VECTOR INTEGRATION

• Line integration
• Work done by a force
• Surface integrals
• Volume integrals
• Gauss divergence theorem
• Greens theorem
• Stokes theorem
Definitions
• Smooth curve: A curve r  f t  is called a smooth curve
if f t is continuously differentiable.
B
• Closed curve:
A
Let C be a curve in space. Let A be
B
the initial point and B be the terminal C
A C
point of the curve C .

When the direction along C oriented from A to B is positive

 then the direction from B to A is called negative
direction. If the two points A and B coincide then the
curve C is called the closed curve. B=Pn

Pn 1
Concept of Line integral:

Consider a continuous vector function r  f t

which is defined at each point on a smooth curve ui

Pi

C enclosed between two points A, B in space. C Pi1

Divide the curve C into n sub arcs at the points

A= P0 , P1 , P2 ,. . ., Pi-1 , Pi ,. . ., Pn = B. P2
P1
A=P0
 Let their position vectors be r0 , r1, r2 ,. . ., ri-1,ri ,. . ., r n .
Let u i be the position vector of any point on the arc P i1 Pi .

and  r i   r i  r i - 1 be the length of each sub arc.

n

Consider the sum S f ui .ri

i0

The limit of this sum exists as n  in such a way  r   i 0

is called the line integral of f t along the curve C.

n

i.e. as limn    f ui . ri exists

i0

• It is denoted by C f t   d r
• Also it is denoted by  f 1 dx  f 2 dy  f 3 dz
C

where f  f1 i  f 2 j  f3 k and r  x i  y j  z k  d r  dx i  dy j  dz k

• If C is a closed curve, the line integral is denoted by

 f t   d r
C

• If the curve C is represented by a parametric form i.e.

r t  x t i  y t  j  z t k then the line integral along the
curve C from t = a to t = b is
 dy dz 
 f dr  
b dr b dx
f  .dt    f1  f2  f 3  .dt
C
t a dt t a
 dt dt dt 
Circulation: If f represents the velocity of a fluid particle
and C is a closed curve then the line integral  f dr
C

is called the circulation of f around the curve C.

• When the circulation of f around every closed curve in
a region R vanishes, f is said to be irrotational in R.
• Other types of line integrals are  f  dr and   dr which are
C C

both vectors.
Work done by force: If f is the force acting on a particle
moving along the arc AB of the curve C then the
 B

line integral  f  d r represents the work done in displacing

A

(moving) the particle from the point A to the point B.

Properties:
(1).  k f .d r  k  f .dr k isconstant
C C

(2).   f 
 g .d r   f .d r   g .d r
C C C

(3).  f .dr   f .dr   f .d r where C is the sum of two

C C1 C2

curves C1 an d C2
b a

(4).  f . d r   f . d r
a b
Problems on line integrals:
1. If f 3xyi  y2 j, evaluate  f . d r, where C is the curve y  2x2
C

A 1, 2 
in the xy-plane from (0,0) to (1,2). y

Solution: Given that f  3xy i  y 2 j C

and the curve C is y  2x2  dy  2(2x)dx O 0, 0  x

 dy  4xdx
and x : 0 1
in xy plan z = 0 and r  x i  y j  z k  r  x i  y j
 d r  i dx  j dy
 f . d r  3xy i  y 2 j . i dx  j dy 
 3xy dx  y 2 dy
 
C
f .d r  
C
3xy dx  y2 dy
1

 3 x 2 x 2  d x  2 x 2   
2
 4 x dx y  2x2
x0
1
  6 x 3
 1 6 x 5 d x
x0

x6 
1
 x4
 16.
  6. 
 4 6 x0
 14 16 
  6.  16.   0  0 
 4 6 
6 16
 
4 6
3 8 9  16 7
    
2 3 6 6

7
f .d r  
C
6
 2. Using the line integral calculate the work done by the
force f  3x 2  6 y i  14 yz j  20xz 2 k , along the lines from
(0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) then to (1, 1,0) and then to (1, 1, 1).
y
Solution: Given that C3

f  3x 2  6 y i  14 yz j  20xz 2 k 1, 1, 0 

1, 1, 1 
and C2
r  xi  y j  zk dr  i dx  j dy  k dz
0, 0, 0 
1, 0, 0 
C1 x

 f . dr  3x2 6yi 14yz j  20xz2 k  . i dx  j dy k dz 

 3x2 6ydx 14yzdy  20xz2 dz z

The work done by the force is given by
 f .d r   f .d r   f .d r   f .d r 1 
C C1 C2 C3

Along the curve C1 : from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0)

x :0  1, y  0  dy  0 and z  0  dz  0
 f . dr 3 x 2
 6 y d x  1 4 y z d y  2 0 x z 2 d z
 3 x 2
 6 y d x  0  0
1

 f .d r   3 x 2
 6 y d x
C1 x0
1

  3x2 dx  y  0
x0
  x3 
1

 3.   1 3
 0  1
 3  x0
 f .d r  1 2 
C1

Along the curve C2 : from (1, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0)

x  1 dx  0, z  0  dz  0 and y :0  1
 f . dr  3 x 2
 6 y d x  1 4 y z d y  2 0 x z 2 d z
1

 f .d r   0  14 yz dy  0
C2 x0
1

  14  yz dy  0  z  0
x0

 f .d r  0 3 
C2
Along the curve C3: from (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
x  1 dx  0, y  1  dy  0 and z :0  1
 f . dr  3 x 2
 6 y d x  1 4 y z d y  2 0 x z 2 d z
 0  0  20xz2 dz  20xz2 dz
1

 f .d r   20xz2 dz
C3 z0
1
 20   1  z 2
dz  0  x  1
x0

 z 
1

1  0
3
20
 20    3

 3  z0 3
20
 f .d r 
3
4
C3
(2), (3) and (4) substitute in (1), we get
20 23

C
f .d r 1  0 
3

3

3. Evaluate the line integral   x 2  x y  d x  x 2  y 2  d y

C

where , C is the square formed by the lines x  1 and y  1

Solution: Given curve C represents a square formed by the
lines x  1 and y  1 as shown in the figure.
y
D1,1 C3 C1,1

C4 C2
x

A1,1 C1 B1,1
The line integral can be split over the curves C 1 , C 2 , C 3 and C 4

in the counter clockwise direction.

 f .d r   f .d r   f .d r   f .dr   f . 1 
C C1 C2 C3 C4 dr

Along the curve C1 : y  1  dy  0 and x :  1  1

1

 f .dr   x 2
 xy dx  x2  y2 dy
C1 x1
1
   x2  x 1 dx  y  1, dy  0
x1

 
1 1

  x  x dx    
3 2
2 x x
x1  3 2 x1
           
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2  3 2 3 3

 f .dr 
2
2 
C1
3

Along the curve C2 : x  1  dx  0 and y :  1  1

1

 f .dr   x 2
 
 xy dx  x2  y 2 dy 
C2 y1
1

  0  12  y 2  dy  x  1, dx  0
y1

 y  3 1
1

  
1 y dy   y  
2

y1  3 y1
 f .dr  1    1   2 
1 1 2

C2  3  3 3

 f .dr 
8
3
C2
3

Along the curve C3 : y  1  dy  0 and x :1  1

1

 f .dr   x 2
 xydx  x2  y2 dy
C3 x1
1
  x2  x 1 dx  y 1, dy  0
x1

2 1
1
x x 
  x  xdx    
3
2

x1  3 2 x1
 1 1
          
1 1 1 1
 3 2 3 2 3 3
2
 f .dr  
3
4
C3

Along the curve C4: x  1  dx  0 and y :1  1

1

 f .dr   x 2
 xydx  x2  y2 dy
C4 y1
1
  0 1  y2  dy
  x  1, dx  0
2

 
y1

3 1
1
 y 
  1 y dy   y  
2

y1  3 y1
   1 
1  1 2
   2 
3   3 
1
 3

 f .dr  
8
5 
C4
3

Substitute (2), (3), (4) and (5) in (1), we get

2 8 2 8
f .d r      0

C
3 3 3 3
is the required line integral.
4. If f  x 2
 y 2 i  2 x y j evaluate f .d r where , C is the
C

rectangle in xy plane bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y=b.

Solution: Given curve C represents a rectangle in xy plane
bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b as shown in the fig.
 y
C a,b 
x i  2 x y
C3
Let f  2
 y 2
j D 0, b 

in xy plane z = 0  dz  0 C4 C2

r  xi  y j  z k  dr  i dx  j dy  k dz x
A0,0 C1 B a, 0 
 dr  i dx  j dy
 
f .dr   x2  y2 i  2xy j  . i dx  j dy 

 f .dr  x 2
 y dx  2xydy
2

The given line integral can be split over the curves C1, C2 , C3 and C4
in the counter clockwise direction.

 f .d r   f .d r   f .d r   f .dr   f . 1 
C C1 C2 C3 C4 dr
Along the curve C1 : y  0  dy  0 and x : 0  a
a

 f .d r   x 2

 y 2 dx  2 xy dy
C1 x0
a
  x 2

 0 dx  0  y  0 , dy  0 
x 0

 
a 3 3 a
x a
  x 2 dx     0
x 0  3 x0 3
a3
 f .d r  2
C1
3

Along the curve C2 : x b a  dx  0 and y : 0  b

 f .d r   x 2
 y 2 dx  2 xy dy
C2 y0
b
  0  2 a  y dy  x  a , dx  0 
y0
 b
 2a  y dy
y0

 y2 
b

  2a.    a. b 2
 0
 2  y 0

 f . d r  ab 2 3
C2

Along the curve C3 : y  b  dy  0 and x : a  0

0

 f .dr   x 2
 y2 dx  2xy dy
C3 xa
0
  x 2
 b2 dx  0  y  b, dy  0
xa
0
 3

0
 a3 
  x  b dx    b .x   0    ab2 
2 2
x 2

xa 3 xa 3 
a3
 f .dr    ab2
3
4
C3
Along the curve C4 : x  0  dx  0 and y : b  0
0

 f .dr   x 2
 y 2 dx  2xy dy
C4 yb
b
  0  2 0  y dy  x  a , dx  0 
y0

 f .dr  0 5 
C4

on using (2), (3), (4) and (5) in (1), we get

a3 a 3

 f .dr 
3
 ab 2 
3
 ab 2  0
C

  f . d r  2ab 2 is the required line integral.

C
5. Find the work done by the force f  3x2 6yzi  2y 3xz j  14xyz2 k
in moving particle from the point (0, 0, 0) to the point (1,1,1,)
along the curve C: x t, yt2 , z  t3.

Solution: Let the given force be f  3x2 6yzi  2y 3xz j  14xyz2 k
work done by force is given by  f . d r
f 1
C
Given curve c is in parametric form
x  t  dx  dt
y  t 2  dy  2t dt
z  t 3  dz  3t 2 dt
and t limits t : 0  1
 r  xi  y j  z k dr  i dx  j dy  k dz
f  3x2  6yz i  2y  3xz  j  1 4xyz2 k
f .dr  3x2  6yz dx  2y  3xz dy  1 4xyz2 dz
From (1), we get
 
1

 f .dr   3.t 2  6t 2 .t 3 dt  2t 2  3t.t 3 2t dt  1  4 t. t 2 . t 3  3t 2 dt

2

C t 0
1
  3.t 2
 6t 5 dt  4t 3  6 t 5 dt  3t 2  12t 5 .t 6 dt
t 0
1
  12 t 11
 4t 3  6t 2 dt
t 0

 t3 
1
t12 t4
  12.  4.  6.   1  1  2  2  f .dr  2
 12 4 3 C
0
6. Compute the line integral y 2
dx  x 2 dy around the triangle
whose vertices are (1,0), (0,1), (-1,0) in the xy – plane.

Solution:
Let the given triangle vertices be A=(-1,0) B = (1,0) C = (0,1)
Equation of AB (x-axis) is y=0
C(0,1)
Equation of BC is x + y = 1  y1  y0 
y  y0  . x  x0 
 x1  x0 
Equation of CA is –x+y=1

 f .dr   f .dr   f .dr   f .dr 1 A(1,0)

O B(1,0)
C AB BC CA
Along the line AB: y  0  dy  0 and x : 1  1
1

 y 2 dx  x 2 dy   o. dx  0 dy
AB x1

 y 2 dx  x 2 dy  0 2 
AB

Along the line BC:

x  y  1  y  1  x  dy  dx and x : 1  0
0

 y 2 dx  x 2 dy   1  x 2
dx  x 2
dx 
BC x1
0
  1  2 x  x 2
 x 2 dx
x1
0
  1  2 x  2 x dx 2

x1
  x3 
0
x2
  x  2.  2. 
 2 3 1

 0  0  0   1  1  
2
 3

 3
2
y 2 dx  x 2 dy  
BC
3

Along the line CA:

x  y  1  y  1  x  dy  dx and x : 0  1
1

 y 2 dx  x 2 dy   1  x 2
dx  x 2
dx 
CA x0
1
  1  2x  x 2
 x 2 dx
x0
 1
  1  2 x  dx
x 0
1
 x 2
  x  2. 
 2 0

 1  1 
2
 0  0 
 1  1

 y 2 dx  x 2 dy  0 4 
CA

on using (2), (3), (4) in (1), we get


2
y 2 dx  x 2 dy  0  0
3

2
y 2 dx  x 2 dy  
3
SURFACE INTEGRALS
• A surface S may be represented by f (x, y, z)  0.
• The parametric representation of S is of the form
r u,v x u,vi  y u,v j  z u,vk and the continuous functions

u   t and v  t of a real parameter t represent a curve C

on this surface S. z

Example: The parametric representation

of the circular cylinder x2  y 2  a 2 ,  1  z  1,

(radius a and height 2),is ru,v a cosuia sinu jvk o

x
where 0  u2 and 1 v 1
Smooth surface: If S has a unique normal at each of its
points whose direction depends continuously on the points
of S is called a smooth surface.
Example: The surface of a sphere is smooth surface.
Piecewise smooth surface: If S is not a smooth but can be
divided into finitely many smooth portions, then it is called
a piecewise smooth surface.

Example: The surface of a cube is piecewise smooth.

Two sided surface: A surface S is said to be two sided or
orientable if the positive normal direction at any point P of
S can be continued in a unique and continuous way to the
entire surface.
One sided surface: If the positive direction of the normal is
reversed as we move around a curve on S passing through
P then the surface is non - orientable or one sided surface.
Example: If we take a long rectangle strip of paper and giving a
half-twist join the shorter sides so that the two points A and two
points B in given fig coincide, then the surface generated is -
a non-orientable.
 A B

C
B A
Such a surface is a model of a Mobius strip
ni
Surface Integral: y
S
• The surface integral over Sm

a curved surface S is the yi

 Si
 xi
generalization of a double
S1 S2 . . .
integral over a plane region R.
x
• Let f  f 1 i  f 2 j  f 3 k be a continuous vector point
function defined over a two sided surface S.

Divide S into a finite number of sub surfaces S1 , S 2 , . . . S m

with surface areas δS1 , δS 2 , . . . δS m .

let δS i be the area of sub surface S i and nˆi be the unit

vector at some point Pi in Si  in the direction of the
outward normal to S i
If the number of sub surfaces are increased then the
surface area δS i of each sub surface will decrease to zero
 i.e. shrinks to a point. lt
m
Thus as m   , δS i  0. Then m    f  Pi  . n̂ i  S i is
i 1

exists called the surface integral of f over the surface S.

It is denoted by   f . nˆ d S
S

Note: Other types of surface integrals are

 f  dS ,   dS
S S
Evaluation of Surface integrals:
k
The region R is the orthogonal z n

projection of S on one of the ds S

co-ordinate planes [xy (or) yz

(or) zx].
let R be the projection of S y

on the xy plane and cos, cos , cos

are the direction cosines of nˆ
x dx
 n̂  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k
dy R
• dx dy  projection of ds on xy - plane
 
nˆ . k
 cos  ds  cos     nˆ . k 
 nˆ kc o s  
 
dx dy
 ds 
cos 
dx dy
 ds 
nˆ . k

Hence the surface integral reduced to

dx dy
 f . nˆ d S   f . nˆ
n̂ . k
S R

Similarly taking projections on yz and zx planes,

and S 
dx dz
  f . nˆ d S 
dy dz f .nˆ
f . nˆ d S  f . nˆ
S R
n̂ . i R
n̂ . j
Cartesian form of surface integral:
If f  f1 i  f2 j  f3 k and nˆcos  i  cos  j  cos k then

 f . n̂ d S    f 1 i  f 2 j  f 3 k  . c o s  i  c o s  j  c o s  k  d S
S S

  f1 c o s  d S  f 2 c o s  d S  c o s  f 3 d S
S

  f1 d y d z  f 2 d z d x  f 3 d x d y
S

Problems on surface integrals:

1. Evaluate the surface integral  f .n̂ ds where f  18z i 12 j  3y k
S

and S is the part of the surface of the plane 2x  3y  6z 12

located in the first octant.
Solution: let f  18z i 12 j  3y k and the given surface be

  2x  3y  6z 12

The normal of the surface is

n  
   
 i  j k  2x 3y 6z 12
 x y z 
  
i 2x 3y 6z 12  j 2x 3y 6z 12 k 2x 3y 6z 12
x y z
 2.1000i  03.100 j  006.10k
n2i 3j 6k
 
the unit normal nˆ 

2i  3 j  6k 2i  3 j  6k
 
2 2  32  6 2 4  9  36
2i  3 j  6k
 z
49
2i  3 j  6k
 nˆ 
7
o P A(6,0,0)
Let R be the projection of S in xy plane x

By surface integral, we have y Q 2x  3y  12 

 f . n̂ dS   f . n̂
dx dy
1
S R
n̂ . k
 f . n̂  18 z i  12 j  3 y k  . 2i  3 j  6k 
1
7
18 z  2   12 3   3 y 6 
1

7
 36 z  36  18 y 
1
7
and

n̂ . k 
1
2i  3 j  6k  . k
7
6

7
the given surface is 2x  3y  6z 12

the projection R of xy plane is 2x 3y 12  in xy plane z  0

122x
y 
3
 onxaxis, y  0 2x 30 12x  6

The limits for the region R in first octant x: 0  6

12 2x
y: 0 
3
on substituting these values in equation (1), we get
122x
1 dxdy
 f .nˆ dS   36z 3618y
6
3

S
x0 y0 7 6/ 7
122x
1
  . 36z 3618y dxdy
6
3
x0 y0 6
122x

  6z 63y dxdy

6
3
x0 y0
122x

  122x 3y 63y dxdy  6z 126z 122x 3y

6
3
x0 y0
 122x

  6  2x dx dy
6
3
x0 y0
122x
6  2xy
6
 3
y0
dx
x0

 12  2x  0  dx
  
6
6  2x 
x0
 3 
 2 3 x  6  x dx
6 2
x0 3
4 6
  3 x 6  x dx
3 x0
4 x2 x 
3 6
4
 
6
      
2

2 3 x0
18 9x x dx 18.x 9.
3 x0 3
4 1   4
 18.6  .62  .63   0  108 162  72  18
9 4
3  2 3   3 3

 f .n̂ dS  24
S
2. Evaluate the surface integral f .nˆ ds where f  z i  x j  3y 2 z k
S

and S is the surface x2  y2  16 included in the first octant

between z = 0 and z = 5. z
z  5
Solution: The given surface S is the D
C
curved surface ABCDEA as shown in E
P Q
the figure.
o
B
y
Let  x2  y2 16 , then normal to the A
z  0
surface S is n   x
   

  i  j  k  x 2  y 2 16 
 dx dy dz 
  2 2  2 2  2 2
i
dx
 
x  y 16  j
dy

x  y 16 k x  y 16
dz
  
 2x 00i  02y 0 j  000k
n2xi 2y j


The unit normal = nˆ 

2 xi  2 yj 2 xi  2 yj 2  xi  yj 
  
2 x  2
 2 y 
2
4x 2  4 y 2 2 x2  y2

 xi  yj 
x 2  y 2  16

16

xi  yj
 nˆ 
4
 Let R be the projection of S on yz plane. Then R is the
rectangle OBCD.
By surface integral on yz plane, we have

 
dy dz
f . n̂ dS  f . n̂ 1
S R n̂ . i

f .nˆ zi  x j 3y2 zk .   zx  xy 

1 1
xi  yj 
4 4
and

n̂.i 
1
xi  yj .i  x
4 4
For the surface x2  y2  16 in yz plane, x  0  y 2  16  y  4
 The limits for the region R in first octant y : 0  4
z: 0  5
on substituting these values in equation (1), we get
5

 f . nˆ dS   
1
  dy dz
4
zx  xy
S
y0 z0 4 x / 4 

1
   4  dy dz
y 0  z 0 4
4 5
x z  y x
 

   z  y  dy dz
4 5

y 0 z 0


5
z4 2
   y. z  dy
y 0
 2  z0
4 52 
   5 y  dy
y 0
 2 
 4
 25  5 y  dy
  y 0  2 

 25 y2 
4

  . y  5. 
 2 2  y 0
25 42
 .4  5.  25 (2)  5(8)  50  40
2 2
  f . nˆ dS  90
S

3. Evaluate the surface integral f .nˆ ds if f  yz i  2 y 2 j  xz 2 k

S

and S is the surface of the cylinder x2  y2  9 contain in the

first octant between the planes z = 0 and z = 2.
Solution: The given surface S is the curved surface ABCDEA
as shown in the figure.

Let   x2  y2  9 , then normal to the z

z  2
D
surface S is
C
n   E
P Q
   

 i  j k  x2  y2 9 
 dx dy dz  o
B
y
  
dx
  dy
  dz
 
i x2  y2 9  j x2  y2 9 k x2  y2 9 A
z  0
 2x00i 02y0 j 000k x
n2xi2y j
 
The unit normal = n̂ 

2 xi  2 yj 2 xi  2 yj 2  xi  yj 
  
2 x   2 y 
2 2
4x2  4 y2 2 x2  y2

 xi  yj 

9
 x2  y2  9 
xi  yj
 nˆ 
3
Let R be the projection of S on yz plane. Then R is the
rectangle OBCD.
By surface integral on yz plane, we have

 
dy dz
f . n̂ dS  f . n̂ 1
S R n̂ . i
 f .n̂  yzi  2y2 j  xz2 k . xi  yj   xyz  2y 
1 1 3

3 3
and
n̂.i 
1
xi  yj .i  x
3 3

For the surface x2  y2  9 in yz plane, x  0  y 2  9  y  3

The limits for the region R in first octant y : 0  3
z: 0  2
on substituting these values in equation (1), we get

 
2

  y 0  z0 3
3 1 dy dz
f . nˆ dS  xyz  2 y 3

S  x / 3
 xyz  2y3  dy dz
3 2
1
 
y0 z0 x

 2y3 
    yz 
3 2
 dy dz
y0 z0
 x 
 
    yz 
3

y0 z0 
2y3
2

 2
 dy dz
  x2  y 2  9  x  9  y 2 
 9 y 
y3

3

2
yz dy dz  2
3

2
dy dz
y0 z0 y0 z0
9  y2
z 
2
2
y3
  y.   dy  2 z 0 dy
3 3 2
y0
 2  z0 y0
9 y 2

 4  0
3
y
2  0dy
3 3
  y.   dy  2y0
y0
 2  9 y 2
 y3
 put y 3sin   dy  3cosd 
3 3
 2 y dy  4 dy
y0 y0
9 y 2

y  2 3 
3sin 
3cosd
3

 2   4  2  :0
 0
 2 y0 9  9sin2  2

27sin3 
 32  012 2 cosd
 0
3 1 sin2 

sin3

 9 12 9 2
cosd
 0 cos

  
n 1 n  3 2 
 9 108 sin  d
2 3
  sin  d 
2 n
. ... .1 if n odd 
 0

 0 n n2 3 
 9 108. .1  9  36(2)  81   f .n̂ dS  81
2
3 S
4. If f  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k , evaluate  f .n̂ ds where S is the
S

surface of the cube bounded by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a,

y
z = 0, z = a.
C S
Solution:
P
R
The given cube PQASCRBO is
bounded by x  0, x  a, y  0, y  a, z  0, z  a o
A x
as shown in the figure. B Q

Given f  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k
z
 The surface integral can be split over six faces.

 f .nˆdS  f .nˆdS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS 1

S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6

on face S1 : PQAS x  a, ds  dy dz, y : 0  a , z : 0  a

and n  i unit outward drawn normal

 f . n  4xz i  y 2 j  yz k  . i  4xz

 f . n dS    4xz dy dz  4a   x  a
a a a a

y 0 z 0 y 0  z 0
z dy dz
S1

 z2 
a
a
 4a    dy
y 0
 2  z0
 a
 2a  y0
a2 dy
a
 2a 
3
dy
y0

 2a3  y  0a  2a3 a  0

 f . n dS  2a4 2
S1

on face S2 : RBOC x  0, ds  dy dz, y : 0  a , z :0  a and n  i

 f . n  4xz i  y 2 j  yz k  .  i    4xz

  
a a
f . n dS  4 xz dy dz
y 0 z0
S2

0  z dy dz  x  0
a
 4  0
y 0

 f . n dS  0 3
S2
on face S : RPSC y  a, ds  dz dx, x : 0  a , z :0  a and n  j
3

f . n  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k  . j   y 2

  
a a
f . n dS   y 2 dz dx
x 0 z0
S3

 y  a
a a
   a 2 dz dx
x 0 z0

 z   a  0  dx
a a
 a 2
x 0
a
0 dx   a 2
x 0

dx   a 3  x 0   a 3 a  0 
a
 a 
3 a
x 0

 f . n dS   a 4 4 
S3

on face S4 :OBQA y  0 ds  dz dx, x : 0  a , z :0  a and n   j

 f . n  4xz i  y 2 j  yz k  .  j   y 2
 
a a

S4
f . n dS   
x 0 z0
y 2 dz dx

 0  dz dx  y  0
a a
 
x 0 z0

 f . n dS  0 5 
S4

on face S5 : PQBR z  a ds  dx dy, x : 0  a , y :0  a and n  k

f . n  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k  . k  yz

  
a a
f . n dS  yz dx dy
x 0 y 0
S5

 z  a
a a
  
x 0 y 0
a. y dx dy

y 
a

 a  0 dx
2
a
 a 
a a
 dx  2
x0
 2 0 2 x 0
 3
a a3 a3
 x 0 a  0
a
  dx 
a

2 x0 2 2
a4
 f .n dS  6 
S 5
2

on face S6 : OACS z  0 ds  dx dy, x : 0  a , y :0  a and n  k

f .n  4 x z i  y 2 j  yz k  .  k    yz

 
a a
f . n dS 
x0  y0
 yz dx dy
S6

 0 .  z  0
a a
   x0  y0
y dx dy

 f . n dS  0 7 
S6

on substituting (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) in (1), we get
4 4
a a
 f . n̂ dS  2a  0  a  0 
4 0a 
4 4

S
2 2
3a 4
  f . n̂ dS 
S
2
5. If f  x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k , evaluate  f .n̂ ds where S is
S

the surface of the cube bounded by the planes x=y=z=a.

y
Solution: The given cube PQASCRBO
C S
is bounded by x 0,x a, y 0, y a,z 0,z a
P
R
as shown in the figure.
Given f  x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k o
A x
The surface integral can be split B Q
over six faces
z
 f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS   f .nˆ dS 1
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
on face S1: PQAS x  a, ds  dy dz, y : 0  a , z :0  a and n  i
f . n  x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k . i  x 3  yz

   x  yz dy dz
a a
f . n dS  3
y 0 z0
S1

  a  yz dy dz  x  a
a a
 3
y 0 z0

 3 z2   3 a2 
a

   a . z  y.  y  0  a . a  y. 2  dy
a a
 dy 
y 0
 2 z0
 4 a2   4 a2 y2 
a

  a 
a
y  dy   a . y  . 
y 0
 2   2 2  y0
 4 a2 a2   5 a4 
 a .a  .   a  
 2 2   4 
 5 a4 
 f . n dS   a 
4  2 
S1  
on face S2 : RBOC x  0, ds  dy dz, y : 0  a , z :0  a and n  i
 
f . n   x 3  y z i  2 x 2 y j  z k  .  i    x 3
 yz 
 f . n dS  
a

y0 
a

z0
 x 3

 yz dy dz
S2

0  yz  dy dz  x  a

a a

y0  z0
 
a a

  y0  z0
yz dy dz

z2 
a
a a  a2 
 
y0 

y. 
2 z0
dy   y  0  y . 2  d y
a2  y2 
a
a2 a

2  y0
y dy 
2  2  y  0
2
a  a2 

2  2 
a4
 f . n dS  3 
S2
4
on face S3: RPSC y  a, ds  dz dx, x : 0  a , z :0  a and n  j
 
f . n   x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k  . j   2x 2 y

  
a a
f . n dS  2x 2 y dz dx
x 0 z 0
S3

 y  a
a a
 2a   x 2 dz dx
x 0 z 0
a

x . z  x .a dx
a a
 2a  2
dx  2a  2
x 0 z 0 x 0

2  x 
a

 
3
2 2 3
 2a 
a
2
x 2
dx  2a     a a
x 0
 3  x0 3


2
f . n dS   a 5 4 
S3
3
on face S4 :OBQA y  0 ds  dz dx, x : 0  a , z :0  a and n   j
 
f . n   x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k  .  j   2x 2 y


a a

S4
f . n dS   x 0 z 0
2x 2 y dz dx

  dz dx  y  0
a a
 2
x 0  z 0
2
0 x

 f . n dS  0 5
S4
on face S5 : PQBR z  a ds  dx dy, x : 0  a , y :0  a and n  k
f . n  x 3  yz i  2 x 2 y j  z k .  k   z


a a

S5
f . n dS   x 0 y 0
z dx dy

 z  a
a a
 a
x 0  y 0
dx dy
 y 0
a a
 a  dx  a  a  0 dx
a
x0 x0

 x 0a
a
 a  dx  a 2 a  0
2
x0  a2
 f . n dS  a3 6
S5

on face S6 :OASC z  0 ds  dx dy, x : 0  a , y :0  a and n  k

f . n   x 3  y z i  2 x 2 y j  z k  .   k    z


a a

S6
f . n dS    x0 y 0
 z dx dy

 z  0
a a
  
x0 y 0
0 dx dy

 f . n dS  0 7 
S6

Substituting (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) in (1), we get
 5  a4   a4  2 a 5 a5
 f . n̂ dS   a   0  a3  0   f . nˆ dS 
3
 a3
S  4  4 3 S
VOLUME INTEGRALS
• If V is a region (volume) in space bounded by a surface
r  f (u, v) , then the volume integral of a vector point

function F r is given by  F r dv or   F r  dx dy dz

V V

• If  i s a scalar point function then   d v  or    d x d y dz

V V

Cartesian form of volume integral:

If F r  F i  F
1 2 j  F3 k where F1 , F2 , F3 are functions of x, y, z then
 F dv   F i  F 1 2 j  F3 k  dx dy dz
V V

 i  F1 dx dy dz  j  F
2 dx dy dz  k  F3 dx dy dz
V V V
1. If f  2xz i  x j  y 2 k , evaluate  f dv where V is the region
V

bounded by the planes x=0, x=2, y=0, y=6, z  x2 and z 4 .

Solution: Let f  2xz i  x j  y 2 k and V is bounded by
x 0,x 2y 0, y 6z  x2,z 4 .

The volume integral is

 F dv   2xzi  x j  y2
k dxdydz
V V
2 6 4 2 6 4 2 6 4
i   2
2xzdxdydz  j    2
xdxdydz k    2
y2
dxdydz
x0 y0 zx x0 y0 zx x0 y0 zx

z  2 4
 i   2x   dxdy  j   x zzx2 dxdy k   y zzx2 dxdy
2 6 2 6 4 2 6 4
2
x0 y0
 2 zx2 x0 y0 x0 y0
     dxdy  j   x4x dxdy k  y 4x dxdy
2 6 2 6 2 6
i  x4  x2 2 2 2 2 2
x0 y0 x0 y0 x0 y0

i   16xx dxdy  j   4xx dxdy k  y 4x dxdy

2 6 2 6 2 6
5 3 2 2
x0 y0 x0 y0 x0 y0

y  3 6
 y dx j 4xx y dxk  
2 2 2
i  16xx 5 6 3 6 2
0 0
4x   dx
x0 x0 x0
 3 0


i 16xx 60dx j  4xx 60dxk 4x 136 0dx
2 2 2
5 3 2 3
x0 x0 x0

   216 2
  
2 2
6i 16xx dx6j 5
4xx dx k 4x2 dx
3
x0 x0 3 x0
 x2 x6   x2 x4  216  x3 
2 2 2

6i 16   6j 4    k 4x 

 2 6 0  2 4 0 3  3
0

 2 x  2 x 6 2
216  x 4 2 3 2
68x   i 62x   j 4x  k
 6 0  4 0 3 3 0
 68.4 i 62.4  j 4.2 k
64 16 216 8
 6  4 3 3
128i24 j 384k
 Fdv 128i24 j 384k

2. If f  2x2  3z i  2xy j  4x k then evaluate i  .   .

V
f dv and
V

ii  .    f dv where V is the closed region bounded by

V

x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, 2x + 2y + z = 4
ans: (i) 8/3 (ii) 8/3( j – k )
THANK YOU