USEFUL STRUCTURE:

1. S1 + V + the highest figure, and the figures for S2 and S3 + V +

lower, at + data1 and data2 respectively
➝ Oil consumption reached the highest figure, and the figures for coal
and natural gas were lower, at 40 and 30 billion units respectively.
2. S1 + V + the highest figure, followed by + S2 and S3
➝ Oil use recorded the highest consumption, followed by coal and
natural gas.
3. While + S1 + V + ..., S2 + V + ...
➝ While oil consumption increased significantly, the figures for solar
and nuclear remained relatively low.
4. S1 + V + data1, compared to / as opposed to / in comparison with +
data2 for S2
➝ Oil use stood at 50 billion units, compared to 20 billion units for
solar energy.
5. The figure for S1 + V + far exceeds that of + S2 and S3, with
respective figures being + data1 and data2
➝ The figure for oil consumption far exceeds that of coal and gas, with
respective figures being 55 and 30 billion units.
6. S1 + V + data1, which was + percentage + higher than that of + S2
➝ Oil use was 50 billion units, which was 60% higher than that of coal.

USEFUL VOCAB:

1. Động từ “account for / make up / constitute” - dùng khi nói tỷ lệ / phần trăm

● account for

Cars accounted for 35% of the total.

● make up

Cars made up 35% of commuters.

● constitute

Cars constituted the largest share.

● represent

Cars represented 35% of the figure.

Lưu ý: sau các động từ này nên đi với noun (the percentage / the proportion), không
dùng: “35% accounted for cars” (sai hướng)

2. Cách nói “chiếm phần lớn / nhỏ”

 ● the largest share / the biggest proportion

● a significant proportion

● a considerable amount/percentage

● a minority / a small fraction

● only a tiny proportion

● an insignificant proportion (≈ 4% or lower)

A significant proportion of people travelled by car, while only a tiny fraction used
trains.

3. Động từ mô tả “so sánh tĩnh” (không có thời gian)

● be higher/lower than

● exceed / far exceed

The figure for cars exceeded that for buses.

● be followed by

Cars recorded the highest figure, followed by buses.

● rank first / second / last

Cars ranked first, while trains ranked last.

● be similar to / be comparable to

The percentage for buses was similar to that of trains.

1. Describing highest figure:

35% of people in Vietnam used automobiles to go to work, which was the highest.
● 50 boys in this town played football, which was the highest overall.
● 500,000 was the amount Italian people spent on cars, which was the highest.

2. Compare 2 figures

The percentage of people who used cars for travelling to work was 35%, which was
markedly higher than that of buses, at 18%.
● The number of football players was 50, which was relatively higher than that of
hockey, at 40.
● The percentage of people using cars (40%) was marginally higher than that of trains
(38%).

3. Describe the smallest

… was the least (adjective), at…

In contrast, the lowest percentage / number of… was …, at…
● In contrast, trains were the least popular means of transport, at only 4%.
● In contrast, the lowest percentage of transport used for work was trains, at only 4.
● The least popular means of transport used for work was trains, at only 4%.

4. Using fraction

● … in ten (only used for people and objects)

- 10% one in ten
- 70% 7 in ten
● Using fraction
- 20% one fifth/ a fifth
- 25% a quarter/ one quarter
- 40% two-fifths
- 50% half
- 60% three-fifths
- 75% three quarters
Example:
- Four fifths of the students chose mathematics as their major.
- One in ten people had fast food at least once a month.
- Half of the South African men were employed.

5. Less than/ more than/ double

- 4% - an insignificant proportion of
- 15% - less than a fifth
- Around 22% - just over a fifth
- Nearly 18% - just less than a fifth
- 24% - slightly under a quarter
- 30% - less than one-third
- 35% - over one-third
Example:
- Just over a fifth of passengers went to work by bus in 2011.
- More than two-thirds of visitors to Australia were from China in 2018.
- An insignificant proportion of (4%) gold was purchased by English investors in July
- At 150 students, the figure for male economics students was two times as many as
that of/double that of their female counterparts.

Sample Writing 1:

● The bar chart compares how many male and female students studied 6 different
 computer science subjects at a US university in the year 2011.
● Overall, while male students often applied for technical subjects like
programming, engineering or mathematics, their female counterparts tended to
join in linguistic ones. It is also clear that dramatic differences are not seen in
the figure for students of both sexes choosing natural sciences and psychology
● The figures for male and female students studying Natural Sciences were
equally the highest, standing at around 200 students each. In contrast, the
number of men enrolling in Mathematics was far higher than that of women, with
respective figures being 200 and 40 students. As for Psychology, 200 male
students chose this subject while only 175 of their female counterparts did so.
● Conversely, the number of female students studying Linguistics was
approximately twice as high as that of their male counterparts, with 125 and 60
people each. The number of women in Engineering was around 80, while that of
men was higher, at approximately 150. Dramatic differences were also seen in
the figures for Programming, which recorded 150 male students and only 75
female students.

Sample Writing 2:

● The chart illustrates how much money 5 organizations spent on 4 different

spending areas in 2010.
 ● Overall, organization B invested by far the most resources in all categories, with
the key spending area being renting offices. This was also the case for
organization D and E. In addition, while organization A invested the most in staff
training programs, this area received the least money in organization C.
● Regarding/ As for organization B, its spending on building was 1.7 million Euros
in 2010, compared to around 0.5 billion in the remaining four organizations.
Similarly, 1.6 billion Euros was invested in research in organization B, doubling
that of organization A. The figures for organization C,D and E were lower, at
about 0.7; 0,3 and 0,35 respectively.
● Staff training cost the most in organization A, at 1 billion Euros, which was still
0.5 billion smaller than that of organization B. The figures for the remaining 3
organizations were around 0.4 billion. Organization B spent 1,3 billion on
machinery, followed by organization A (0,8 million) and organization B (0,7
million), while both organization D and E used only 1,4 billion for this area.
●

Sample Writing 3:
● The chart compares 5 countries in Europe in terms of the percentage of people’s
monthly income allocation for food and beverage, accommodation, clothing and
recreation.
● Overall, people in all 5 countries allocate the largest portion of their income for
food and drinks and housing. It is also clear that clothing is the smallest spending
area in all of the countries examined, except for Turkey.
● In terms of food and drink, there was a significant difference between 5 countries.
The percentage of money spent on food and beverage in Turkey was the
highest, at 36%, followed by Spain with 31%. The figures for France, Germany
and the UK saw similarity, with respective figures being 25%, 22% and 27%. In
addition, about 37% of money was paid for accommodation in the UK, compared
to about 18% in Spain and 20% in Turkey. The figure for Germany was 33%,
followed by France with 31%.
● With regards to clothing, the share of money spent on clothes in Germany was
about 15%, which was 8% higher than that in France. The figure for Turkey and
the UK exceeded that of Spain, about 12%, 11% and 8% respectively.
Additionally, while the percentage of money paid for recreation in Germany was
19%, the figures for France and Spain were lower, with respective figures being
13% and 15%. About 11% of money was spent on recreational activities in the
UK, in comparison with about 10% in Turkey.
●
PRACTICE: Dựa vào pie chart, viết lại
mỗi câu theo mẫu

Từ vựng:
● Migration = relocation = movement
● Immigration = entering a country
● Emigration = leaving a country
● Employment = jobs = work opportunities
● Look for = find = seek for
● Formal study = academic study

Ex1. Mô tả số liệu cao nhất (the highest figure / the largest proportion)

Structure gợi ý

S + V + the highest figure, …

a. (Immigration) — lý do nào chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất?

→ The proportion of people immigrating for a definite job was the highest, at
30%.

b. (Emigration) — lý do nào chiếm cao nhất?

→
c. Viết 1 câu so sánh: “highest immigration reason” vs “highest emigration
reason”.
→

Ex2. So sánh hai số liệu (higher than / compared to / whereas)

Viết câu hoàn chỉnh:

a. Study (26%) vs accompany/join their family (15%) — immigration

→
b. Looking for work (22%) vs formal study (4%) — emigration

→
c. Definite job: immigration (30%) vs emigration (29%)

Gợi ý cấu trúc

S1 + V + data1, compared to …
… was higher than …, at …

Ex3. Dùng phân số (one fifth, a quarter…)

Viết lại bằng fraction:

a. Immigration: definite job — 30% (one third)

→
b. Immigration: accompany/join — 15%

→
c. Emigration: looking for work — 22%

Ex4. Less than / more than / double

Viết lại câu:

a. Immigration: no reason (6%) vs other (11%)

→ At 11%, the figure for the “other” category was almost double that of
those who gave no reason, at 6%.
b. Emigration: study (4%) vs no reason (18%)
→
c. Immigration: definite job (30%) vs other (11%)

Gợi ý dùng:

● less than / more than

● nearly / just under / just over

● double / two times as many as

Ex5. Lựa chọn 2 đáp án phù hợp để đưa vào phần Overview

A. The predominant reason in the UK for both migration and emigration was related to
employment.
B. The proportions for all categories were fairly similar, with no clear differences
between immigration and emigration.
C. Formal study was the main reason for people leaving the UK, while looking for work
was the least common factor overall.
D. While the majority of people came to the UK for academic study, the opposite was
seen in the figure for those who left