Lesson 1-Globalization
What is 'Globalization'?
1. What are some earmarks/signs of globalization?
(1) the growth on transports and communications.
2. What is globalization?
Answer:
(1) This means, people and countries can exchange information and goods in
an easy way, this process is called "Globalization".
(2) Globalization across the borders makes people and goods to move easily
in the different nations.
3. In globalization, what are usually integrated globally?
Answer:
(1) global integration of international trade,
(2) investment,
(3) information technology and
(4) cultures.
4. What are other definitions of Globalization?
Answer:
(1) World Health Organization define Globalization, "the increased
interconnectedness and interdependence of peoples and
countries,
(2) Thomas Friedman defined globalization as, as the inexorable integration
of markets, transportation systems, and communication systems
to a degree never witnessed before in a way that is enabling
corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around the world farther,
faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before.
(3)Manfred Steger provided scholarly description in his Globalization: A Very
Short
Introduction, "the term globalization should be used to refer to a set of
social processes that are thought to transform our present social
condition into one of globality.
5. What is your understanding on “increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and countries” as a definition of globalization?
Answer: is generally understood to include two interrelated elements:
(1) the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flows of
goods, services, finance, people and ideas;
(2) and the changes in institutions and policies at national and international
levels that facilitate or promote such flows.
6. Thomas Friedman defined globalization as, as the inexorable integration of
markets, transportation systems, and communication systems. What
are the effects of these integration?
Answer: enables corporations, countries, and individuals to reach around
the world farther, faster, deeper, and cheaper than ever before.
7. How did Globalization start based on history?
Answer:
(1) In our World history, they introduce around centuries the idea of concept
of Globalization; traders explore to buy rare commodities such as
salt, spices and gold, which they would then sell in their home
countries.
(2) The 19th century Industrial Revolution brought advances in
communication and transportation that have removed borders and
increased cross-border trade.
(3) The Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly between China and Europe via
an overland route.
8. How do you understand open economy?
Answer: There are Government policies designed to open economies
domestically and internationally to boost development in poorer countries
and raise standards of living for their people are what drive globalization.
9. How do you describe globalization in simple economic concept?
Answer: the flow of products and services with few barriers in the
integration of market, investment and trade between nation.
[Link] Globalization, culture is also assimilated and trade as they exchange of
ideas and traditions by trading. What example of culture has been spread out
across the globe?
Answer:
(1) The spread of Korean pop culture across will advance the exchange of
ideas, art, language and music like other millennials experiencing
nowadays are some of the best example.
[Link] you be able to tell when globalization will occur?
Answer: No. Globalization is an event occurred in unprecedented pace and
gives definition to the world's market.
[Link] globalization beneficial or detrimental? Why?
Answer:
(1) Either. It is still a public debate whether it is beneficial or detrimental most
especially to the average citizens.
(2) It may direct or indirectly affect everyone, but not everyone gets the same
benefits.
[Link] you agree that Globalization has the potential for both positive and
negative effects on development and health? Why? Give an example. (COVID)
[Link] is the effect of globalization in the standard of living of third-world
countries?
Answer: Standards of living have risen overall as more third- world
countries experience industrialization.
[Link] do other proponents believe that globalization is the way to catch up for
developing countries?
Answer: because it allows them to cooperate with other nation like
never before. For example, the presence of multinational company will be
of great contribution especially to local economies as they invest in
local products, resources, services, medical and educational
facilities.
[Link] an example of a detrimental effect of globalization.
(1) If the other country produces cheaper product, other producers will
be closed down and leads to loss of thousand jobs to others.
(2) Every step forward especially in technology it also brings a new danger.
Example, Technology improves the lives of many people, but it also
increases the number of crimes every year.
[Link] is one of the disadvantages when globalization is intensified?
Answer: The more stretches and intensified, the more backlashes
produced to those people who cannot keep on the same.
[Link] you agree that globalization has contributed to global warming, climate
change and the overuse of natural resources? Why?
Answer: An increase in the demand for goods has boosted
manufacturing and industrialization.
[Link]-Globalization has also increased homogenization in countries.
Homogeneity theory- globalization leads to cultural convergence where
culture become more similar due to increased interconnectedness. Can you
cite a scenario that would show homogeneity in globalization.
[Link] do some politicians argue that globalization is detrimental to the
middle class, and is causing increasing economic and political polarization
to developed countries?
Answer:
(1) For example, outsourcing facilities in lower cost that leads workers
to compete internationally for jobs.
(2) Also, international chain from developed country dominate the
cultural exchange because their goods and culture influenced other
countries more than those of any other nation.
Lesson 2- The Global Economy
1. What is Economic Globalization as defined by United Nations?
Answer: UN defines Economic globalization as
(1) Definition 1: "increasing interdependence of world economies
(2) as a result of the
2.1 growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services,
2.2 growing flow of international capital
2.3 and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
(3) Definition 2: It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration
of market frontiers,
(4) Definition 3: and is an irreversible trend for the economic development
in the whole world at the turn of the millennium.
2. What are the driving forces of economic globalization?
Answer:
The rapid growing significance of information in all types of
productive activities and marketization are the major driving forces for
economic globalization
3. How did global trade emerge?
Answer: According to Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giråldez ,'Global trade
emerged when
1) all heavily populated continents began to exchange products
continuously - both with each other directly and indirectly via other
continents –
2) and did so in values sufficient to generate lasting impacts on all
trading partners' ("Globalization Began in 1571.p2 )
4. In economic globalization what are the goals of companies?
Answer:
(1) seek the greatest possibility of efficient and maximized profits
(2) that will involve many regions and localities to "global production".
5. What is the reason why countries trade with each other?
Answer: due to
(1) the lack of resources
(2) and cannot satisfy their own needs and wants.
As the countries developed their resources and they trade it for the resources
they need. Many years ago, when the other countries travelled a distance to
trade, as it is very evident that international trade plays significant role in the
development of industrialized world.
6. Why do Imports of goods and services happen?
Answer:
(1) maybe for better or cheaper quality,
(2) appealing goods or
(3) no alternatives exist.
7. What is a necessary condition for the development of production networks?
Answer: Free Trade
8. What do you understand about free trade?
Answer:
(1) Minimizing trade barriers
(2) and ensure smooth movement resources, goods and services.
9. What is the use of technology in a global economy?
Answer: Many believe that the new technology will
(1) allow the intense movement of information, goods, services and people
thereby creating an environment of "new economy"
(2) increasing the networks in global production, free trade and capital.
[Link] is the advantage of technology in a global economy?
Answer:
(1) Technology that can bring innovations for economic development and
growth.
(2) Technological change and deregulation/liberalization enabled the
development of financial markets (capital moves freely) to the
extent that the financial markets began to dominate the global
economy (the majority share of the volume of past transactions
comprises the speculative investment).
[Link] conditions affect the interconnections of various components of
production where the stages in production takes place in different
location? depends on the favorable conditions such as
Answer:
(1) cheap labor,
(2) raw material,
(3) skilled labor
(4) and market consumer.
GLOBAL ACTORS
[Link] are the global actors in a global economy?
Answer:
(1) Multinational Corporation
(2) The International Monetary Fund
(3) North Atlantic Treaty
(4) World Trade Organization
(5) World Bank
Multinational Corporation
[Link] is a multinational corporation?
Answer: The multinational corporation is ä
(1) business organization
(2) whose activities are located in more than two countries
(3) and is the organizational form that defines foreign direct
investment.
[Link] does the organizational form of a multinational corporation consist?
Answer: This form consists of
(1) a country location where the firm is incorporated
(2) and of the establishment of branches or subsidiaries in foreign
countries (AA Lazarus, 2001 p. 10197)
The International Monetary Fund
[Link] is the IMF?
Answer: The International Monetary Fund (IMF), '
(1) founded at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944,
(2) is the official organization for securing international monetary
cooperation.
[Link] are the useful works of the IMF?
Answer:
(1) research and
(2) the publication of statistics
(3) and the tendering of monetary advice to less-developed countries.
(4) It has also conducted valuable consultations with the more
developed countries.
North Atlantic Treaty
1. What is NATO?
Answer:
(1) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(2) The organization was formed in 1949.
2. What is the main provision of the North Atlantic Treaty?
Answer: The treaty provides that an armed attack against one or more of
NATO's member nations shall be considered an attack against them
all.
3. Where is the headquarters of NATO?
Answer: Brussels, Belgium.
4. What are the member- countries of NATO? (not in book)
Answer: 32 members
(1) UK
(2) US
(3) Canada
(4) France
(5) Germany
(6) Italy
(7) Spain
(8) Turkey
(9) Albania
(10) Bulgaria
(11) Hungary
(12) Poland
(13) Czech Republic
(14) Slovakia
(15) Romania
(16) Lithuania
(17) Latvia
(18) Estonia
(19) Finland
(20) Sweden
(21) Bosnia
(22) Herzegovina
(23) Belgium
(24) Croatia
(25) Denmark
(26) Greece
(27) Iceland- only country without military force
(28) Luxembourg
(29) Montenegro
(30) Netherlands
(31) North Macedonia
(32) Norway
5. Why was the organization formed?
Answer:
(1) It was originally formed out of the fear that the Soviet Union would
ally militarily with Eastern European nations through the Warsaw
pact,
(2)and thus become a threat to Western Europe and the United States
World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and
the World Bank
1. What are the roles of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank?
Answer: These are the three institutions that
(1) underwrite the basic rules and regulations of
1.1 economic,
1.2 monetary,
1.3 and trade relations between countries.
2. What is the reason why multinational corporations are investing in certain
geographic locations only?
Answer:
(1) Many developing nations have loosened trade rules under pressure
from the IMF and the World Bank.
(2) The domestic financial markets in these countries have not been
developed and do not have appropriate laws in place to enable
domestic financial institutions to stand up to foreign competition.
(3) The administrative setup, judicial systems, and law-enforcing
agencies generally cannot guarantee the social discipline and
political stability that are necessary in order to support a growth-
friendly atmosphere.
3. In the 1990s, where can you usually find most foreign investments?
Answer:
(1) in high-income countries
(2) and a few geographic locations in the South like East Asia
(3) and Latin America.
4. How many countries were considered by World Bank as low-income
countries?
Answer:
(1) According to the World Bank's 2002 World Development Indicators,
there are 63 countries considered to be low- income countries.
(2) The share of these low-income countries in which foreign countries are
making direct investments is very small;
(3) it rose from 0.5 percent 1990 to only 1.6 percent in 2000.
5. What was pinpointed as the cause why the first half of the 20th century
brought about economic devastation in Europe and United States?
Answer:
(1) was marked by two world wars that caused enormous physical and
economic destruction in Europe
(2) and a Great Depression that wrought economic devastation in both
Europe and the United States.
6. What was the positive result of the world wars and the great depression?
Answer:
(1) These events kindled a desire to create a new international
monetary system that would stabilize currency exchange rates
without backing currencies entirely with gold
7. Why is there a need to stabilize currency exchange rate?
Answer:
(1) to reduce the frequency and severity of balance-of- payments
deficits (which occur when more foreign currency leaves a country than
enters it);
(2) and to eliminate destructive mercantilist trade policies, such as
2.1competitive devaluations
2.2and foreign exchange restrictions
(3) all while substantially preserving each country’s ability to pursue
independent economic policies.
8. Where were these discussions held?
Answer:
(1) Multilateral discussions led to the UN Monetary and Financial
Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, U.S., in July 1944.
9. Who were the delegates?
Answer: Delegates representing 44 countries
[Link] did these 44 countries do?
Answer:
(1) drafted the Articles of Agreement
1.1 for a proposed International Monetary Fund that would supervise
the new international monetary system.
[Link] were the objectives of the framers of the new Bretton Woods monetary
regime?
Answer:
(1) hoped to promote world trade, investment, and economic growth
by maintaining currencies at stable exchange rates.
[Link] was the policy concerning countries with temporary, moderate balance-
of-payments deficits?
Answer:
(1)were expected to finance their deficits by borrowing foreign
currencies from the IMF
(2) rather than by imposing exchange controls, devaluations, or
deflationary economic policies that could spread their economic
problems to other countries.
[Link] did the articles of agreement during the UN Monetary Conference
became effective?
Answer:
(1) After ratification by 29 countries, the Articles of Agreement entered into
force on December 27, 1945.
[Link] the approval of the Articles of Agreement, what happened?
Answer:
(1) The fund's board of governors convened the following year in
Savannah, Georgia, U.S., to adopt by laws
(2) and to elect the IMF's first executive directors.
(3) The governors decided to locate the organization's permanent
headquarters in Washington, D.C., where its 12 original executive
directors first met in May 1946.
(4) The IMF's financial operations began the following year (1946).
Source: Lawrence McQuiIIan, Encyclopedia Britannica, October 9, 2018
[Link] are the bases of the fast globalization of the world's economies in
recent years?
Answer:
(1) rapid development of science and technologies,
(2) has resulted from the environment in which market economic system
has been fast spreading throughout the world,
(3) and has developed on the basis of increasing cross-border division
of labor that has been penetrating down to the level of production chains
within enterprises of different countries.
Lesson 3: Market Integration
1. What is Market Integration?
Answer:
(1) Market integration is the fusing of many markets into one.
2. What is Global market integration?
Answer:
(1) means that price differences between countries are eliminated as all
markets become one.
3. What is one way when you can say that there is progress of globalization?
Answer:
(1) look at trends on how prices converge or become similar across
countries.
4. What does it mean if you have market integration? Or you are in one market?
Answer:
(1) a commodity has a single price such as the price of rice would be the
same in east Pangasinan and west Pangasinan if these areas were
part of the same market.
5. What is One vision of the future of globalization?
Answer:
(1) involves the elimination of other kind's barriers to trade caused by
institutional differences between countries.
(2) Markets are embedded in institutions such as property rights, legal
systems, and regulatory regimes.
(3) Differences in institutions between countries create trading costs in
the same way that tariffs or distance do.
6. What If the price of rice in west Pangasinan was higher, what should be done
by those sellers from east Pangasinan if they are practicing Market
Integration?
Answer: sellers of rice would move from the east to the west and prices
would equalize.
7. Is the scenario in No. 7 always possible? Why?
Answer: NO.
(1) The price of rice in one place to other might be different, though,
(2) and high transport costs and other kinds of expenses might mean that
it would be uneconomical for other sellers to move their stocks to
other place if prices were higher there.
(3) And for other markets, the price changes for a long periods of
time.
8. What is an example of this “Markets are embedded in institutions such as
property rights, legal systems, and regulatory regimes”?
Answer:
(1) For example, there may be different laws in Kenya, China about what
happens when a buyer fails to pay.
(2) This might make it hard for a Chinese exporter to recover what it is
owed in the event of a dispute, which could make the firm reluctant to
enter the Kenyan market.
9. What was the status of markets by the end of the 20 th century?
Answer:
(1) Integration By the end of the 20th century globalization across most
markets had returned to the levels seen just before World War I.
(2) Today, markets are more integrated than ever because:
2.1 transportation costs have continued to fall
2.2 and most tariffs have been scrapped altogether
[Link] usually happens when the costs of trading across the country fall?
Answer:
(1) the other firm will take advantage of price differences
(2) Other countries may enter the market of the other country.
[Link] does trading cost usually fall?
Answer:
(1) when new product invented or developed becomes cheaper
(2) and also, some cost are man-made like when they impose a barriers
for trade
[Link] the removal of tariffs, is it nearly possible for the world to become a
single market?
Answer: No.
(1) Borders still matter because of these kinds of institutional
incompatibilities.
(2) Complete integration requires the ironing out of legal and
regulatory differences to create a single institutional space.
[Link] to Some economists this process of making the world a single
market is underway and inevitable and that global markets drive the
harmonization of institutions across countries. How may this be possible?
Answer:
(1) Consider a multinational firm choosing a country in which to locate
its factory.
(2) In order to attract the firm's investment, a government might cut
business tax rates and loosen regulatory requirements.
(3) Other competing countries follow suit.
[Link] is the effect of the resulting lower tax revenues?
Answer:
(1) It make countries less able to finance welfare states and
educational programs.
(2) All policy decisions become oriented toward maximizing
integration with global markets.
(3) No goods or services would be provided that are incompatible with
this.
[Link] integration as an economic interest also became part of a political
strategy that transformed people into individual political economic subjects.
How did this happen?
Answer:
(1) In order to establish, maintain and expand their domination, the new
states will make systematic use of scientific knowledge with the aim
of assessing and influencing the behavior of their subjects.
(2) And they will do this assuming that people's behavior is mainly motivated
by interest.
(3) Government now consciously wants to deal with the interests of
individuals in order to serve its own interest.
[Link] is the effect of market integration in terms of Political economics?
Answer:
(1) Political economics will not only consist of observing people's self-
interested behavior, it will also promote it.
[Link] is the main issue in the politics of states?
Answer: The issue is that it will figure out ways to anticipate what might
happen in order to influence economic expansion.
[Link] to Smith, it was no longer a question of teaching mankind what
must be done with reference to the next world, but rather to understand what
the human being actually is and what can be done in this world with humans
as they actually are. The social contract and the workings of society should
be studied on the basis of natural human (Bouchet: Adam Smith: Then &
Now)
Lesson 4- Interstate System
Most studies of war that take the interstate system as the unit of analysis begin
with assumptions from the 'realist paradigm. States are seen as unitary actors, and
their actions are explained ni terms of structural characteristics of the system. The
most important feature of the interstate system is that it is anarchic. Unlike politics
within states, relations between states take place in a Hobbesian 'state of nature.'
Since an anarchic system is one in which all states constantly face actual or
potential threats, their main goal is security. Security can only be achieved in such
a system by maintaining power. In realist theories, the distribution of power in the
interstate system is the main determinant of the frequency of war.
Key Concepts:
1. Interstate System: This refers to the relationships and interactions between
sovereign states in the international arena.
2. Realist Paradigm: A theoretical framework in international relations that
emphasizes the competitive and conflictual aspects of international politics. It
assumes that states act primarily in their own self-interest.
3. **Realist Theories**: Different theories within realism that focus on how
power dynamics affect international relations and the likelihood of war.
4. Unitary Actors: In realism, states are treated as single entities that make
decisions based on their national interests, rather than being influenced by
internal divisions or groups.
5. Anarchic System: This means that there is no overarching authority or
government above states in the international system. Each state operates
independently, which leads to a lack of centralized control.
6. Security and Power: In an anarchic system, states prioritize their survival
and security. To achieve this, they seek to maintain or increase their power
relative to others.
7. Hobbesian 'State of Nature': Inspired by philosopher Thomas Hobbes, this
concept suggests that without a central authority, life would be characterized
by constant fear and competition, where states must protect themselves from
each other.
8. **Balance-of-Power Theory**: A specific realist theory that argues that peace
is more likely when power is distributed evenly among states. In contrast,
when power is unevenly distributed, conflicts are more likely to arise.
9. Distribution of Power: Realist theories argue that how power is distributed
among states (e.g., whether some states are much stronger than others)
directly affects the likelihood of war. A balance of power may prevent conflict,
while significant disparities might lead to wars.
10.**Power Distribution**: This refers to how power is allocated among states in
the international system, which can be equal (balanced) or unequal
(imbalanced).
11.**Parity**: This means that states have roughly equal levels of power. The
theory posits that parity deters states from acting aggressively against one
another because they recognize that an attack could lead to a strong
retaliation.
12.5. **Preponderance of Power**: This refers to a situation where one state
becomes significantly more powerful than others. When this happens, the
theory suggests that the stronger state may be tempted to use its power to
dominate or attack weaker states.
13.**Coalitions**: When weaker states band together to counterbalance a
stronger state’s power. This is a strategic response to perceived threats to
their security.
[Link] Examples**: The passage mentions coalitions formed against
historical figures like Louis XIV, Napoleon, and Hitler, illustrating how weaker
states have historically united to prevent a powerful state from expanding its
influence.
Explanation:
The passage outlines a realist perspective on international relations, particularly
regarding war. It explains that studies of war typically view states as independent
actors operating in a competitive environment. In this anarchic international
system, states constantly face threats from one another, leading them to prioritize
their security.
Because there is no higher authority to ensure peace, states must rely on their
power to deter potential threats. The idea is that the distribution of power—how
strong or weak different states are in relation to one another—plays a crucial role in
determining how often wars occur. If power is balanced, conflicts may be less
frequent; if one state becomes significantly more powerful, it could provoke conflict
as others react to this threat.
In summary, the realist paradigm emphasizes the anarchic nature of international
relations, the importance of state power for security, and the critical role that power
distribution plays in the dynamics of war.
In summary, the passage illustrates a key aspect of realist theory: while
the distribution of power is vital for understanding war, the specific type
of distribution—whether balanced or imbalanced—has differing
implications for the likelihood of conflict.
Key Concepts:
1. Interstate System in East Asia: Refers to the network of relationships and
interactions among East Asian nations that has developed since the early
1990s. This period marks a significant shift towards more equal relations
among these states.
2. Economic Stratification: This refers to the differences in economic status
and wealth among states. The passage suggests that these differences are
diminishing, meaning that countries are becoming more economically similar
or equal over time.
3. Definition of 'System': The passage cites the Oxford English Dictionary,
defining a "system" as:
o (1) A collection of interconnected or interdependent elements forming
a complex unity.
o (2) A whole made up of parts arranged in an orderly manner according
to a specific scheme.
4. International System vs. World Systems: In the study of international
relations, "international system" refers to the structure of interactions among
sovereign states, while "world systems" may refer to broader economic or
political systems that encompass global dynamics.
How is the Interstate System in East Asia?
The passage describes the emergence of a new interstate system in East Asia that
has taken shape since the early 1990s, characterized by greater equality among
nations. This suggests a shift from a hierarchical system where some countries held
more power and influence than others, to a more balanced framework.
The term "economic stratification" indicates that previously existing disparities in
wealth and power among these nations are rapidly decreasing. This trend towards
equality is significant in shaping international relations in the region.
To clarify the concept of a "system," the passage references a definition from the
Oxford English Dictionary, which highlights the idea that a system is made up of
interconnected parts that form a cohesive whole. In the context of international
politics, the concept of "international system" is a framework used to analyze or
describe how countries interact and relate to one another.
Overall, the passage emphasizes the evolving nature of the interstate system in
East Asia, marked by increasing equality among nations, and introduces the broader
theoretical context of how "system" is understood in the study of international
relations.
International System v International society
In international relations, H. Bull distinguishes between the concepts of
"international system" and "international society." He defines an international
system as a group of states that interact closely enough to influence each other's
decisions and behave as parts of a unified whole. On the other hand, an
international society consists of states that recognize shared interests and values,
forming a community bound by common rules and institutions.
Using Bull's ideas, we can see that international relations have shifted from being
primarily an international system to an international society since the end of the
Cold War. In Asia, the 1990s marked the emergence of an autonomous system of
states that has begun to exhibit characteristics of an international society.
Wars
Goldstein's research (1988) indicates that while economic growth can intensify
great-power wars, it doesn't affect how often wars occur. The debates about the
causes of war remain unresolved, partly because empirical research has yielded
mixed results. Each theory can cite examples that challenge its predictions, but they
also acknowledge many cases they cannot explain.
One issue is that systemic theories often overlook the internal economic and
political factors of individual states. Since the influence of system-level factors on
war is mediated by a state's internal situation and the choices of its leaders, any
comprehensive theory of war must include these elements as well.
Lesson 5-Global Governance
1. Global governance is understood as
the way in which global affairs are managed
Thus global governance is thought to be an international process of
consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements that affect
national governments and international corporations.
2. Give an Examples of such consensus?
Answer: WHO policies on health issues" (WHO, 2015).
3. As there is no global government, global governance typically involves
a range of actors including states,
as well as regional
and international organizations.
4. May a single organization nominaly be given the lead role on an issue?
Answer: Yes. for example the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs.
5. Why does global governance happen?
Answer:
Global governance is a product of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in
international political
and economic relations.
MEANING: Global governance happens because of changes in the way
countries approach politics and economics, influenced by neo-liberal
ideas. These ideas focus on free markets, limited government
intervention, and global cooperation. As countries adopt these ideas, they
create systems to manage global issues together.
When businesses and markets are prioritized over government power, it creates gaps
in how things are managed. This allows private companies and community groups to
take on roles and responsibilities that were once handled by the government.
6. Is global governance effective?
Answer:
(1) YES. Some experts think that the way global governance is currently being
done isn't effective (Coen and Pegram, 2015).
(2) NO. Others believe that it is always changing and improving, finding new
ways to solve problems that affect people around the world (Held and
Hale, 2011).
Why “governance”
1. Why do we use “governance” as a term according to Lawrence Finkelstein?
Answer: suggests that we use the word "governance" because we aren't sure
what else to call the current situation.
2. According to Thomas Weiss how do scholars and international professionals
use the term "governance"?
Answer:
(1) to describe a mix of public and private systems and processes.
3. Do casual writers use the same term?
Answer: No. more casual writers often use it to mean "government" in a
simpler way.
CRITICISMS ON GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
1. What are some criticisms about global governance?
For instance, the World Health Organization (WHO) mentions that critics
believe these systems promote globalization in a way that weakens
government power and control.
They argue that governments end up just following international
rules rather than making their own decisions.
Additionally, some say that the needs of poorer people and countries
might be overlooked unless they directly affect the global
economy.
GAPS ON GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
There are a number of gaps within global governance systems.
For example, the World Health Organization (2015) argues that three primary gaps
exist. Namely:
1. Jurisdictional Gap- There’s a gap between the rising need for global rules in
areas like health and the absence of an authority that can act on those
needs.
2. Incentive Gap- There’s a gap between the need for countries to work
together and their motivation to do so.
Example: While globalization is encouraging more cooperation, there are
worries that Africa’s growing economic challenges may reduce its influence in
global decision-making.
3. The participation gap means that international cooperation mainly involves
governments, while civil society groups are often excluded from decision-
making. However, globalization is helping to grow global movements from
civil society.
Thakur &Weiss (2015) argue that there are five particular "gaps" in global
governance.
Normative Gaps
Policy Gaps Institutional Gaps
Compliance Gaps
Knowledge gaps – gaps in the knowledge of a global problem and lack of
resources to investigate it
1. Knowledge gaps are crucial because if we don't understand the severity of a
problem or lack resources to investigate it, effective global governance
becomes difficult.
2. Without information or research, we can't fully grasp how serious an issue is,
which impacts our ability to address it. The first step in solving a problem that
countries can't handle alone is recognizing that it exists. Next, we need to
gather reliable data to challenge existing beliefs about the issue and
diagnose its causes.
Normative gaps -come after knowledge gaps. Lack of knowledge on norms to
address problems.
1. Once we recognize an issue, it's important to establish norms to address it.
2. These norms often develop within societies, but international organizations
like the United Nations also play a role in shaping how the global community
responds.
3. Norms matter because people—citizens, politicians, and officials—care about
others' opinions.
4. Individuals and organizations can work together to set norms on various
issues, such as trade, the environment, and human rights. Once we
understand a situation, many can collaborate to address it.
Policy gaps refer to the specific policies needed to address a problem.
1. Policies are a set of governing principles and goals, along with action plans
to achieve them. Some experts argue that United Nations General Assembly
resolutions and treaties can also be considered forms of policy.
2. Many different actors can be involved in this process, including individuals,
NGOs, and governments.
What makes it difficult to create policies?
Answer:
(1) differing interests among states can make it hard to create policies
together.
(2) Additionally, it’s a concern when governments develop policies without
including civil society.
Institutional gaps refer to the challenges in putting international policies
into action.
For example:
(1) when it comes to environmental rights, these gaps include failures in
enforcing environmental laws.
(2) For war crimes, the International Criminal Court is supposed to hold
leaders accountable.
(3) In terms of human rights, organizations like the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Human Rights Council are
meant to address issues, but gaps can still exist in their effectiveness.
Compliance gaps are a major challenge in global governance, involving the
effective implementation and enforcement of policies.
Why are there compliance gaps?
(1)One issue is that some countries may be unwilling or unable to follow
international agreements, like bans on commercial whaling or preventing
nuclear proliferation.
(2)Enforcing penalties on violators can also be difficult. While the United
Nations can pass resolutions and take action through the Security Council,
it lacks a standing military to enforce compliance.
(3)Overall, ensuring that countries adhere to policies and norms remains a
complex challenge. As some scholars suggest, the term "governance" is
used because there’s often uncertainty about how to describe the
situation.
Lesson 6- Global Divides (copy slides here)
Definition of the Global Divide
Existence of the Global North and Global South.
divide the world in half both geographically
GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISION-What is Global North and Global South?
According to Karpilo (2018)
the Global North contains all countries north of the Equator in the
Northern Hemisphere
Global South holds al of the countries south of the Equator in the
Southern Hemisphere.
DIVISION IN PRACTICE AND APPLICATION OF INTERNATIONAL
LAWS
Kwarteng and Botch way (2018)
The North and South divide in the practice and application of
international laws
This has been previously perceived to be evident in international
environmental law
Global developed North countries on the one hand advocate for a
collective action to protect the environment while the
Global developing Southern countries, on the other hand, argue for
social and economic justice in practice.
DIVISION IN DEVELOPMENT AND WEALTH-BRANDT LINE MODEL
Back in 1980s, the world was geographically split into relatively richer
and poorer nations.
In order to show this phénomena, the Brandt Line was developed.
According to this model, the Northern Hemisphere is where richer
countries situated, with the exception of Australia and New
Zealand,
whereas, in the Southern Hemisphere is the place of poorer
countries.
Nonetheless, not all countries in the Global North can be called
"developed,"
while some of the countries in the Global South can be called
“developed” because there are some countries in the Global North that
are developing countries such as Nepal, Kazakhstan, and other
African countries.
THE STATE OF THE WORLD IN TERMS OF RICHES
The gap between the 'North' and 'South'
Despite very significant development gains globally which have raised
many millions of people out of absolute poverty, there is substantial
evidence that inequality between the world's richest and poorest
countries is widening.
In 1820 Western Europe's per capita income was three times
bigger than Africa's but by 2000 it was thirteen times as big.
In addition, in 2013, Oxiam reported that the richest 85 people in the
world owned the same amount of wealth as the poorest half of the
world's population.
THE BRANDT LINE MODEL TODAY
Today the world is much more complex than the Brandt Line
(1) depicts as many poorer countries have experienced significant
economic and social development.
(2) However, inequality within countries has also been growing
(3) some commentators now talk of a 'Global North' and a 'Global
South referring respectively to richer or poorer communities
which are found both within and between countries.
(4) For example, whilst India is still home to the largest concentration of
poor people in a single nation it also has a very sizable middle
class and a very rich elite.
CAUSES OF INEQUALITIES:
There are many causes for these inequalities including the
(1) availability of natural resources;
(2) different levels of health and education;
(3) the nature of a country's economy and its industrial sectors;
(4) international trading policies and access to markets;
(5) how countries are governed and international relationships between
countries;
(6) conflict within and between countries;
(7) and a country's vulnerability to natural hazards and climate change.
(Royal Geographical Society)
What is Global South?
GLOBAL SOUTH AND INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY
Global South countries have been unable to evolve an indigenous
technology appropriate to their own resources
have been dependent on powerful Global North multinational
corporations (MNCs) to transfer technical know-how.
This means that research and development expenditures are directed
toward solutions of the Global North's problems
with technological advances seldom meeting the needs of the
Global South.
WHAT IS GLOBAL SOUTH ACCORDING TO CLAUDIO 2014
On the other hand, Claudio (2014) stated that the global south is both a
reality and a provisional in progress.
This because 'äccording to Sparke (2007) in Claudio (2014) said that
Global South is everywhere, but is also somewhere, located at the
intersection of entangled political geographies of dispossession and
repossession,
therefore Global South and Global North may exist in the same
location such as in Manila or anywhere else.
Moreover, Grovogui (2011) in Claudio (2014) explained that: The Global
South is not a directional designation or a point due south from a
fixed north.
It is a symbolic designation meant to capture the semblance of
cohesion that emerged when former colonial entities engaged in political
projects of decolonization and moved toward the realization of a
postcolonial international order.
DEFINITIONS OF THE GLOBAL SOUTH (Mahler 2017)
Mahler (2017) coined three primary definitions of Global South.
First, it has traditionally been used within intergovernmental
development organizations - primarily those that originated in the Non-
Aligned Movement – to refer to (1) economically disadvantaged
nation- states and (2) as a post-cold war alternative to "Third
World."
However, the term Global South is employed in a post-national sense to
address spaces and peoples negatively impacted by contemporary
capitalist globalization.
Second, the Global South captures a deterritorialized geography of
capitalism's externalities and means to account for subjugated
peoples within the borders of wealthier countries,
such that there are economic Souths in the geographic North and
Norths in the geographic South.
While this usage relies on a longer tradition of analysis of the North's
geographic Souths - wherein the South represents an internal periphery
and subaltern relational position —the epithet "global" is used to unhinge
the South from a one-to-one relation to geography.
Third, Global South refers to the resistant imaginary of a
transnational political subject that results from a shared experience of
subjugation under contemporary global capitalism.
The use of the Global South to refer to a political subjectivity draws
from the rhetoric of the so called Third World Project, or the non-
aligned and radical internationalist discourses of the cold war.
In this sense, the Global South may productively be considered a
direct response to the category of postcoloniality in that it captures
both a political collectivity and ideological formulation that arises from
lateral solidarities among the world's multiple Souths and moves beyond
the analysis of the operation of power through colonial difference towards
networked theories of power within contemporary global capitalism.
Global South from the Third World
The term "Third World" countries was coined by Alfred Sauvy, a French
demographer, after World War Il and during the Cold War-era. It is also the
tagged to those countries that did not align with democratic or communist
countries.
This eventually evolved to refer levels of development. The Third
World included the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
To Wolvers, et. al. (n.d.) the "Third World" become a central political
slogan for the radical left. The term in its origins had suggested that
societies of the Third World, embarking n the long path to modernity, had
one of two paths to follow, the capitalist or the socialist. Even as socialist
and capitalist (formerly colonialist) states vied for influence in the. "Third
World", there was a lingering assumption in mainstream Euro/American
scholarship, ultimately to be vindicated, that the socialist path itself was
something of a temporary deviation. Modernization discourse assigned to
capitalism the ultimate teleological task of bringing history to an end.
Nevertheless, given the close association of capitalism with imperialism,
the socialist example exerted significant influence on the national
liberation movements that the Third World idea spawned. The
developmental failure of "Third World" alternatives was evident by the
1970s. The term Global South, seemingly politically neutral, proposed to
incorporate these societies in the developmental project of capitalism,
already named "globalization" in one of the early uses of that term, which
would not acquire popularity until the 1990s.
GLOBAL SOUTH
by Olaf Kaltmeier (Professor of Ibero-American History, Bielefeld
University, Germany)
The term Global South has been of great benefit in re-introducing studies on
Africa, Asia, and Latin America into the academic field. The necessary
deconstruction of development in post development approaches in the 1990s has
contributed to the - probably unintended - crisis of Development Studies and Third-
World Area Study Centers. The end of the "Third World" has been proclaimed, which
has led to a significant reduction of studies on these areas. After the end of the
bipolar world, and in the context of an accelerated globalization process, Area
Studies – especially on the so called Third- World countries – have been displaced by
Global Studies. With a Global
South-oriented approach, areas formerly peripheral to global studies are placed at
the center of attention once more. Nevertheless, the concept of the Global South
shares some of the limitations
of the concept of the Third World. It evokes imaginations of a geographical North-
South divide, which does not correspond to the complex entanglements and uneven
developments in the real world. Areas incorporated under the label Global South
can also be found in the geographical North. Ethnic ghettos and barrios in US
American cities are one example; the "Latinoization" of the US is another. And the
gated communities of the cosmopolitan elite in Roi de Janeiro, Mexico. City, or
Santiago de Chile have more in common with their counterparts in Miami, L A. or
Chicago than with the surrounding barrios, marginales and favelas.