Solution
Section A
1.
(c) faster because they need more oxygen for their survival.
Explanation:
Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air, the rate of breathing in aquatic
organisms is much faster than in terrestrial organisms.
2.
(d) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
Explanation:
9:3:3:1
3.
(d) They are made of non-biodegradable material.
Explanation:
Disposable plastic plates should not be used because they are made of non-biodegradable material. Non-biodegradable
substances may be inert, are not broken down and persist in the environment for a long time. They may thus cause harm to the
various members of the ecosystem.
4.
(b) (i) - (a), (ii) - (c), (iii) - (b), (iv) - (d)
Explanation:
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the optic nerves.
The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord.
The part of the nervous system responsible for the control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as
breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.
Reflex action is an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus. It is made possible by
neural pathways called the reflex arc.
5.
(b) The tigers will die
Explanation:
The tigers will die
6.
(d) It is a growth related movement.
Explanation:
It is a growth related movement.
7.
(b) Cytokinins
Explanation:
Cytokinins promote cell division.
8.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Page 9 of 17
Explanation:
An amoeba catches food via pseudopodia, which are finger-like extensions of its cytoplasm. The food particle is subsequently
consumed by encasing it in the cell membrane and internalising it, a process known as phagocytosis. Food is consumed by the
entire surface of unicellular organisms.
9.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
10. Pollination is the act of transferring pollen grains from the male anther of a flower to the female stigma. The goal of every living
organism, including plants, is to create offspring for the next generation. One of the ways that plants can produce offspring is by
making seeds. Seeds contain the genetic information to produce a new plant.
Self-pollination:
i. It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the carpel of the same flower or different
flower of the same plant.
ii. It does not require external agents.
iii. It does not introduce variation.
iv. It is a sure and economical method.
v. It avoids mixing or dilution of the original characters.
vi. The progeny becomes weaker after every generation
Cross-pollination:
i. It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of different flowers of different plants.
ii. It requires external agents like wind, insects, etc. to carry out pollination.
iii. It introduces variation and adaptability.
iv. It is not economical and is highly wasteful.
v. Good characters of a race can be diluted.
vi. The progeny becomes healthier and better fitted for existence.
11. a. The energy at the 4th trophic level is given 75J. According to the 10% law, only 10% of the energy from one trophic level is
transferred to the next trophic level. Energy at the 3rd level (Snake 75J/10% = 75J/0.1= 750 J.
b. The flow of energy is unidirectional in a food chain. The energy that is captured by the autotrophs does not revert back to the
solar input and the energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to autotrophs. As it moves progressively
through the various trophic levels it is no longer available to the pervious tropic level.
OR
Each step in a food chain through which the transfer of food takes place constitutes a trophic level.
Grass → Insect → Frog → Snake
The flow of energy in food chains is unidirectional. The energy which passes to the herbivores does not come back to the
autotrophs. The energy that is captured by the autotrophs does not revert back to the Sun. Therefore, in the food chain, the energy
moves progressively through various trophic levels. This energy is no longer available to the previous trophic level. Thus, the flow
of energy in a food chain is unidirectional.
12. Auxin
When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin located at shoot tip diffuses towards the shaded side of the shoot.
Concentration of auxin in the shaded region stimulates the cells to grow longer as compared to the region exposed to light.
So the plant tends to bend towards the light.
13. i. Plant used by Mendal is Garden Pea Plant (Pisum sativum).
ii. F1 - All tall; F2 - Tall and short
Page 10 of 17
iii. The ratio in F2 progeny is 3:1.
14. Pulmonary
i. The correct sequence is blood flow from the Lungs −−−−−−→ Left sides of the heart → Ventricle → Aorta → Body organs
vein
ii. The leaked blood flows into surrounding tissues leading to accumulation of blood. This condition is known as hematoma.
15. i. i. Flower color (purple or white)
ii. Plant size (tall or dwarf)
ii. In F1 generation round and Yellow seeds were observed that mean round and Yellow are dominant traits.
iii. The traits which were not show in F1 generation were recessive traits that do not show their presence in front of dominant
genes.
Ratio of types if seeds in F2 generation is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
OR
I. The trait that first appears or is visibly expressed in the organism is called the dominant trait.
II. The trait that is present at the gene level but is masked and does not show itself in the organism is called the recessive trait.
16. i. a. Planaria: Fragmentation- occurs when an organism literally breaks off from itself. The broken fragments of the organism
grow into individual separate organisms.
b. Hydra-budding: In hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site. These buds
develop into tiny individuals and, when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent
individuals.
Page 11 of 17
c. Rhizopus: spore formation occurs when a plant produces tiny spores and propagates through them. It burst open under
favourable conditions giving rise to the new individual.
ii. Occurs asexually through vegetative propagation by leaves. These buds arise at the margins of leaves giving rise to
adventitious roots, shoots and small leaves. The new plants then detach from the leaves and develop into a mature plant after
coming in contact with the soil.
iii. a. offspring are clones of their parent plants.
b. The plants that cannot produce viable seeds such as banana, seedless grapes and oranges, etc, can be easily grown by
vegetative propagation.
c. It is an easier, less expensive and a rapid method of propagation.
OR
The information from the environment is detected by receptors and passed on to the dendrite of the sensory neuron, from where
the electrical signals are passed on to the cyton then to axon and finally to the presynaptic knob which releases neurotransmitters
which goes to the synaptic cleft and generates an electric response on to the dendrite of the next neuron and ultimately to brain (or
spinal cord). The response from brain (or spinal cord) is similarly passed on to the effector, that undergoes the desired response.
Section B
17.
(c) Statement (b) is incorrect.
Explanation:
Atmosphere of Venus is made up of thick white and yellowish clouds of sulphuric acid.
18.
(d) Both the statements A and B are true.
Explanation:
The freezing point of ethanoic acid is 17o C (290 K). When ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is cooled, it freezes to form a colourless,
ice-like solid. The solid looks like a glacier and hence pure ethanoic acid are also called glacial ethanoic acid (or glacial acetic
acid).
19.
(d) calcium
Explanation:
calcium
20.
(b) (i) - (b), (ii) - (d), (iii) - (a), (iv) - (c)
Explanation:
Carbon forms a large number of compounds due to the property of catenation. Catenation is the linkage of atoms of the
same element into longer chains. Catenation occurs most readily in carbon.
Ethane is an alkane (saturated hydrocarbon with single bonds between the two carbon atoms).
Butene is an alkene (unsaturated hydrocarbon with double bonds between two carbon atoms).
Ethyne is an alkyne (unsaturated hydrocarbon with triple bonds between the two carbon atoms).
21.
(d) Slag
Page 12 of 17
Explanation:
During the smelting of iron, limestone is added as a flux. The temperature inside the blast furnace decomposes limestone to
calcium oxide which removes silicate impurity. Impurities like silicon are passed into the slag. The metal is separated from the
molten slag.
CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
CaO + SiO2 → CaSiO3 (Slag)
22. (a) Butyne, Ethene, Propyne
Explanation:
Butyne, Ethene, Propyne
23.
(b) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O)
Explanation:
Insoluble carbonates are created when washing soda reacts with the salts in water and are easily removed through physical
means.
24. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Magnesium chloride present in common salt is deliquescent i.e., it absorbs moisture from the air when kept in open.
25. Take two blue litmus paper strips and one by one dip in both test tubes A and B. The one which changes the colour of the litmus
paper to red it is acid and the one which shows no change in color is water.
26. a. It is a displacement reaction.
Zn + 2AgNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + 2Ag
b. It is a double displacement reaction.
2Kl + Pb(NO3)2 → 2KNO3 + Pbl2
OR
Chemical reaction is the transformation of chemical substance into another chemical substance. Only a rearrangement of atoms
takes place in a chemical reaction. Old bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. Some of the characteristics of chemical
reactions are:
i. Change in colour: In some reactions, there is a change in colour after the reaction. For example, a chemical reaction between
citric acid and purple-coloured potassium permanganate solution is characterised by a change in colour of potassium
permanganate from purple to colourless.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI ⟶ 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+2KI - Colourless
PbI2(s) - Yellow
ii. Formation of precipitate: The chemical reaction between sulphuric acid barium chloride solution. BaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
⟶ 2HCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)
iii. Change in temperature: Temperature change is the characteristic of many reactions. For example, the chemical reaction
between quicklime and water to form slaked lime. In this reaction temperature of the reaction is increased.
CaO(s)+H2O(l) ⟶ Ca(OH)2(aq)+Heat
iv. Evolution of gas: Some reactions are characterised by evolution of gas as a result of chemical reaction. For example, the
chemical reaction between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is characterised by the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
Zn + H2SO4 ⟶ ZnSO4 + H2
27. The element with an atomic number of 20 is calcium (Ca).
The electronic configuration of calcium is: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2.
Calcium is a metal because it is located in Group 2 (or Group IIA) of the periodic table, which consists of metals known as
alkaline earth metals.
The valency of calcium is +2.
The compound that calcium forms with chlorine is calcium chloride. The chemical formula for calcium chloride is CaCl2.
Page 13 of 17
28. i. Double displacement reaction
CuSO4 + H2S ⟶ 4CuS +
H2SO4
Both CuSO4 and H2S exchange their ions to give new compounds-CuS and H2SO4. Hence, this is a double displacement
reaction.
ii. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
It is an example of single displacement reaction.
iii. BaCl2 + (NH4) SO4 → BaSO4 ↓ +2NH4Cl
2
(ppt.)
It is a precipitation reaction as well as double displacement reaction.
OR
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH ⟶ Al(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
29. i. Soaps are molecules has two ends have differing properties, one is hydrophilic (interacts with water), while the other end is
hydrophobic (interacts with hydrocarbons). When soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic 'tail' of soap will not be
soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon 'tail'
protruding out of water. Inside water, these molecules keeps the hydrocarbon portion out of the water. Thus, clusters of
molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster.
This formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the
centre of the micelle. The micelles stay in solution as a colloid and will not come together because of ion-ion repulsion. Thus,
the dirt suspended in the micelles is also easily rinsed away. The soap micelles are large enough to scatter light.
ii. Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with chlorides or bromide ions etc. Detergents have long
hydrocarbon chains. The charged ends of these compounds do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and
magnesium ions in hard water but soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions present in the hard water to form insoluble
substance called scum. Thus, detergents are better cleansing agents than soaps, they remain effective even in hard water.
OR
Here the difference between esterification and saponification reactions
C2H5OH + CH3COOH → CH3COO C2H5 + H2O(esterification)
Alcohol Acid Ester Water
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → C2H5OH + CH3COONa (saponification)
Ester Base Alcohol Salt
Page 14 of 17
Diagram for esterification
Description
1mL ethanol, 1mL glacial acetic acid and a few drops of conc. H2SO4
↓
Warmed in a water bath
↓
Water is poured into the beaker
↓
Fruity smell is produced
Section C
30.
(c) (A)
Explanation:
Concave mirrors are used by the dentist to see the large images of teeth of patients since concave mirrors form enlarged
images. Concave mirrors are also used for shaving purpose. Convex mirrors form diminished images. They are used as rear-
view mirrors in cars, motorcycles, scooters, etc since they give a wide field of view.
31.
(d) ∠A and ∠e
Explanation:
∠A and ∠e
32. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
If the wires are twisted together, they can be modelled as a single wire carrying current in the opposite directions. In this model,
no magnetic field is induced in the wires which does not affect adjacent circuits.
33. a. From air to water : Since the light is going from rarer (air) to denser (water) medium, therefore it will bend away from
normal after refraction.
Page 15 of 17
b. From water to air : Since the light is going from denser (water) to rarer (air) medium, therefore it will bend towards normal
after refraction.
34. V ×V
i. P =
R
V ×V
R= P
220×220
R= 1100
48400
R= 1100
R = 44 ohm
V
ii. =R
I
V
I= R
220
I= 44
I=5A
OR
i. V ∝ I i.e current is directly proportional to applied voltage.
ii. at 2.5 V current will be 0.25 A
35. A coil of insulated copper wire wound in the form of a cylinder is a solenoid. When current is passed through a solenoid, it
produces magnetic field lines like a bar magnet. The pattern of magnetic field lines of a solenoid is shown in the figure. Inside the
solenoid, field lines are parallel to each other This indicates that the magnetic field is uniform .
36. This student is unable to see far off objects. This means that the student is suffering form myopia. Doctor will prescribe a concave
lens a suitable focal length.
Correction for myopia
37. i. 1. The force acting on a current-carrying conductor placed perpendicular to a magnetic field increases with the increase in
the current flowing through a conductor.
2. When a horseshoe magnet is replaced by a stronger magnet, then the magnetic field increases. Thus, the force acting on
the conductor increases.
3. If the length of the conductor increases then the force acting on the conductor also increases.
ii. Fleming's left hand rule: Stretch the forefinger, middle finger and the thumb of your left hand mutually perpendicular to each
other. If the forefinger indicates the direction of magnetic field and the middle finger indicates the direction of current, then
the thumb will indicate the direction of motion of conductor.
38. i. The equivalent resistance in the parallel combination is lesser than the least value of the individual resistance.
The equivalent resistance of parallel combinations
1 1 1 1
Rp = 2 + 4 +8
Page 16 of 17
8
⇒ Rp = Ω
7
Thus equivalent resistance is less than 2Ω.
ii. Resistance of each piece = 12 = 4Ω
3
1 1
Rp
= 4
+ 41 + 4 =4 1 3
⇒ Rp =3 4
Ω
iii. All the three resistors are in paralle.
6 2
∴
1
=
1
+
1
+
1
1+2+6 9 = = Ω
Rp 6 3 1 = 6 6 9 3
OR
All are in parallel.
1 1 1
= ×4= ⇒ Rp = 3Ω
Rp 12 3
3
I= =1A
3
So, current in each resistor I ′ = 3
= 1
A
12 4
39. i. S. No. 3, 2f is 50 cm. ∴ 2f = 50 cm, or f = 25 cm.
Justification: Object distance(u) and image distance (v) are same so it implies that object is placed at 2F.
ii. S. No. 6, is not correct.
Reason: For u = −15 cm, sign of v must be - ve ( as the image is formed on the same side of the lens as the object)
iii. Magnification: m = v
u
+150 cm
= −30 cm = −5 cm
OR
i. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
ii. u = -15 cm, f = -10 cm (concave mirror)
h = 5.0 cm
1
Mirror formula = 1 + 1
f v u
1 −1 1 −1
v = 10
+ 15 = 30 cm
cm cm
or v = -30′ cm. The screen must be placed at a distance of 30 cm from the mirror in front of it
(m) = h
=− v
h u
−30 cm
h = −v × h = − × 5 cm = −10 cm
u −15 cm
Page 17 of 17