Class 12 Physics – Complete Formula & Important
Derivations Summary
(Note: This is a concise collection of formulas + short notes for all NCERT Class 12 Physics chapters.)
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CHAPTER 1: ELECTROSTATICS
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• Coulomb’s Law: F = k q1 q2 / r²
• Electric Field: E = F/q ; For point charge: E = kQ/r²
• Electric Dipole: p = q·2a ; Field on axial line: E = 1/(4π■■) * (2p/r³)
• Flux: Φ = E·A = EA cosθ
• Gauss Law: Φ = Q_enclosed / ■■
• Electric Potential (point charge): V = kQ/r
• Relation: E = -dV/dr
• Capacitance: C = Q/V ; Parallel plate: C = ■■A/d
Derivation: Capacitance of parallel-plate capacitor using E = σ/■■ and V = Ed.
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CHAPTER 2: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
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• Ohm’s Law: V = IR
• Resistance: R = ρL/A
• Drift Velocity: v_d = eEτ/m
• Current Density: J = σE
• EMF of cell: E = V + Ir (internal resistance r)
Derivation: Drift velocity expression using electron relaxation time.
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CHAPTER 3: MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT
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• Biot-Savart Law: dB = µ■/4π * (I d■ × r■)/r²
• Field due to long straight wire: B = µ■I / (2πr)
• Ampere’s Law: ■ B·dl = µ■I
• Force on conductor: F = ILB sinθ
• Force on charge: F = q v B sinθ
• Torque on coil: τ = N I A B sinθ
Derivation: Magnetic field on axis of circular loop.
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CHAPTER 4: MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
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• Cyclotron frequency: ω = qB/m
• Radius: r = mv/(qB)
• Lorentz force: F = q(E + v × B)
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CHAPTER 5: MAGNETISM & MATTER
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• Magnetic dipole moment: M = IA
• H, B relation: B = µ■(H + M)
• Magnetic intensity: I = m/A
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CHAPTER 6: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
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• Faraday’s Law: ε = - dΦ/dt
• Flux: Φ = BA cosθ
• Lenz’s Law: Direction opposes cause
• Self Inductance: L = NΦ/I
• EMF in rod moving in magnetic field: ε = B l v
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CHAPTER 7: ALTERNATING CURRENT
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• AC voltage: V = V■ sin ωt
• RMS value: V_rms = V■/√2
• Inductive reactance: X_L = ωL
• Capacitive reactance: X_C = 1/(ωC)
• Impedance: Z = √(R² + (X_L - X_C)²)
• Resonance: X_L = X_C
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CHAPTER 8: EM WAVES
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• Speed: c = 1/√(µ■■■)
• EM waves are transverse, carry energy & momentum.
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CHAPTER 9: RAY OPTICS
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• Mirror Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• Lens Formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u
• Magnification: m = v/u
• Snell’s Law: n■ sinθ■ = n■ sinθ■
Derivation: Lens maker’s formula.
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CHAPTER 10: WAVE OPTICS
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• Path difference (Young’s experiment): ∆x = d sinθ
• Fringe width: β = λD/d
• Condition for interference: ∆x = nλ
• Diffraction minima: a sinθ = nλ
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CHAPTER 11: DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION
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• Photoelectric equation: eV■ = hf - φ
• de Broglie wavelength: λ = h/p
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CHAPTER 12: ATOMS & NUCLEI
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• Radius of orbit: r_n = n²a■
• Energy levels: E_n = -13.6/n² eV
• Mass defect: ∆m = Zm_p + (A-Z)m_n - M
• Binding energy: BE = ∆m c²
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CHAPTER 13: SEMICONDUCTORS
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• Diode equation: I = I■ (e^{V/ηV_T} - 1)
• Resistivity: ρ = 1/σ
• Zener diode in breakdown: voltage constant.