Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work- energy

theorem, power. Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring,

conservative forces: non- conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle; elastic
and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
WORK ENERGY & POWER

Consider a constant force⃗⃗⃗𝐹 acting on an object of mass 𝑚. The object undergoes a

displacement ′𝑑′ in the positive x-direction as shown in Fig.

The work done by the force is defined to be the product of component of the force in
the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of this displacement. Thus
𝑊 = (𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑑 = ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 . 𝑑
No work is done if:
(i) the displacement is zero.
(ii) the force is zero.
(iii) the force and displacement are mutually perpendicular.
𝜋
This is so since, for 𝜃 = 2 rad (= 900).
The SI unit of work is joule (J: N𝑚). One joule of work is said to be done, when a force of
1N displaces a body through a distance of 1m in its direction.
Work can be both positive and negative. If 𝜃 is between 0o and 90o, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is positive.
If 𝜃 is between 900 and 1800, is 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 negative.
Energy of a body is defined the ability/ capacity to do work.
Potential energy: It is the energy stored in the body by virtue of its position or its
configuration.
Gravitational potential energy: It is the energy stored in the body by virtue of its
position above the surface of the earth.
Consider an object raised through a height through a ‘ℎ’ as shown in fig.
𝑚

ℎ W= (𝑚𝑔)(ℎ)𝑐𝑜𝑠180 = − 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝑚 U=𝑚𝑔ℎ

𝑚𝑔
Kinetic energy: The energy possessed by object by virtue of its motion.
Consider an object of mass ‘m’ at rest. Let a force act on it causing uniform acceleration
‘𝑎’ to velocity ‘𝑣’. let the displacement of object be 𝑆.
𝑣0 = 0 𝑣
F S 𝑚
𝑚

Work done on the body W= 𝐹𝑆 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆

From 𝑣 2 − 𝑣𝑜2 = 2𝑎S
𝑣2
W=𝑚( 2 )
1
W=K.E=2 𝑚𝑣 2

Momentum 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
𝑝2
Kinetic energy K.E= 2𝑚.

Work done – force Vs displacement graph.

𝐹
force

𝑥
Work done= Area under the curve 𝐹 𝑉𝑠 𝑥. displacement
Work-Energy (WE) theorem:
The change in kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the work done on it by the net
force.
An object under constant acceleration follows equation
𝑣 2 − 𝑣02 = 2𝑎𝑆
where 𝑣0 and 𝑣 are the initial and final speeds and 𝑆 the distance traversed.
𝑚
Multiplying both sides by 2 , we have
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑚
𝑣 − 𝑣0 = 2 𝑎𝑆
2 2 2
1 1
𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑣02 = 𝑚𝑎𝑆 = 𝐹𝑆
2 2
𝐾. 𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾. 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑊.

WORK DONE BY A VARIABLE FORCE:

 If the displacement ∆𝑥 is small, we can take the force 𝐹(𝑥) as approximately constant
and the work done is then
∆𝑊 = 𝐹(𝑥) ∆𝑥
Adding successive rectangular areas in Fig. we get the total work done as
𝑥
𝑊 = ∑𝑥𝑓𝑖 𝐹(𝑥) ∆𝑥 .
where the summation is from the initial position 𝑥𝑖 to the final position 𝑥𝑓 .
If the displacements are allowed to approach zero, the sum approaches
a definite value equal to the area under the curve in Fig.

Then the work done is

𝑥 𝑥
𝑊 = lim ∑𝑥𝑓𝑖 𝐹(𝑥) ∆𝑥 = ∫𝑥 𝑓 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
∆𝑥→0 𝑖

𝑥𝑓 𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑓 𝑎
𝑛
∫ 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ( ) = (𝑥 𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑖𝑛+1 )
𝑥𝑖 𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑓
𝑖

THE POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SPRING:

The spring force is an example of a variable force which is conservative. Fig. shows a
block attached to a spring and resting on a smooth horizontal surface. The other end of
the spring is attached to a rigid wall.

In an ideal spring, the spring force 𝐹𝑠 is proportional to 𝑥, where 𝑥 is the displacement of

the block from the equilibrium position.
𝐹𝑠 ∝ −𝑥
𝐹𝑠 = −𝑘𝑥
 The constant k is called the spring constant. Its unit is Nm-1. The spring is said to be stiff
if 𝑘 is large and soft if 𝑘 is small.
The force Vs displacement graph is:

−𝑘𝑥𝑚
The area of the shaded triangle represents the work done by the spring force. Due to
the opposing signs of 𝐹𝑠 and 𝑥, this work done is negative.
1 1 𝑘 2
𝑊𝑠 = (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒)(ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) = (𝑥𝑚 )(−𝑘𝑥𝑚 ) = − 𝑥𝑚
2 2 2
OR
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 2 𝑘
𝑊𝑠 = ∫𝑥 𝑓 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑚(−𝑘𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −𝑘( 2 ]0𝑚 = − 2 𝑥𝑚 .
𝑖
The potential energy 𝑈(𝑥)of the spring to be zero when block and spring system is in
the equilibrium position.
𝑘
For an extension (or compression) 𝑥 the potential energy 𝑈(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2

U
U

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM FOR A VARIABLE FORCE

The time rate of change of kinetic energy (𝐾)is
𝑑𝐾 𝑑 1 1 𝑑(𝑣 2 ) 1 𝑑𝑣
= ( 𝑚𝑣 2 ) = 𝑚 = 𝑚2𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝐾 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑚 ( ) 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑣 = 𝐹𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐾 𝑑𝑥
=𝐹
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝐾 = 𝐹𝑑𝑥

Integrating from the initial position (𝑥𝑖 ) to final position (𝑥𝑓 )

𝐾𝑓 𝑥𝑓
∫ 𝑑𝐾 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
𝐾𝑖 𝑥𝑖
where, 𝐾𝑖 and 𝐾𝑓 are the initial and final kinetic energies corresponding to 𝑥𝑖 and 𝑥𝑓 .
𝑥𝑓
𝐾
(𝐾]𝐾𝑓𝑖 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑖
𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑊 hence proved.
Conservative Force:
A force is conservative, if work done by, or against the force, in moving a particle from
one-point A, in space, to another point B does not depend on the path followed &
depends only on the end points A & B.
OR
A force is conservative, if the net work done by the force, along the closed path is zero.
∮ 𝑑𝑊 = ∮ 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Show that gravitational force is a conservative force: Consider an object of mass 𝑚
being lifted from point A to point B through a height ℎ in three different ways as shown
in fig.

B 𝑥2

ℎ2 N
ℎ 𝑥1 𝑙
W1 W2 W3 ℎ
ℎ1
A
𝑚 𝑚

Path (1) Path (2) Path (3)

Let W1, W2 and W3 denote the works done by gravitational force in moving a body of
mass 𝑚, from A to B, along three different paths 1, 2 and 3 respectively as shown in fig.
W1=−𝑚𝑔ℎ
W2=−𝑚𝑔ℎ1 + 𝑚𝑔𝑥1 𝑐𝑜𝑠90 − 𝑚𝑔ℎ2 + 𝑚𝑔𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠90 = −𝑚𝑔(ℎ1 + ℎ2 ) = −𝑚𝑔ℎ
ℎ
W3==−𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑙 = −𝑚𝑔 ( 𝑙 ) 𝑙 = −𝑚𝑔ℎ
W1= W2= W3
OR
Consider an object of mass 𝑚 being lifted from point A to point B through a height ℎ and
return back to point A.
 ∮ 𝑑𝑊 = ∮ 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐴 = −𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 0

B B

ℎ ℎ

A A
𝑚
Non-Conservative Force:
A force is non- conservative, if work done by, or against the force, in moving a particle
from one-point A, in space, to another point B depends on the path followed.
OR
A force is non-conservative; if the net work done by the force, along the closed path is
not zero.
∮ 𝑑𝑊 = ∮ 𝐹𝑑𝑥 ≠ 0
Show that frictional force for is a non-conservative force:
Consider an object of mass 𝑚 moving from point A to point B through a distance 𝑆 and return
back to point A as shown in fig. We measure the work done against frictional force.

A B
𝑚 S
𝑚
𝑓 𝑓
∮ 𝑑𝑊 = ∮ 𝐹𝑑𝑥 = 𝑊𝐴𝐵 + 𝑊𝐵𝐴 = −𝑓𝑆 − 𝑓𝑆 = −2𝑓𝑆 ≠ 0
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY IN A FREELY FALLING BODY.
Consider a body of mass 𝑚 falling freely from a position A, at a height ℎ above the ground.
Consider two more points B & C as shown in fig. A 𝑣𝐴 = 0
At point A.
Total energy: 𝑦
K.E+U=0+ 𝑚𝑔ℎ ℎ
T.E= 𝑚𝑔ℎ ………………(1)
At point B B 𝑣𝐵
Suppose the body falls through 𝑦 & reach point B with velocity
𝑣𝐵 .
C 𝑣𝐶
Total energy:
1
K.E+U=2 𝑚𝑣𝐵2 + 𝑚𝑔(ℎ − 𝑦)
Using equation of motion:
𝑣𝐵2 − 0 = 2(−𝑔)(−𝑦)
 1
K.E+U=2 𝑚(2𝑔𝑦) + 𝑚𝑔ℎ − 𝑚𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ

T.E= 𝑚𝑔ℎ ………………(2)

At point C
Suppose the body finally reaches point C on the ground with velocity 𝑣𝑐 .
Total energy:
1
K.E+U=2 𝑚𝑣𝐶2 + 0
Using equation of motion
𝑣𝐶2 − 0 = 2𝑔ℎ
1
K.E+U=2 𝑚(2𝑔ℎ) = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
T.E= 𝑚𝑔ℎ ………………(3)
Thus, as the body falls, its potential energy decreases & kinetic energy increases by an equal
amount. However, its total mechanical energy remains constant at all points.
T.E= 𝑚𝑔ℎ
energy

K.E

ℎ height
CONSERVATION OF TOTAL ENERGY
The total energy of an isolated system does not change, as long as one accounts for all forms of
energy (provided we include mass as energy).
Energy may be transformed from one form to another but the total energy of an isolated
system remains constant. Energy can neither be created, nor destroyed (provided we include
mass as energy) & it can be transformed from one form to another.
VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION
Consider a particle P suspended in a vertical plane, by a massless, inextensible string from a
fixed-point O. In equilibrium, the string is vertical with P vertically below the point of
suspension O, as shown in Fig (a).

𝑣1
The motion of a particle in a vertical circle, differs from that in a horizontal circle. In a horizontal
circular motion, the force of gravity plays no role in the motion of the particle. However, in a
vertical circular motion, gravity plays a very important role. It is easy to realize that a vertical
circular motion has to be a non-uniform circular motion. In this case, the velocity of the
particle varies both in magnitude and direction. In other words, in a vertical circular motion
even the speed of the particle does not remain constant. As the particle moves up the circle,
from its lowest position P, its speed continuously decreases till it reaches the highest point of its
circular path. This is due to the work done against the force of gravity. When the particle moves
down the circle, i.e., from R Q’ P, its speed would keep on increasing. This is because of the
work done, by the force of gravity, on the particle.
(i)When the particle is at the lowest point P of its vertical circular path,

𝑚𝑣12
𝑇𝑃 = + 𝑚𝑔
𝐿
(iii) We next consider the particle P to be at the highest point R of its circular path.

𝑚𝑣32
𝑇𝑅 + 𝑚𝑔 =
𝐿
The tension in the string is maximum when the particle is at lowest point P and is minimum at
the highest point R of its vertical circular path.
This is so because at the highest point, a part of the centripetal force, needed to keep the
particle moving in its circular path, is provided by the weight (mg) of the particle.
When the particle completes its motion along the vertical circle it is referred to as “looping the
loop”.
𝑇𝑅 = 0

(𝑣3 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √𝑔𝐿

Applying law of conservation of energy,
𝑚𝑣12 𝑚𝑣32
= + 2𝑚𝐿
2 2
(𝑣1 )𝑚𝑖𝑛 = √5𝑔𝐿
POWER
Power is defined as the time rate at which work is done or energy is transferred.
The average power of a force is defined as the ratio of the work, W, to the total time t taken
𝑊
𝑃𝑎𝑣 =
𝑡
The instantaneous power is defined as the limiting value of the average power as time interval
approaches zero,
𝑑𝑊
𝑃=
𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
The work 𝑑𝑊 done by a force 𝐹 for a displacement 𝑑𝑟 is 𝑑𝑊 = ⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 . The instantaneous
power can also be expressed as
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 .𝑑𝑟 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟
𝑃= = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹. = ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 .𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
where 𝑣 is the instantaneous velocity when the force is ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹.
Power, like work and energy, is a scalar quantity.
COLLISION
A collision is said occur between two bodies, either if they physically collide against each other
or if the path of one is affected by the force exerted by the other.
Elastic collision: If there is no loss of kinetic energy a collision, it is called an elastic collision.
Characteristics of elastic collision.
(i) Momentum is conserved.
(ii) kinetic energy is conserved.
(iii) Forces involved during collision are conservative.
Example: Collision between subatomic particles & collision between molecules.
In- elastic collision: If there is a loss of kinetic energy during a collision, it is called an in- elastic
collision.
Characteristics of in- elastic collision.
(i) Momentum is conserved.
(ii) kinetic energy is not conserved but total energy is conserved. Part of kinetic energy
is transformed into heat, sound etc.
(iii) Forces involved during collision are non-conservative.
Example: Collision between ball & floor & between to vehicles in accident.
Perfectly in- elastic collision: if two bodies stick together after collision & move as a single body
with a common velocity, then the collision is said to be perfectly in- elastic collision.
In such collision, momentum is conserved but there is loss of kinetic energy.
In-elastic collision:
A body of mass 𝑚1 moving with velocity 𝑣0 collides head-on with another body of mass 𝑚2 at
rest. After collision, the two bodies move together with common velocity 𝑣.
𝑣0 𝑢=0 𝑣

𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
Using law of conservation of linear momentum:
𝑚1 𝑣0 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣……………..(1)
𝑚1 𝑣0
𝑣 = (𝑚 ………………..(2)
1 +𝑚2 )

(i) Calculate loss of energy:

The loss in kinetic energy on collision is
1 1
∆𝐾 = 𝐾𝑖 − 𝐾𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑣02 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣 2
2 2
Substitute expression for 𝑣 from ………….(2)
1 1 𝑚1 𝑣0 2 1 𝑚1
2
= 𝑚1 𝑣0 − (𝑚 )
1 + 𝑚2 ( ) = 𝑚1 𝑣02 [1 − ]
2 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
1 𝑚1 𝑚2
∆𝐾 = ( ) 𝑣2
2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 0
(ii) Show that there is loss of energy:
2
1 1 𝑚1 𝑣0
𝐾𝑓 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣
2 (𝑚 + 𝑚 ) ( )
2 1 2 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )
= =
𝐾𝑖 1 2 1 2
2 𝑚1 𝑣0 2 𝑚1 𝑣0
𝐾𝑓 𝑚1
= (𝑚 < 1.
𝐾𝑖 1 +𝑚2 )

Head-on elastic collision:

Fig. shows two bodies A & B of masses 𝑚1 &𝑚2 moving in straight line with velocities 𝑢1 &
𝑢2 respectively. Let 𝑝1>𝑝2 . Also let two bodies undergo elastic collision & continue moving in
the same direction with velocities 𝑣1 & 𝑣2 respectively.
𝑚1 𝑚2 A B 𝑚1 𝑚2
𝑢1 𝑢2 𝑣1 𝑣2
Using law of conservation of linear momentum:
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 ……………..(1)
Rearranging the terms
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )…………..(2)
Since kinetic energy is also conserved in an elastic collision.
1 1 1 1
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22 ………..(3)
2

Rearranging the terms

𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )

𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )…………..(4)
Divide ……………(4) by …………..(2)
(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = (𝑣2 + 𝑢2 )…………..(5)

Co-efficient of restitution: It is a ratio of the magnitude of relative

velocity of separation after collision to the relative velocity of
approach before collision.
𝑣 −𝑣
𝑒 = − 𝑢1−𝑢2 .
1 2

𝑒 < 1 for inelastic collision & 𝑒 = 1 for elastic collision

From equation ………..(5)

𝑣2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2
Substitute in ……………(2)
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 )
Rearranging the terms
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 + 2𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1
(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 ) 2𝑚2
𝑣1 = 𝑢1 + 𝑢
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2
Similarly solve for 𝑣2
(𝑚2 − 𝑚1 ) 2𝑚1
𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 𝑢
(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 1
Special cases:

(i) 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 𝑚
𝑣1 = 𝑢2
𝑣2 = 𝑢1
Thus, when two bodies of equal masses undergo head-on elastic collision, their velocities get
exchanged after collision.
Consider collision with stationary object i.e 𝑢2 = 0
(𝑚 −𝑚 ) 2𝑚1
𝑣1 = (𝑚1 +𝑚2) 𝑢1 & 𝑣2 = (𝑚 𝑢1
1 2 1 +𝑚2 )

(a) 𝑚1 ≪ 𝑚2 (ball striking a wall)

𝑣1 = −𝑢1 & 𝑣2 = 0

(b) 𝑚1 ≫ 𝑚2
𝑣1 ≈ 𝑢1 & 𝑣2 ≈ 2𝑢1
Collisions in Two Dimensions:

𝑣1
𝑢

𝑣2
Consider two masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 The particle 𝑚1 is moving with speed 𝑢.
We can consider 𝑚2 to be at rest i.e the mass m1 collides with the stationary mass 𝑚2 .The
masses 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 fly-off in different directions, and this
is depicted in Fig. consider the motion to be in 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane.
After collision, let the two particles move with 𝑣1 & 𝑣2 making angles 𝜃1 & 𝜃1 with line of collision
respectively or with 𝑥 − axis.
Using law of conservation of linear momentum:
Along 𝑥-axis
𝑚1 𝑢 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ………………….(1)
Along 𝑦-axis
0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 …………………….(2)
Since kinetic energy is also conserved in an elastic collision,
1 1 1
2
𝑚1 𝑢2 = 2 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 2 𝑚2 𝑣22 ………..(3)

Consider the special case of two-dimensional collision of two particles of equal mass.
Consider two objects A & B of equal masses 𝑚 undergoing going elastic collision. The object A is
moving with speed 𝑢 & B be at rest.
The objects A & B fly-off in different directions, and this is depicted in Fig. consider the motion
to be in 𝑥 − 𝑦 plane.
After collision, let the two particles move with 𝑣1 & 𝑣2 making angles 𝜃1 & 𝜃1 with line of collision
respectively or with 𝑥 − axis.
Using law of conservation of linear momentum:
Along 𝑥-axis
𝑚𝑢 = 𝑚𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑚𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ………………….(1)
𝑢 = 𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 + 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ………………..(2)
Along 𝑦-axis
0 = 𝑚𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑚𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 …………………….(3)
0 = 𝑣1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 − 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 …………………(4)
Since kinetic energy is also conserved in an elastic collision,
1 1 1
𝑚𝑢2 = 2 𝑚𝑣12 + 2 𝑚𝑣22 ………..(5)
2

𝑢2 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 ………..(6)

Square ……….(2) & ……..(4) & add

𝑢2 = 𝑣12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃1 + 𝑣22 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃2 + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2

0 = 𝑣12 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 + 𝑣22 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2 − 2𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝑢2 = 𝑣12 (1) + 𝑣22 (1) + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 )
𝑢2 = 𝑣12 (1) + 𝑣22 (1) + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 [cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]……………(7)
Substitute 𝑢2 from …..(6)

𝑣12 + 𝑣22 = 𝑣12 + 𝑣22 + 2𝑣1 𝑣2 [cos (𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )]

2𝑣1 𝑣2 [cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )] = 0
cos(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = 0
(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) = 900