensive summary of important formulas and derivations for Class 12 Physics, covering topics such as electrostatics, current electricity, magnetism, electromagnetic induction, optics, and semiconductors. Each chapter includes key equations and concepts, along with notable derivations relevant to the subject matter. It serves as a concise reference for students preparing for exams.
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 12 Physics – Complete Formula & Important

Derivations Summary

(Note: This is a concise collection of formulas + short notes for all NCERT Class 12 Physics chapters.)

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CHAPTER 1: ELECTROSTATICS
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• Coulomb’s Law: F = k q1 q2 / r²
• Electric Field: E = F/q ; For point charge: E = kQ/r²
• Electric Dipole: p = q·2a ; Field on axial line: E = 1/(4π■■) * (2p/r³)
• Flux: Φ = E·A = EA cosθ
• Gauss Law: Φ = Q_enclosed / ■■
• Electric Potential (point charge): V = kQ/r
• Relation: E = -dV/dr
• Capacitance: C = Q/V ; Parallel plate: C = ■■A/d
Derivation: Capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor using E = σ/■■ and V = Ed.

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CHAPTER 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
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• Ohm’s Law: V = IR
• Resistance: R = ρL/A
• Drift Velocity: v_d = eEτ/m
• Current Density: J = σE
• EMF of cell: E = V + Ir (internal resistance r)
Derivation: Drift velocity expression using electron relaxation time.

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CHAPTER 3: MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
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• Biot-Savart Law: dB = µ■/4π * (I d■ × r■)/r²
• Field due to long straight wire: B = µ■I / (2πr)
• Ampere’s Law: ■ B·dl = µ■I
• Force on conductor: F = ILB sinθ
• Force on charge: F = q v B sinθ
• Torque on coil: τ = N I A B sinθ
Derivation: Magnetic field on axis of circular loop.

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CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
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• Cyclotron frequency: ω = qB/m
• Radius: r = mv/(qB)
• Lorentz force: F = q(E + v × B)

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CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM & MATTER
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• Magnetic dipole moment: M = IA
• H, B relation: B = µ■(H + M)
• Magnetic intensity: I = m/A

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CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
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• Faraday’s Law: ε = - dΦ/dt
• Flux: Φ = BA cosθ
• Lenz’s Law: Direction opposes cause
• Self Inductance: L = NΦ/I
• EMF in rod moving in magnetic field: ε = B l v

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CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT
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• AC voltage: V = V■ sin ωt
• RMS value: V_rms = V■/√2
• Inductive reactance: X_L = ωL
• Capacitive reactance: X_C = 1/(ωC)
• Impedance: Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²)
• Resonance: X_L = X_C

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CHAPTER 8: EM WAVES
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• Speed: c = 1/√(µ■■■)
• EM waves are transverse, carry energy & momentum.

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CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS
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• Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• Magnification: m = v/u
• Snell’s Law: n■ sinθ■ = n■ sinθ■
Derivation: Lens maker’s formula.

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CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS
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• Path difference (Young’s experiment): ∆x = d sinθ
• Fringe width: β = λD/d
• Condition for interference: ∆x = nλ
• Diffraction minima: a sinθ = nλ

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CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
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• Photoelectric equation: eV■ = hf - φ
• de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
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CHAPTER 12: ATOMS & NUCLEI
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• Radius of orbit: r_n = n²a■
• Energy levels: E_n = -13.6/n² eV
• Mass defect: ∆m = Zm_p + (A-Z)m_n - M
• Binding energy: BE = ∆m c²

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CHAPTER 13: SEMICONDUCTORS
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• Diode equation: I = I■ (e^{V/ηV_T} - 1)
• Resistivity: ρ = 1/σ
• Zener diode in breakdown: voltage constant.

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