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Class 11 Chemistry: Periodic Table Insights

The document discusses the necessity of classifying elements to predict their properties and outlines the historical development of the periodic table, including contributions from Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and the modern periodic law based on atomic number. It describes the structure of the modern periodic table, including periods, groups, and blocks, and explains periodic trends in properties such as atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, and electronegativity. Additionally, it addresses anomalies and special cases, emphasizing that periodicity arises from repeating valence electron configurations.

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4 views5 pages

Class 11 Chemistry: Periodic Table Insights

The document discusses the necessity of classifying elements to predict their properties and outlines the historical development of the periodic table, including contributions from Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev, and the modern periodic law based on atomic number. It describes the structure of the modern periodic table, including periods, groups, and blocks, and explains periodic trends in properties such as atomic radius, ionization enthalpy, and electronegativity. Additionally, it addresses anomalies and special cases, emphasizing that periodicity arises from repeating valence electron configurations.

Uploaded by

downloadingonly41
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CLASS 11 CHEMISTRY – CLASSIFICATION OF

ELEMENTS & PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES


1. WHY CLASSIFICATION IS NECESSARY

With the discovery of many new elements, studying them individually became impossible.
Classification organizes elements so we can predict their chemical and physical properties
based on patterns.

2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PERIODIC TABLE

2.1 Dobereiner’s Triads

• Elements were grouped in sets of three where the atomic mass of the middle element was
roughly the average of the other two.

• Example: Li (7), Na (23), K (39) → 23 ≈ (7 + 39)/2

• Limitation: Only a few triads existed.

2.2 Newlands’ Law of Octaves

• When arranged by increasing atomic mass, every eighth element showed similar properties.

• Limitation: Worked only up to calcium; did not fit heavier elements or newly discovered ones.

2.3 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

• Elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass.

• Left gaps for undiscovered elements (e.g., eka-silicon → Germanium).

• Predicted properties remarkably well.

• Limitations: Could not explain isotopes, and some elements were placed out of mass order
(e.g., Co & Ni).
2.4 Modern Periodic Law

Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic number.

• Atomic number (proton count) is fundamental, correcting earlier inconsistencies.

3. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE STRUCTURE

3.1 Periods

• Horizontal rows. Total = 7.

• Period number = number of shells.

3.2 Groups

• Vertical columns. Total = 18.

• Elements in a group have similar valence electron configurations.

3.3 Blocks of the Periodic Table

• s-block: Groups 1 and 2 (ns¹–²)

• p-block: Groups 13–18 (ns² np¹–■)

• d-block: Transition elements (n−1)d¹–¹■ ns■–²)

• f-block: Inner transition elements ((n−2)f¹–¹■)

4. RELATION BETWEEN ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION


AND POSITION

The position of an element is directly linked to the last filled subshell.

Characteristics of Each Block


s-block: Highly reactive metals, strong reducing agents, low ionization enthalpy.

p-block: Contains metals, non-metals, metalloids; shows maximum property variation.

d-block: Metals with variable oxidation states, colored ions, catalytic behavior.

f-block: Lanthanides (mostly +3) and radioactive actinides.

5. PERIODIC TRENDS IN PROPERTIES

5.1 Atomic Radius

• Decreases across a period due to increased nuclear charge.

• Increases down a group due to addition of shells.

Types: Covalent radius, metallic radius, van der Waals radius (largest).

5.2 Ionic Radius

• Cations are smaller than atoms; anions are larger.

• For isoelectronic species: More protons → smaller size.

5.3 Ionization Enthalpy

• Energy required to remove an electron.

• Increases across, decreases down.

Key exceptions: Be > B, N > O due to stable configurations.

5.4 Electron Gain Enthalpy

• Becomes more negative across a period.

• Becomes less negative down a group.


• Cl has more negative EGE than F due to less repulsion in larger size.

5.5 Electronegativity

• Tendency to attract bonded electrons.

• Increases across, decreases down. Highest = Fluorine.

5.6 Metallic & Non-metallic Character

• Metallic character increases down, decreases across.

• Opposite trend for non-metallic character.

6. ANOMALIES & SPECIAL CASES

6.1 Second Period Anomalies

Due to small atomic size, high electronegativity, and absence of d-orbitals.

6.2 Diagonal Relationships

• Li ↔ Mg, Be ↔ Al

• Due to similar ionic size and charge density.

7. CAUSE OF PERIODICITY

Periodic repetition in properties occurs because valence electron configurations repeat.

8. IMPORTANT EXAM QUESTIONS

• Why is IE of Nitrogen > Oxygen?

• Why does chlorine have more negative EGE than fluorine?


• Why does metallic character increase down a group?

• Explain diagonal relationships using examples.

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