OPEN SPACES LAND USE PLAN FOR KIANDUTU-THIKA

(2025-2030)

B65/4914/2021
Samuel Muuo

A PLANNING DEVELOPMENT PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE IN
BACHELOR OF ARTS IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING.

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

MAY 2025
 Declaration.
I declare that this Planning Development project report is my original work and has not been
previously submitted in any other university for examination. All sources used in this work have
been appropriately cited and acknowledged.

Signed …………………………….. Date ………………………………….

KATUKI SAMUEL MUUO.

B65/4914/2021

This planning development project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the
university supervisor.

Signed ………………………….. Date ………………………………………

DR.M. NGAYU
(SUPERVISOR)

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 Dedication.
This research is dedicated to my beloved family whose unwavering support and encouragement
have been the bedrock of my academic journey.
D.r Jacinta Mwende for her kind advice, encouragement and unwavering support throughout my
studies.

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 Acknowledgements.
Firstly, I acknowledge the grace of God for His protection and for enabling the successful
completion of this project.
I extend my sincere gratitude to the University of Nairobi for providing the platform to conduct
this planning development project.
I am deeply thankful to my supervisor D.r M. Ngayu whose invaluable insights, guidance have
been instrumental in shaping this report; coordinators (D.r [Link] & Ignatius) for their crucial
guidance throughout the plan conceptualization process.

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 Abstract.
The Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu presents a well structured and organization of land
use activities to cater for the provision, rehabilitation, and optimization of recreational open spaces
within Kiandutu, a rapidly urbanizing informal settlement located on the southeastern fringe of
Thika Town, Kenya. Confronted with acute deficiencies in accessible, safe, and functional
recreational open spaces, the plan responds to the land use disorder fueled by unregulated land
development and escalating population pressures. Grounded in a preceding research inquiry that
revealed the marginalization of recreational land uses—often misused for informal commerce and
waste disposal—the plan proposes a structured intervention to reposition open spaces as critical
urban infrastructure essential for social well-being, environmental sustainability, and inclusive
urban growth.

Anchored in participatory planning, the planning process employs an integrative methodological

framework combining spatial analysis through GIS, socio-economic profiling, stakeholder
consultations, Legal and policy framework review. The planning process approach was informed
by both global best practices and local lived experiences. Using the Goal Achievement Matrix
(GAM), three conceptual development plan alternatives were evaluated against key criteria such
as accessibility, inclusivity, environmental resilience, and socio-cultural relevance, culminating in
a preferred plan that aligns with community aspirations and sustainable planning imperatives.
Proposed planning interventions include the reclamation and greening of degraded open spaces
the creation of multifunctional recreational spaces, and the institutionalization of community-led
governance structures for long-term maintenance.

The resultant Land Use Plan is envisioned as a replicable model for transformative land use
planning in marginalized urban contexts. It articulates a vision of Kiandutu as a livable and
equitable neighborhood, wherein well-distributed, ecologically sensitive, and socially inclusive
open spaces promote healthy living. Through integration of participatory governance, regulatory
compliance, and spatial equity, the plan illustrates the vital role of public open space planning in
shaping resilient urban neighborhoods and reclaims recreational infrastructure as a right rather
than a privilege in the urban development.

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 Table of Contents
Declaration. .................................................................................................................................................... i
Dedication. .................................................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgements. ..................................................................................................................................... iii
Abstract. ....................................................................................................................................................... iv
List of Maps ............................................................................................................................................... viii
List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... x
List of acronyms and abreviations. ............................................................................................................... x
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION. ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1: Background to the Planning Research Project. ............................................................................. 1
1.2: Background to the Planning Development Project. ...................................................................... 2
1.2.1: Problem Statement. ............................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2: Justification. .......................................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3: Location and Area coverage of Kiandutu. ............................................................................ 5
1.2.4: Goals and Objectives of the Development Plan. ................................................................... 8
1.2.5: Limitations and Assumptions................................................................................................ 8
1.2.6: Scope of the Planning Development Project. ........................................................................ 9
1.3: Data Sourcing Approach and Methodology. ............................................................................... 10
1.3.1: Elements of Analysis. ......................................................................................................... 10
1.3.2: Data sources. ....................................................................................................................... 11
1.3.3: Methods of Data Collection. ............................................................................................... 12
1.3.4: Methods of Data Analysis. .................................................................................................. 13
1.3.5: Methods of data Presentations. ........................................................................................... 14
1.3.6: Limitations of the methodological approach....................................................................... 14
1.4: Project Development Approaches. .............................................................................................. 15
1.4.1: Site assessment approach. ................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2: Methods of evaluation of development options. ................................................................. 16
1.4.3: Approaches to planning, Design and Space organisation. .................................................. 16
1.5: Structure and Organization of the Planning Development Project Report ................................. 17
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF LITERATURE; PLANNING AND PLANNING CONTROL
FRAMEWORK........................................................................................................................................... 19

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 2.1: Review of Literature on Planning and Development Control Framework. ................................ 19
2.1.1: Planning and Development control. .................................................................................... 19
2.2: Development Planning Conceptualization. ................................................................................. 20
2.2.1: Informal settlements and Urban Planning. .......................................................................... 22
2.2.2: Neighborhood Planning Concept. ....................................................................................... 23
2.2.3: Recreational Open Spaces planning. ................................................................................... 23
2.2.4: Sustainable Development Principles. .................................................................................. 24
2.2.5: Connectivity and Accessibility. .......................................................................................... 27
2.3: Legal and Policy Review. ........................................................................................................... 30
2.3.1: The Kenya Constitution 2010. ............................................................................................ 30
2.3.2: Physical and Land use Planning Act (2019) ....................................................................... 30
2.3.3: Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011) ..................................................................................... 31
2.3.4: The county government’s Act ; (2012) ............................................................................... 32
2.3.5: Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999. .................................. 33
2.3.6: Building Code 1968. ........................................................................................................... 34
2.3.7: UN Sustainable Development Goals 2015. ......................................................................... 34
2.3.8: Thika Municipality Spatial Plan (Integrated Urban Development Plan) (2018)................. 35
2.3.9: Physical planning Handbook (2002) ................................................................................... 35
2.3.10: Kenya Vision 2030.............................................................................................................. 35
2.3.11: National Spatial Plan (2015-2045) ...................................................................................... 36
2.3.12: Africa Agenda 2063. ........................................................................................................... 36
2.3.13: National Land policy of 2009 ............................................................................................. 36
2.4: Urban Design and Site Planning Guidelines and Standards. ...................................................... 37
2.5: Benchmarking and case studies. ................................................................................................. 39
2.5.1: Park in Alajuelita, San Jose, Costa Rica (2014).................................................................. 39
2.5.2: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (London). .......................................................................... 41
2.5.3: Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Upgrading Project ................................................................... 44
2.6: Design Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER THREE: SUTUATION ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT SITE. ........................................ 49
3.1: Context of the Project site. .......................................................................................................... 49
3.1.1: Background of the Project Area .......................................................................................... 49
3.1.2: Contextual Site Location..................................................................................................... 51
3.2: Site Suitability Analysis .............................................................................................................. 53
3.2.1: Population and Demographic Projections ........................................................................... 53
3.2.2: Population projections......................................................................................................... 54

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 3.2.3: Natural Systems Assessment .............................................................................................. 54
3.2.4: Existing Physical Developments on Site............................................................................. 61
3.2.5: Abutting Land Uses ............................................................................................................ 62
3.2.6: Site Views and Nodes. ....................................................................................................... 63
3.2.7: Transport and Circulation Analysis .................................................................................... 64
3.2.8: Utility and Services Analysis .............................................................................................. 65
3.2.9: Environmental Issues .......................................................................................................... 66
3.2.10: Legal, Institutional and Financial issues. ............................................................................ 67
3.3: Synthesis ..................................................................................................................................... 68
3.3.1: SWOT Analysis of Site Conditions and Evaluation of Site Suitability. ............................. 68
3.3.2: Site Problem Area Map. ...................................................................................................... 69
3.3.3: Site Opportunity Map.......................................................................................................... 72
3.3.4: Site Suitability Analysis. ..................................................................................................... 74
CHAPTER 4: PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN. ........................................................................ 76
4.1: Specifications for Planning and Design. ..................................................................................... 76
4.1.1: Guiding Planning and Design Principles. ........................................................................... 77
4.1.2: Development Strategies and Regulations............................................................................ 78
4.1.3: Functional Organization of Site Land Uses. ....................................................................... 80
4.1.4: Site accommodation schedule. ............................................................................................ 81
4.1.5: Land Use Budget................................................................................................................. 81
4.2: Conceptual Spatial Planning. ...................................................................................................... 82
4.2.1: Land Use Structuring Elements. ......................................................................................... 83
4.2.2: Conceptualization of Land uses. ......................................................................................... 84
4.2.3: Alternative Site Development Models. . ............................................................................. 88
4.2.4: Evaluation of alternatives.................................................................................................... 93
4.3: Kiandutu physical and Land Use Development Plan. ................................................................. 96
4.4: Action Area Plans ....................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1: Transportation and Circulation Plan. .................................................................................. 98
4.4.2: Utilities and Services plans. .............................................................................................. 100
4.4.3: Action Area Plan (Kiandutu Multi-purpose Play field) .................................................... 102
4.4.4: Building Prototypes........................................................................................................... 104
4.5: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. ........................................................................ 105
4.5.1: Benefits of the Plan. .......................................................................................................... 105
4.5.2: Environmental Impact Prediction. .................................................................................... 106
4.5.3: Social Impact Prediction. .................................................................................................. 106

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 4.5.4: Impact Mitigation.............................................................................................................. 107
4.5.5: Environmental and Social Management Plan. .................................................................. 109
4.6: Development Control Guidelines.............................................................................................. 110
CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION. ..................................... 112
5.1: Project Log-Frame / Strategy Matrix. ....................................................................................... 112
5.2: Implementation Schedule.......................................................................................................... 113
5.3: Project Phasing Framework. ..................................................................................................... 114
5.4: Project Costing and Resource Requirements. ........................................................................... 114
5.5: Framework for Implementing Agencies. .................................................................................. 115
5.5.1: Role of Actors and Implementation agencies. .................................................................. 116
5.5.2: Governance Framework. ................................................................................................... 116
5.6: Monitoring and Evaluation. ...................................................................................................... 118
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION. ...................................................... 120
6.1: Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 120
6.1.1: Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 120
7: References. ........................................................................................................................................ 122

List of Maps
Map 1: Location context Map for Kiandutu. .................................................................................. 6
Map 2; Kiandutu Settlement Base Map .......................................................................................... 7
Map 3 ;Kiandutu Location Context Map ..................................................................................... 50
Map 4: Kiandutu Villages Map..................................................................................................... 52
Map 5; Vegetation in Kiandutu..................................................................................................... 55
Map 6; Slope analysis map ........................................................................................................... 56
Map 7; Digital elevation model .................................................................................................... 57
Map 8; Sun and Wind path ........................................................................................................... 58
Map 9; Kiandutu Land use map ................................................................................................... 61
Map 10; Abutting Land Uses Map ................................................................................................ 62
Map 11; Site views and Nodes. ..................................................................................................... 63
Map 12; Transport and Circulation ............................................................................................. 64
Map 13; Utility and Services analysis .......................................................................................... 65
Map 14; Environmental issues ...................................................................................................... 66
Map 15; Site Problem Analysis Map ............................................................................................ 71
Map 16; Site Opportunity Analysis Map ...................................................................................... 73
Map 17; Site Suitability analysis .................................................................................................. 75

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Map 18; Proposed road network .................................................................................................. 85
Map 19; Central Recreational space model (Alternative 1) ......................................................... 88
Map 20; Green spine and pockets model (Alternative 2) ............................................................. 90
Map 21; Linear Recreational space model (Alternative 3) ........................................................... 92
Map 22: Proposed Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu. ................................................... 97
Map 23: Proposed Transportation and Circulation Plan for Kiandutu ....................................... 99
Map 24: Proposed Services & Utility Plan for Kiandutu ........................................................... 101
Map 25: Action Area Plan .......................................................................................................... 103

List of Tables
Table 1: Data need matrix ............................................................................................................. 11
Table 2; Slum Rehabilitation guidelines. ...................................................................................... 37
Table 3; Residential areas access roads ....................................................................................... 37
Table 4; Road Dimensions ............................................................................................................ 38
Table 5; Play fields Measurements ............................................................................................... 39
Table 6; Summary for the Case Studies ........................................................................................ 46
Table 7: Population structure of Kiandutu ................................................................................... 53
Table 8; Population per Village ................................................................................................... 53
Table 9; Population projections for Kiandutu .............................................................................. 54
Table 10; SWOT Analysis ............................................................................................................. 68
Table 11; Sports field design standards ........................................................................................ 80
Table 12; Land use Budget ........................................................................................................... 82
Table 13: Goal Achievement Matrix ............................................................................................. 95
Table 14;Impact Mitigation ........................................................................................................ 107
Table 15: Environmental and Social Management Plan. ........................................................... 109
Table 16: Project Log Framework ............................................................................................. 112
Table 17: Implementation Schedule............................................................................................ 113
Table 18: Project Phasing Framework....................................................................................... 114
Table 19: Project Costing and Resource Requirements ............................................................. 114
Table 20: Framework for Implementing Agencies. .................................................................... 115
Table 21: Roles of Implementing Agencies. ................................................................................ 116
Table 22; Monitoring and Evaluation. ........................................................................................ 119

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 List of Figures
Figure 1: San Diego multi-purpose recreational park ................................................................. 26
Figure 2: Community Waste Management Strategy ..................................................................... 27
Figure 3Well designed pedestrian walkway/ cycling lane. ........................................................... 28
Figure 4: Alajuelita Park .............................................................................................................. 40
Figure 5:Queen Elizabeth Olympic park Master Plan ................................................................. 41
Figure 6; Accessibility and infrasructure within the park ............................................................. 42
Figure 7: Building Prototypes ..................................................................................................... 104

List of acronyms and abreviations.

KURA: Kenya Urban Roads Authority
EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment.
CGK: County Government of Kiambu.
TMB: Thika Municipality Board.
GIS: Geographic Information Systems.
SWM: Solid Waste Management.
GAM: Goal Achievement Matrix.
NMT: Non-motorised Transport.

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 1: CHAPTER ONE:
- INTRODUCTION.
1.1: Background to the Planning Research Project.
The research project titled “Assessing Adequacy of Recreational Open spaces in Kiandutu
Informal settlement” aimed to evaluate the availability, accessibility and quality of recreational
open spaces within Kiandutu settlement. The study sought to assess the provision of recreational
spaces focusing on the adequacy of existing spaces and the barriers residents encounter when
attempting to use them.

Recreational open spaces are an essential part of achieving sustainability by the fact that they
promote environmental conservation and enhance the well-being of the residents thus improving
their quality of life. These spaces make urban centers/settlements attractive and viable places for
people to live work and play (Campell 2001.). However, UN-Habitat (2018) pointed out that cities
and towns all over the world are growing and transforming through processes of densification and
sprawl. A trend that has significantly affected availability of recreational open spaces in urban
neighborhoods.

The conclusion of the study reported a significant shortage of recreational open spaces in Kiandutu
settlement due to poor planning and rapid informal settlement growth. This was derived from the
research key findings. The existing recreational spaces are repurposed for commercial activities
and waste disposal leading to shortages for functional areas for recreation and social interaction.
Moreover, the available spaces are in poor condition, with inadequate infrastructure such as sitting
benches and street lighting. The spaces are unsafe for use due to the accumulated waste. A notable
finding was the emergence of informal recreational spaces, where residents repurposed vacant lots
for recreational and social activities. Consequently, this adaptation contributed to congestion and
safety risks particularly along transport routes.

Based on the findings the main planning interventions proposals to improve quality and
accessibility of recreational open spaces included; Proposal for acquisition of plot No 117,-
2.753hectare piece of land that could serve as a centralized recreational space for kiandutu
residents. Provision for effective waste management system to prevent open recreational spaces

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from being used as dumpsites and rehabilitation of existing recreational open spaces through waste
removal, landscaping and infrastructure improvement.

To enhance recreational space functionality, the study proposals included the diversification of
facilities to cater to different age groups and interests. This included developing sports courts,
playgrounds, and green spaces that promote physical activity and social cohesion. Infrastructure
improvement such as installing streetlights, seating areas and closed drainage systems were
marked crucial for making recreational spaces safer and more accessible.

1.2: Background to the Planning Development Project.

Open space planning is critical for fostering livable, healthy, and sustainable urban environments
especially in informal settlements and urban areas. Open spaces enhance environmental quality,
support social interaction, and improve public health (WHO 2012). Guided by urban planning
principles of accessibility, safety, inclusivity, and sustainability, the Open Spaces Land Use Plan
for Kiandutu (2025–2030) is positioned as a strategic response to the urban development
challenges faced by the Kiandutu Settlement.

Kiandutu Settlement, on the outskirts of Thika town, suffers from rapid, unplanned development
leading to environmental degradation and a significant inadequacy of recreational spaces. The
existing conditions restrict opportunities for physical activity, weaken social cohesion, and
adversely impact community well-being. The Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu seeks to
transform underutilized spaces into functional parks, playgrounds, and green corridors to meet the
recreational and environmental needs of the settlement.

The plan extensively applied participatory planning, actively engaging residents while considering
stakeholder perspectives. Community priorities were systematically integrated into the planning
process to ensure inclusivity and responsiveness to local needs. This aligns with, The Urban Areas
and Cities Act (2011), particularly Section 11 that mandates participatory planning to ensure that
urban development reflects the needs of residents and stakeholders.

Key planning principles were carefully considered during the conceptualization of the plan.
Accessibility was prioritized to ensure that all groups could easily access the spaces. Safety was
enhanced through design elements such as adequate lighting for better vision at night. Inclusivity

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was addressed by accommodating the needs of diverse age groups, while sustainability was
achieved through ecological restoration and the integration of green infrastructure.

1.2.1: Problem Statement.

According to the UN-Habitat Sustainable Development Goals (2015), a livable neighborhood is
one that integrates decent dwelling units with functional and accessible recreational spaces, as well
as essential infrastructure, including effective waste management systems and safe transport
networks. Such neighborhoods promote inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable communities,
fostering public health, encouraging social cohesion, and enabling cultural expression.
Recreational spaces, proper waste management, and reliable infrastructure form critical
components in enhancing the quality of life, supporting environmental sustainability, and ensuring
the long-term resilience of urban settlements.

In contrast, Kiandutu Settlement demonstrates a significant departure from these standards. The
settlement faces a severe scarcity of functional recreational spaces, with only 0.35 hectares of land
dedicated for recreation and social needs of its residents. Continuous population growth has
intensified pressure on available spaces, leading to the repurposing of existing recreational spaces
for commercial use or their degradation into informal dumping sites. Existing recreational spaces
are often in poor condition, lacking essential infrastructure such as benches, lighting, and security
measures. Additionally, open drainage systems, unmanaged waste, and general neglect contribute
to an unsafe environment, further discouraging community interaction within the designated
spaces.

Despite these challenges, informal recreational spaces have emerged as residents repurpose vacant
lots and road reserves for social and recreation activities. While this demonstrates the community's
resilience and need for recreational areas, the adaptation of vacant land for such purposes has
contributed to congestion and increased safety risks, particularly along transport routes not
intended for recreational use. These findings underscore the need for formulation of an appropriate
land use plan that proposes feasible planning interventions to address shortage of recreational
spaces, improve infrastructure, and ensure the safety of residents while promoting social
interaction and community development in Kiandutu Settlement.

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 1.2.2: Justification.
The Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu contemplates viable planning solutions to address
the critical shortage of formal recreational spaces. The plan prioritizes the improvement and
optimization of existing spaces to provide accessible and functional environments for recreation
and social interaction. The rapid growth of the settlement, combined with poor planning, has
resulted in the loss of safe, designated areas for recreation. The plan aims to enhance these
recreational spaces by transforming them into well-structured parks, sports facilities, and
community gathering areas that support a range of activities, from informal social events to
organized sports and cultural expressions. Inclusive features such as accessible pathways, seating
areas, secure play zones, and proper lighting forms part of the plan conceptualization ideologies
for the formulation of improved recreational open spaces ensuring that residents have safe,
engaging environments for physical activity, relaxation, and social cohesion.

The proposed plan aligns with global, regional, and local development agendas, including the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the African Agenda 2063, and Kenya
Vision 2030, all of which emphasize the need for dignified human settlements within clean and
sustainable environments. Consequently, the plan integrates key planning principles to ensure the
provision of essential services and amenities for various types of human settlements at different
scales, enhancing their functionality.

Informal settlements, historically excluded from structured planning, have experienced

unregulated growth, making effective governance challenging. This plan seeks to incorporate
existing development standards to improve living conditions in Kiandutu. The settlement has
suffered from inadequate facilities and unregulated growth, leading to overcrowded informal
recreational areas that contribute to congestion and safety concerns. To address these challenges,
the plan integrates waste management systems to prevent illegal dumping, improves lighting and
signage, and enhances accessibility, fostering safer and more functional habitable environment.

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 1.2.3: Location and Area coverage of Kiandutu.
Kiandutu Settlement is nestled approximately 40 kilometers northwest of Nairobi, on the
southeastern outskirts of Thika Town, within Thika Township Sub-County in Kiambu County.
Covering an estimated area of 54.97 hectares, the settlement lies approximately 1.5 kilometers
from Thika’s Central Business District and has a total population of 23,383, according to the Kenya
National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS, 2019). It borders an industrial area to the east and Garissa
Road, to the north. Athena road serves as the primary access road to the settlement. Kiandutu
comprises ten distinct villages; Biashara, Centre Base, Kianjau, Mikinduri, Molo A, Molo B,
Mosque, Mtatu B, and Stage Wariah, each contributing to the vibrant social and spatial fabric of
this growing informal community.

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Map 1: Location context Map for Kiandutu.

Source Author 2025

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Map 2; Kiandutu Settlement Base Map

Source; Author 2025

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 1.2.4: Goals and Objectives of the Development Plan.
a) To review literature, principles, policies, legislations, development control guidelines and
standards on sustainable spatial planning for the Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu

b) To carry out a situational analysis of the planning of Open spaces within Kiandutu.

c) To formulate alternative plans, strategies and policy options for Open Spaces in Kiandutu.

d) To evaluate the alternative plans and formulate a preferred Open Spaces Land Use plan for
Kiandutu.

e) To formulate implementation, monitoring and evaluation frameworks for the Open Spaces Land
Use Plan for Kiandutu.

1.2.5: Limitations and Assumptions.

The formulation of the Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu is subject to several limitations
and underlying assumptions that may influence its scope and implementation. Primarily, the plan
focuses extensively on the identification, analysis, and planning for development of recreational
spaces; it however includes evaluation of all existing land uses within the settlement. While this
focus aligns with the central objective of enhancing public open spaces, it may limit the plan’s
ability to address broader detailed land use dynamics within Kiandutu.

A significant limitation is the availability of land, as rapid informal settlement growth, coupled
with competing demands for residential, commercial, and infrastructural uses may restrict the
allocation of adequate spaces for recreational development. Consequently, the formulation of the
plan has been constrained by the limited availability of accurate, up-to-date spatial and socio-
economic data, which could affect the precision of spatial planning decisions. Financial and
institutional constraints further pose potential challenges to the timely implementation, ongoing
management, and long-term maintenance of the proposed recreational facilities.

The plan operates on key assumptions, including the expectation that community members, local
authorities, and other stakeholders will actively support and participate in both the planning and
implementation processes. Despite these limitations, the plan provides a critical framework for

8
prioritizing recreational open spaces as a catalyst for broader environmental, social, and economic
development within Kiandutu Settlement.

1.2.6: Scope of the Planning Development Project.

The proposed land use Plan seeks to create a livable, inclusive, and environmentally resilient
neighborhood through the strategic transformation of open and underutilized land into functional,
accessible, and community-centered recreational spaces within Kiandutu. The plan strives to
promote a healthier, greener, and more vibrant urban environment, where open spaces are not only
ecologically restorative but also socially empowering.

The six-month study focused on Kiandutu, a densely populated informal settlement within Thika
municipality. A comprehensive spatial and socio-economic analysis was conducted to inform the
conceptualization of an appropriate Land Use Plan that directly addresses the unique needs and
aspirations of the community. The plan is designed to promote sustainable neighborhood
regeneration and enhance livability.

It incorporates a review of relevant literature, policies, and guidelines essential for its formulation.
Utilizing both field data and best-practice references in urban recreational planning, the plan
establishes detailed guidelines for developing multifunctional recreational amenities, including
playgrounds, sports fields, community gathering spaces, and green corridors with permeable
surfaces.

Furthermore, the plan integrates key concepts of sustainable development, neighborhood planning,
and urban regeneration. It explores innovative strategies to revitalize degraded recreational spaces
into thriving, multifunctional community assets. Three distinct plan alternatives were developed,
with the preferred option selected using a goal achievement matrix. To ensure long-term
sustainability, the plan outlines a framework for management and maintenance through
community-led governance structures, fostering environmental stewardship, promoting active
lifestyles, and supporting a culture of sustainable urban living within Kiandutu.

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 1.3: Data Sourcing Approach and Methodology.
1.3.1: Elements of Analysis.
The plan is grounded in the integration of research findings into the analysis of land use patterns,
population density, infrastructure availability, and environmental considerations, forming a critical
understanding of Kiandutu’s development needs. This approach ensured that the plan accurately
reflected the community’s needs and aspirations while fostering transparency, inclusivity, and
local ownership. Furthermore, it aligns with the principles of participatory planning outlined in
Section 11 of the Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011), reinforcing the legitimacy and responsiveness
of the planning process..

The analysis incorporated opportunity and constraint mapping as a core method for recreational
open space planning. Spatial data, including topographical layout, land use patterns, and
infrastructure distribution, facilitated the identification of underutilized or vacant parcels with
favorable environmental conditions and accessibility within the settlement. Conversely, constraint
areas were mapped to highlight locations prone to environmental degradation, waste accumulation,
or safety concerns. This approach provided a structured visual and analytical framework to guide
the selection of suitable sites for proposed recreational facilities and infrastructure development,
such as roads.

A comprehensive analysis of all population groups within the settlement was conducted, with
particular focus on the needs of youth, women, and marginalized communities. The spatial
structure, characterized by informal development patterns, was analysed to understand the
interaction between social dynamics and the physical form of Kiandutu. This analysis informed
the type, scale, and distribution of recreational spaces, ensuring alignment with the community’s
daily experiences and needs.

Further assessments of accessibility, infrastructure, and utility services were included to determine
the feasibility of implementing and maintaining proposed interventions. Road hierarchy and
pedestrian movement patterns were evaluated to gauge the connectivity between the ten villages
and the proposed recreational open spaces. Additionally, the availability and condition of essential
services—including water supply, drainage, and waste management—were crucial in assessing
the area’s infrastructural readiness. Collectively, these elements provided a comprehensive and
context-sensitive foundation for developing a responsive and suitable land use plan

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 1.3.2: Data sources.
The formulation of the plan relied on both primary and secondary data sources to ensure a
comprehensive, contextually grounded, and evidence-based approach to planning. Data collection
encompassed spatial, socio-economic, environmental, and policy domains, each contributing
critical insights for sustainable land use planning within the settlement.

Primary data; Primary data was collected through site surveys and direct observations within
Kiandutu settlement, supplemented by previous research findings conducted in the same area.
These onsite assessments were crucial in capturing the existing condition of open spaces,
community recreational needs, land use patterns, site-specific environmental challenges, and
infrastructure availability. This comprehensive approach significantly enriched the qualitative
understanding of the social and institutional dynamics influencing open space development.

Secondary data; Secondary data was sourced from a diverse range of published and official
repositories. Spatial data, including land use maps, infrastructure layouts, and satellite imagery,
was obtained from remote sensing platforms, Google Earth, and existing GIS datasets. Socio-
demographic statistics were derived from national population census reports by the Kenya
National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), while regulatory and policy information was accessed from
official government documents, such as national and county land use plans, zoning guidelines,
building codes, and environmental regulations. Additionally, academic literature and reports on
urban planning, informal settlement upgrading, and public open space management were reviewed
to provide contextual grounding and ensure plant alignment with best practices and comparable
case studies.

Table 1 outlines the key data categories, specific data needs, and their corresponding sources:

Table 1: Data need matrix

Data Category Specific Data Requirements Data Source

Spatial Data Existing land use maps, recreational Remote sensing imagery (Google
open space locations, infrastructure Earth), GIS datasets, remote
mapping, topography. sensing repositories, and county
land use maps.
Socio-economic Population distribution and density, Kenya National Housing and
Data household income levels, Population Census (KNBS), field
recreational needs and preferences, surveys, community engagement,
age and gender structure, vulnerable local authorities.(chief)
groups.

11
 Environmental Data Vegetation cover, soil conditions, Field assessments, environmental
drainage patterns, pollution sources, reports, satellite imagery, and
climate-related risks (flooding). county environmental
departments.
Policy and National and county land use National and county government
Regulatory Data policies, zoning regulations, offices, official digital platforms,
recreational planning standards, physical planning departments.
environmental protection
regulations, building codes.
Institutional and Roles of local institutions, Interviews, stakeholder
Governance Data community-based organizations, consultations, Sub-county
and public agencies. planner, Muungano wa
Wanavijiji Committee reports,
and county planning records.
Source Author 2025

1.3.3: Methods of Data Collection.

To ensure the collection of reliable data for the outlined unit of analysis, a diverse data collection
strategy was employed, combining both empirical fieldwork and desk-based research. Ground
surveys played a crucial role in mapping spatial features of interest, including existing recreational
spaces, infrastructure, and environmental attributes. Using GPS-enabled devices, site boundaries,
key access points, and physical development constraints were accurately recorded, while on-site
observations provided valuable insights into vegetation cover, drainage patterns, and terrain
suitability.

Additionally, data and findings from the research report captured community perspectives and
socio-economic dynamics essential to the plan-making process. Stakeholder consultations further
enriched the study by offering institutional knowledge, clarifying policy implications, and
identifying historical planning gaps. Photographic documentation served as a visual archive,
supporting both spatial analysis and effective communication of existing challenges. These
findings contributed to a locally responsive plan that reflected actual user preferences and daily
experiences within Kiandutu.

Complementing primary data sources, secondary data was acquired from official policy
documents, county development frameworks and national statistical institutions. Regulatory
context of the proposed plan was established through review of relevant land use planning
frameworks, land use plans, zoning ordinances, and environmental guidelines, while satellite

12
imagery and aerial photographs facilitated detailed spatial analysis using GIS tools. The integration
of diverse datasets ensured a robust evidence base for informed, inclusive, and sustainable open
space planning in Kiandutu

1.3.4: Methods of Data Analysis.

The analytical process employed a comprehensive methodology, integrating spatial, quantitative,
and qualitative techniques to ensure the resulting plan was both evidence-based and context-
sensitive. GIS software played a crucial role in spatial analysis, facilitating the overlay of multiple
datasets, including existing land use, infrastructure, and environmental attributes. These spatial
outputs identified gaps in accessibility, underutilized land, and environmental constraints, thereby
informing the spatial structure and location criteria for proposed recreational spaces and other
infrastructure.

Quantitative data on population dynamics were analyzed using Microsoft Excel to generate
statistical summaries and visual representations of demographic patterns and recreational needs.
These insights provided a clear understanding of the demand for open spaces across different user
groups, ensuring that the plan’s proposals were inclusive and equitable. Simultaneously,
qualitative data from stakeholder inputs were systematically coded and categorized into key
thematic areas, shaping the social, cultural, and governance dimensions of the plan. This
integration ensured that the plan and policy recommendations directly responded to the lived
experiences and aspirations of the Kiandutu community.

To establish a strategic framework for decision-making, a SWOT analysis was conducted to

synthesize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with recreational open
space planning and development in Kiandutu. The analysis provided a holistic perspective on
internal factors, such as community engagement and land availability for potential development
sites, while identifying external influences, including institutional support, policy gaps, and
environmental risks. Collectively, the data analysis outputs served as critical planning tools,
guiding the formulation of location-specific, feasible, and sustainable interventions within the land
use plan

13
 1.3.5: Methods of data Presentations.
The analyzed data was presented through various spatial and visual tools to effectively
communicate findings and support informed planning decisions. Thematic maps generated using
GIS software illustrated key aspects such as current land use, infrastructure distribution and
conditions, accessibility, and environmental constraints. These spatial visualizations provided a
clear understanding of the existing urban form and helped identify opportunity areas for
recreational spaces and essential infrastructure development.

Tabular presentations were used to organize socio-economic indicators, including population

distribution and recreational preferences, enabling localized comparisons across villages and
enhancing the precision of planning interventions. Field photographs were integrated to visually
document ground realities, offering essential context for spatial and environmental assessments.

To complement these outputs, quantitative data was presented through charts and infographics,
distilling complex statistics into accessible visuals. In the final stages, 3D visualizations and
interactive GIS models were developed to simulate proposed development scenarios, facilitating
intuitive interpretation of spatial changes and design intentions. Collectively, these data
presentation methods transformed technical analyses into comprehensible, actionable insights,
ensuring that the plan remained transparent, inclusive, and firmly grounded in both community
realities and spatial evidence.

1.3.6: Limitations of the methodological approach

A key limitation of this methodological approach lies in the potential for data gaps and inaccuracies
in both field surveys and remote sensing. Field surveys can be time-consuming and subject to
human error, and may not capture all relevant details due to access restrictions or weather
conditions. Additionally, the reliance on remote sensing data may be hindered by factors such as
cloud cover, low-resolution imagery, or changes in land use that are not immediately visible from
satellite or aerial images. Furthermore, secondary data from local authorities may be outdated or
incomplete, leading to potential discrepancies in the land use and zoning information. However
the Integration of various data sources was carefully considered to ensure data compatibility and
consistency, minimizing challenges in achieving accurate spatial analysis and planning outcomes.

14
 1.4: Project Development Approaches.
1.4.1: Site assessment approach.
The site assessment was a critical step in formulating an effective and contextually appropriate
development plan. The process began with spatial mapping and extensive situational analysis,
which served as a foundational tool for documenting existing land use patterns and spatial
dynamics. Detailed sketches and GIS-generated maps illustrated the distribution of recreational
spaces, residential and commercial zones, access routes, and natural features such as vegetation
cover. These visual representations were essential for identifying potential areas for recreational
space development while also highlighting constraints such as infrastructure limitations and
environmental challenges. The situational analysis process established a spatial baseline, guiding
planning decisions to ensure feasibility and alignment with local needs.

On site observation further enriched the assessment by providing insights that maps and secondary
data alone could not capture. Site visits evaluated the condition and usage of existing facilities
while observing community interactions with open spaces. Key factors such as overcrowding,
neglect, and accessibility barriers were noted, offering a deeper understanding of the challenges
faced by residents. Additionally, an assessment of surrounding infrastructure—including
pedestrian pathways, transportation routes, and traffic flow helped determine their impact on
access to recreational spaces, directly informing connectivity improvements for future
developments.

Precise measurements were conducted to document the physical attributes of the site. Using tools
such as GPS devices and measuring tape, the boundaries of open spaces, access routes, and their
proximity to key community areas were recorded. These data points were critical in determining
the scale and capacity of proposed recreational spaces, directly influencing layout and design
considerations. Collectively, spatial analysis, observational analysis, and precise measurement
provided a comprehensive understanding of the site, forming the foundation for a responsive land
use plan.

15
 1.4.2: Methods of evaluation of development options.
The Goal Achievement Matrix (GAM) method was effectively applied to evaluate various
development options for open space land use planning in Kiandutu. This approach facilitated the
alignment of project objectives with established planning principles, which guided the evaluation
of three proposed plan alternatives. The alternative demonstrating the highest potential to fulfill
planning ideals was selected for implementation.

The plan's objectives focused on enhancing accessibility to facilities, ensuring economic

feasibility, promoting social inclusivity, improving waste management efficiency, and maintaining
cultural relevance. The GAM systematically assessed the extent to which each alternative
contributed to the realization of these goals.

Following the evaluation, scores were assigned to each planning alternative based on their
effectiveness in addressing the identified objectives. These scores were then aggregated to create
a comparative matrix, providing a structured framework for selecting the most suitable plan for
Kiandutu.

1.4.3: Approaches to planning, Design and Space organisation.

The proposed plan was developed through a multifaceted approach integrating spatial realism,
participatory planning, and regulatory alignment. A detailed situational analysis was conducted to
assess the settlement’s physical and environmental attributes, including topography, soil
conditions, vegetation patterns, and drainage networks. These elements were crucial in
determining land suitability, identifying spatial constraints, and mapping opportunities for green
infrastructure. Simultaneously, a policy review examined national and county planning statutes,
zoning regulations, and open space standards to ensure alignment with Kenya’s formal planning
frameworks.

A key pillar of the conceptualization process was incorporation of community perspectives. This
not only identified unmet recreational needs but also fostered local ownership of the planning
vision, enhancing its relevance and viability.

16
Fundamental urban planning principles including equity, accessibility, sustainability, and
functionality guided the plan’s development. Equity was upheld through the provision of
accessible recreational spaces and essential amenities for all residents, while accessibility was
enhanced through integrated pedestrian and vehicular routes. Functional zoning facilitated a
balanced mix of uses, including playgrounds, sports fields, cultural hubs, and green spaces,
catering to diverse demographic groups. Sustainability principles were embedded through climate-
conscious planning, efficient waste management, and the use of locally sourced, eco-friendly
materials.

To strengthen the plan’s conceptual foundation, insights from three precedent case studies on
community-driven recreational spaces planning in similar informal contexts were incorporated.
These cases provided practical, low-cost solutions and underscored the transformative potential of
inclusive planning. Digital tools such as GIS and CAD were utilized to translate conceptual ideas
into spatial reality, enabling detailed site mapping and scenario modeling. Additionally, physical
models and annotated sketch drafts facilitated the visualization of spatial relationships, movement
flows, and the integration of natural elements. Collectively, these tools and strategies shaped a
responsive, regulatory-compliant, and community-driven land use plan for Kiandutu, ensuring
both functionality and long-term viability.

1.5: Structure and Organization of the Planning Development Project Report

This report is systematically organized into six comprehensive chapters, each addressing a critical
phase of the planning development process:

Chapter One presents the introductory framework of the planning development project. It begins
with the background of the study and outlines the research context, objectives, and significance.
The chapter further articulates the problem statement, justification, scope, and limitations of the
study. It also introduces the methodology and approaches employed in the project. The chapter
concludes with an overview of the report structure.

Chapter Two provides a comprehensive review of literature relevant to the project. It explores
key theoretical concepts, planning principles, legal and policy frameworks, and urban design

17
guidelines. The chapter also includes case studies and precedents, establishing the foundational
context upon which the planning strategies are built.

Chapter Three examines the project site in detail, offering a thorough background analysis. This
includes the site’s physical, demographic, and physiographic characteristics, as well as existing
land use patterns, infrastructural development, and administrative frameworks. The chapter
incorporates data on environmental constraints and planning regulations, culminating in a
synthesis of the site suitability analysis.

Chapter Four focuses on the design and planning phase of the project. It outlines the objectives
and specifications for the planning and design process, and introduces the conceptual spatial plan
for the project site. The chapter provides a detailed explanation of the proposed land use
configuration and design strategies for the preferred land use plan.

Chapter Five is dedicated to the implementation strategy. It addresses the operationalization of

the proposed land use plan, including implementation mechanisms, monitoring procedures, and
evaluation frameworks to ensure the plan’s effectiveness and sustainability.

Chapter Six concludes the report by summarizing the overall findings and insights from the
planning development process. It presents the final recommendations derived from the study,
highlighting key takeaways and proposed actions for future development.

18
 2: CHAPTER TWO:
REVIEW OF LITERATURE; PLANNING AND PLANNING CONTROL
FRAMEWORK.
Overview.
This chapter reviews literature on planning and development control frameworks, with a particular
focus on evaluating planning projects related to recreational open spaces. It examines existing
scholarly works, policy documents, legal statutes, and case studies to assess how planning
mechanisms influence the allocation, accessibility, and sustainability of these spaces. The review
encompasses international, national, and local policies governing recreational areas and land use
planning, highlighting key legal frameworks that regulate their development and protection.
Additionally, case studies provide insights into best practices and challenges associated with
implementing effective planning controls

2.1: Review of Literature on Planning and Development Control Framework.

2.1.1: Planning and Development control.
The Physical and Land Use Planning Act (2019), under Section 2, defines planning as the active
process of organizing physical infrastructure to ensure the orderly and effective siting of land uses.
This process involves the deliberate formulation of spatial plans aimed at optimizing land
utilization in a sustainable manner while promoting social efficiency, public health, and the well-
being of urban and rural communities. Additionally, planning must consider the long-term, optimal
use of land and the conservation of scarce land resources, including the preservation of land with
essential functions.

Similarly, development control is defined as the process of managing or regulating land-use

activities, including construction or any material changes in land use or structures. It ensures that
all land-related operations conform to spatial development plans, policy guidelines, regulations,
and standards issued by planning authorities. The purpose of development control is to facilitate
the orderly and purposeful utilization of land in a manner that serves the general welfare of the
public

19
 2.2: Development Planning Conceptualization.
Planning concepts and theory play a critical role in development projects by providing a structured
framework for decision-making, resource allocation, and stakeholder engagement. These
theoretical foundations enable planners to systematically address complex spatial, social, and
economic challenges, ensuring that projects are technically sound, socially equitable, and
environmentally sustainable. Healey (2007) highlights the importance of theoretical underpinnings
in planning, emphasizing their role in integrating diverse perspectives—from local communities
to government agencies—thereby fostering a more inclusive planning process.

The incorporation of planning theory into development processes equips planners to anticipate
potential conflicts, manage uncertainties, and adapt to evolving urban contexts. A strong
theoretical foundation enables the evaluation of past projects, the extraction of lessons from
historical successes and failures, and the implementation of best practices to achieve resilient and
dynamic outcomes. As Innes & Booher (2004) argue, planning theory serves as an essential tool
in mediating competing interests while ensuring that long-term development goals are realized.

Additionally, planning theory supports the development of adaptive strategies that respond to rapid
demographic, economic, and environmental changes. It encourages a forward-thinking approach
centered on sustainability, innovation, and flexibility. Fainstein (2010) acknowledges that
continuous refinement of theoretical models based on empirical evidence allows planners to craft
efficient, effective, and future-proof development plans.

One of the most influential planning theories is the Rational Comprehensive Model (RCM), rooted
in Max Weber’s broader rationalist principles. Emerging in the early 20th century, RCM represents
a systematic and structured approach to planning and decision-making, emphasizing scientific
analysis, goal identification, alternatives evaluation, and optimal solution selection (Faludi, 1973).
Grounded in positivist principles, this model assumes that planners can objectively assess all
available information and apply a structured methodology to achieve the best possible outcomes.
It became highly influential in urban planning, economic development, and policy formulation,
particularly in the mid-20th century when governments sought to apply scientific rationality to
public administration.

20
The Rational Comprehensive Model emphasizes thorough analysis and evidence-based decision-
making, encouraging extensive research, consideration of policy alternatives, and the application
of logical evaluation techniques, such as cost-benefit analysis and impact assessments (Alexander,
2000). This approach enhances transparency and accountability in planning processes by ensuring
that decisions are grounded in empirical data rather than subjective opinions or political pressures.
Additionally, its step-by-step methodology minimizes uncertainty and establishes a clear roadmap
for implementation, making it particularly valuable for large-scale projects, including
infrastructure development, urban expansion, and environmental management.

Despite its strengths, the Rational Comprehensive Model has been critiqued for its assumptions
regarding human rationality and its limited consideration of political, social, and institutional
complexities. Lindblom (1959) argues that RCM is overly technocratic and assumes planners have
access to complete and unbiased information, which is rarely the case in real-world scenarios. In
practice, planning decisions are often influenced by political negotiations, stakeholder interests,
and unforeseen contingencies that cannot be fully predicted or quantified.

The model has also been criticized for its tendency to overlook participatory planning and local
knowledge. Healey (1997) contends that planning should not rely solely on expert analysis but
must also incorporate the perspectives of affected communities and stakeholders. Excluding these
voices can result in technically sound but socially illegitimate plans, leading to resistance,
inefficiencies, or implementation failures. However, in the case of Kiandutu, the participatory
planning approach actively involved the community and stakeholders, effectively mitigating these
shortcomings and ensuring the relevance and viability of the plan.

Despite its limitations, the Rational Comprehensive Model remains a cornerstone of planning
theory and practice, particularly in contexts requiring structured decision-making and long-term
strategic planning. It continues to inform contemporary methodologies, including scenario
planning and evidence-based policy analysis, often integrated with more flexible and participatory
planning approaches (Friedmann, 1987). This planning development project applies such a
combination, ensuring both scientific rigor and community inclusivity.

21
 2.2.1: Informal settlements and Urban Planning.
Informal settlements form and expand in many parts of the world for a variety of reasons. These
can include urbanisation and population growth, unemployment, poverty, natural disasters, social
conflict, or any other phenomenon that forces populations to settle in a new place where affordable
land and/or housing is not available at the required scale (UNOPS 2021). When these dynamics
coincide with governments’ reduced capacity to plan for urban growth, people are forced to live
in settlements that hinder social cohesion, equality and inclusion because they lack spatial
organisation and planning.

Urban planning policies that focus on slum upgrading and increasing the availability of affordable
housing and the support infrastructure, can help reverse economic exclusion, physical
disconnection and socio-spatial segregation. At the same time, more and better urban planning
practices are paramount to prevent the creation and expansion of new informal settlements (Alkire
& Suppa, 2020)

Improved urban planning policies and greater socio-urban integration generate net positive value
for society as a whole. When urban settlements have access to better education and healthcare, it
fosters healthier and more empowered communities, while sustainable ecosystems and thriving
economies enhance overall urban resilience (UNOPS 2021). Well-planned recreational spaces in
informal settlements improve environmental conditions and create vibrant, livable communities
by offering areas for leisure and social interaction. Additionally, effective waste management
systems reduce dumping sites, enhance sanitation, and lower health risks—leading to a cleaner
and safer environment for everyone.

Chege and Majale findings regarding development planning for informal settlements concludes
that Planning is largely about resource allocation. They further points out the importance of
involving the local resident to participate in the planning process. The conclusion indicates that
participatory planning processes consequently often raise communities' expectations, and ideally
lead to tangible results. The need for an investment plan that outlines the resource requirements,
the expected contribution of each actor/partner and completion targets is stressed.

Additionally, they advise on critical factors that determine the sustainability and viability of the
planned projects including; Partnership building that requires establishing common areas of
interest, benefits and negotiation. ; Critical role of communication or dialogue for effective

22
partnership formation and working; Contentious development needs identification through
localised participatory planning processes and critical use of local knowledge and resources in
preparing an effective plan that can deliver development interventions for which the community
can assume ownership.

2.2.2: Neighborhood Planning Concept.

The concept of neighborhood planning is marked to be effective in creation of livable and self-
sustaining urban environments. The UN-Habitat through a report titled “A New Strategy of
Sustainable Neighborhood Planning”(2015) underscores the importance of designing
neighborhoods that are prosperous, convenient, safe, and conducive to a high quality of life. A
sustainable neighborhood integrates several key features to promote efficient urban growth while
mitigating urban sprawl and effecient land use. It encourages diverse, socially equitable, and
economically viable communities, fostering inclusivity and long-term sustainability. Walkability
is a central aspect, reducing car dependency and enhancing accessibility. Additionally, it prioritizes
optimized land use and an interconnected street network that facilitates safe, efficient, and
enjoyable walking, cycling, and driving.

Promoting walkability as a key measure to bring people into the public spaces, reduce congestion
and boost local economy and interactions. A vibrant street life encourages people to walk or cycle
around, while a rational street network enables necessary infrastructure to be provided within
walking or cycling distance. High density, mixed land use and a social mix make proximity to
work, home and services possible. Walkability helps to reduce automobile reliance and thus
alleviate relevant congestion, air pollution and resource depletion issues.

2.2.3: Recreational Open Spaces planning.

Overview.
According to Tress (2003) recreation means the totality of activities that promote relaxation, as
opposed to work. Recreation further extends to include the actions and visions of people who live
in the local area of concern. The changes that would boost possibilities for recreational activities
will be appreciated most by nearby stakeholders. Daneshpour (1997) argues that recreational

23
activities are also address the activities which people choose willingly such as relaxation,
entertainment, learning, promoting self-skills and most importantly voluntary participation in
social activities. Recreational spaces are public spaces in which these activities occur.(Fila &
Shabab 2008)

2.2.4: Sustainable Development Principles.

The concept of sustainability has been pushed to the forefront of policymaking and politics as the
world wakes up to the impacts of climate change and the effects of the rapid urbanisation and
modern urban lifestyles (Wheeler and Beatley 2004). The concept was first concerned with the
unsustainable and increased use of fossil fuels and its contribution on high pollution levels.

However, the threats are not limited to the impacts of climate change and unsustainable energy
system only but encompasses impacts of rapid urbanization and socioeconomic crisis mostly in
urban centers and neighborhoods accommodating enormous number of residents with limited
infrastructure facilities.

Pezzey (2004) noted that in the 21st century, urban sustainability has become a prominent element
in the day-to-day debate on urban planning and the expression of sustainability policy in urban and
environmental planning and development decisions. The provision of a built environment that is
sustainable, linked with essential infrastructure services and enhanced through natural
environment is still a central challenge for contemporary urban planning and governance (Rydin
2010).

As Ghazy (2022) points out urban planning for informal settlement is an important and challenging
endeavor that aims to address the social, environmental, and economic issues prevalent in informal
settlements. These areas are often characterised by overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, and
limited access to basic services. This raises the quest for innovative approaches to promote
sustainable development and improve the living conditions of residents; the suitable development
approaches is initiate an inclusive participatory planning process with all stakeholders with local
community in the front line of engagements.

Participatory planning increases emphasis on involving informal settlement residents in the design
process. The approach seek to empower communities by incorporating their local knowledge,

24
preferences, and needs into the decision-making process. This trend recognizes the importance of
community engagement and collaboration to create sustainable and culturally appropriate
solutions. This aligns with the argument of Fila and Shabab (2008) who first acknowledged that
planning in the public domain entails responding to and shaping anticipated social and resource
needs in the uncertain future. Therefore, planning is essentially merged to decision making, which
is in turn inherently transactional (negotiated).

Consequently, they opined that collaborative Planning processes are popular approaches to local
and regional planning because they have many recognized social and organizational benefits. Such
processes encourage broader stakeholder involvement than traditional planning approaches
(Innes, 1998). Stakeholders engaged face to face form new relationships, trust, and mutual
understanding, facilitating collective problem solving (Wondolleck and Yaffee, 2000)

This involves assessing Cultural Relevance and Social Cohesion aspects of the community to
ensure that the infrastructure project is culturally relevant and aligned with the social fabric of the
slum. Community participation helps design infrastructure that respects local customs, traditions,
and social practices, promoting social cohesion and community well-being.

Planning for recreational spaces for an informal settlement needs to be planned for maximum
utilisation to effectively to maximize their value and functionality. It is encouraged to design parks,
playgrounds, and community gardens that serve multiple purposes, such as storm water
management, urban agriculture, and social gathering spaces. This helps optimize the use of limited
land for both recreational and ecological benefits.

Figure 1 below illustrates a recreational facility designed to meet diverse community needs while
enhancing biodiversity conservation.

25
Figure 1: San Diego multi-purpose recreational park

Source : Park design for active living San Diego.

Recreational open spaces ought to be planned to promote biodiversity conservation. Incorporation

of native plant species, creation of wildlife-friendly habitats, and consideration the ecological
connectivity between recreational spaces should form basis for the plan drafting. Biodiversity-rich
environments contribute to ecosystem resilience, support pollinators, and enhance the overall
environmental quality of the slum area.

Similarly, integration of waste recycling and composting systems within green spaces help manage
organic waste generated within the settlement. Composting facilities can convert organic waste
into nutrient-rich compost, which can be used for urban agriculture, distributed to community
gardens. (UN-Habitat 2014)

The ideal Solid Waste Management (SWM) system in an urban setting with limited formal
collection as it is the case in Kiandutu, the community itself organizes primary waste management
with a strong focus on reduction of waste at source. It is of utmost importance to be very practical
26
on one side while at the same time find mechanisms which incentivize segregation and reduction
of household waste throughout all community activities. It presents a challenge and requires time.
The final aim of a community SWM system should be that community members internalize: (UN-
Habitat 2024). Figure 2 illustrates the effective stages of this strategy in waste management.

Figure 2: Community Waste Management Strategy

Source: UN-Habitat 2024

2.2.5: Connectivity and Accessibility.

Pedestrian-friendly development plan is a crucial element of sustainable urban design in informal
settlements. Creating walkable environments not only enhances mobility but also improves safety,
health, and overall quality of life for residents. Some key considerations for incorporating
pedestrian friendly design in the sustainable urban design of slums include designing sidewalks
and Footpaths that are well-defined within the slum area to provide safe and accessible pedestrian
infrastructure. Sidewalks should be wide enough to accommodate pedestrians of all ages and
abilities, including people with disabilities, and should be separated from vehicular traffic
whenever possible. Plan recreational spaces that are designed with pedestrians in mind. Well-
designed public spaces enhance social interaction, promote community cohesion, and encourage
walking as a means of connectivity

27
Pedestrian Furniture zone

Pedestrian walkway design standards

Source: Kenya Street Design Manual 2022

2m 1m

Figure 3Well designed pedestrian walkway/ cycling lane.

Source: Kenya Street Design Manual 2022

28
When planning for transport corridors, ensure proper street lighting to enhance visibility and
safety for pedestrians, particularly during nighttime. Well-lit streets create a sense of security and
encourage walking as a preferred mode of transportation, even after dark. Incorporate sustainable
lighting solutions by replacing traditional, energy-intensive lighting sources with energy-efficient
alternatives. Street lighting and public area illumination can be solar powered LED lights. This
ensures energy efficient and sustainable lighting solutions.

Source: Kenya Street Design Manual 2022

29
 2.3: Legal and Policy Review.
Legal Review.

2.3.1: The Kenya Constitution 2010.

The law serves as the foundation of governance, outlining clear provisions to ensure a fair and
well-coordinated administration of state affairs. It affirms fundamental rights and responsibilities,
guiding the execution of various procedures to maintain order and justice. Article 42 establishes
every citizen’s right to a clean and healthy environment, emphasizing the duty to protect natural
resources for both present and future generations. This provision underscores the significance of
environmental conservation and sustainable development as essential pillars of national policy.

Freedom of expression and access to information are key democratic principles embedded in
Articles 33 and 35. Citizens have the right to seek, receive, and share information or ideas,
fostering transparency and accountability in governance. Academic freedom and scientific
research are further reinforced, ensuring that knowledge dissemination remains unhindered.
Article 35 specifically guarantees the right to access information held by the State or other entities
when necessary to exercise or protect fundamental rights, highlighting the importance of public
participation in matters of community interest.

Land use regulation is a critical aspect of governance, as outlined in Articles 66, 67, and 69. The
State is mandated to oversee land use planning for public welfare, addressing concerns such as
safety, public health, and sustainable development. Additionally, the government holds authority
to prevent activities that may harm the environment, ensuring responsible stewardship of natural
resources. The National Land Commission, as stipulated in Article 67, plays a central role in
overseeing land use planning across the country, promoting equitable development and efficient
land management

2.3.2: Physical and Land use Planning Act (2019)

The physical and land use planning act of 2019 contains critical guidelines on land use planning
and development control. It clearly defines roles of each of the set land use planning institutions
and principal planning officers both at national and county levels in an endeavor to optimize land

30
use management. The most relevant provisions of the act to this planning development project are
as outlined below.

County Physical and Land use Planning Consultative Forum is the planning institution responsible
for land use planning activities at county level as per section 14, with the Director of Physical
planning who is a member of the of the above mentioned board responsible among other duties
preparing local land use development plans.

Local Physical and land use development plans are part of types of plans ought to be prepared in
order to achieve the main goal of attaining sustainable development through land use planning
(guiding and coordinating land development) as contained in section five. Futhermore, section 45
indicates that the plans may be short or long term for the purpose of renewal or land development.
The plan should be consistent with the integrated city/ urban development as outlined under part
five of the Urban Areas and Cities Act 2011. Consequently it should comprise survey report of the
area, geographical system based maps and description accompanied by necessary analysis of the
gathered information to inform planning proposals and decision made. (Section 48)

Concerning Recreational spaces the county governments have an important duty to reserve and
maintain all the land planned for recreational open spaces, parks green belts with respect to
approved physical development subject to Physical and Land use planning act (2019) , Urban
Areas and Cities Act (2011), and County Governments Act (2012) (section 56)

2.3.3: Urban Areas and Cities Act (2011)

Formulated to foster governance and management of urban centers, to enhance principles of
participation of residents for connection purposes. Active participation by the residents in the
management of urban areas affairs of ensuring efficient and effective service delivery is among
the key principles captured in section 11.

A board of an urban area is responsible for the management of its affairs as established under
section 12 whereby the chairperson of the board is responsible for formulating and implementing
integrated development plans of the urban area promote a safe and a health environment as well
as ensure transportation is facilitated.

31
The act mandates that county governments must initiate the urban planning process for every
settlement with a population of at least two thousand residents, as stipulated in Section 38. This
process must adhere to specific guidelines, including assessing community needs to align with
constitutional requirements, establishing a shared vision for development, and outlining clear
implementation programs and projects to achieve intended goals. Additionally, urban plans must
be interconnected and coordinated with sector plans to ensure cohesive and efficient development.

2.3.4: The county government’s Act ; (2012)

Following the promulgation of Kenya’s 2010 Constitution, which introduced a devolved system
of government, significant reforms were made to the structure of physical and land use planning.
The responsibility for land use planning was largely transferred to the county level, necessitating
the enactment of the County Governments Act to define the new government’s roles in relation to
land use planning.

Article 185 grants county assemblies the authority to receive and approve plans and policies related
to the management and utilization of county resources, as well as the development and
maintenance of infrastructure and institutions. Section 102 establishes key principles for county
planning including protecting and developing natural resources in alignment with national and
county policies, ensuring financial and institutional resources are directed toward agreed
objectives, mobilizing resources effectively for sustainable development, and promoting equitable
allocation of resources within the county.

Section 103 of the County Governments Act outlines specific objectives for county planning, such
as ensuring coordination between national, county, and sub-county spatial planning requirements,
fostering balanced settlement systems, promoting efficient use of scarce resources like land and
water, maintaining green and open spaces for ecological sustainability, and harmonizing the
development of communication systems, infrastructure, and related services. Additionally, county
planning seeks to integrate urban and rural areas as hubs of economic and social activity, support
the development of marginalized areas to align them with the broader county, protect historical
and cultural heritage, and reserve land for public security and critical infrastructure.

32
County governments are mandated to develop and implement county plans, subject to approval by
the county assembly. These plans must integrate economic, physical, social, environmental, and
spatial planning, as outlined in Section 104. In accordance with the County Governments Act No.
17 of 2012, various plans must be formulated to address specific development challenges within
county boundaries, ensuring economic growth and equitable service distribution. These include
city and municipal land use plans, as well as zoning and building regulations designed to manage
urban land use and achieve sustainable development (Section 111).

Public participation is a mandatory component of county planning and must be supported through
the provision of clear, accessible information to the public. This includes strategic environmental
assessments, environmental impact reports, expected development outcomes, and cost
implications of various development options (Section 115).

2.3.5: Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999.

The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), enacted in 1999, is a
fundamental piece of legislation in Kenya aimed at promoting sustainable environmental
management, conservation, and the protection of natural resources for the benefit of present and
future generations. One of its primary objectives is the establishment and enforcement of
environmental standards. The act provides a framework for regulating environmental quality
across various sectors, including water resources, air emissions, waste management, and noise
pollution. Adherence to these standards is essential in maintaining a healthy and sustainable
environment.

The act also emphasizes the sustainable management and conservation of Kenya’s natural
resources. It sets mechanisms for responsible utilization and protection of key ecosystems such as
forests, wildlife, fisheries, and wetlands, encouraging conservation measures to prevent
environmental degradation. Under Section 7, EMCA establishes the National Environmental
Management Authority (NEMA) as the body responsible for overseeing environmental matters.
Among its many duties outlined in Section 9, NEMA examines land use patterns to assess their
impact on natural resources and identifies projects, programs, and policies requiring environmental
audits or monitoring.

33
Section 59 mandates that before financing or commencing any development project, a project
proponent must submit a report to NEMA as part of the application for an environmental impact
assessment (EIA) license. The proponent is required to conduct an EIA study at their own expense
and prepare a report detailing potential environmental impacts. If the authority determines that a
project may have significant environmental effects, the EIA study report must be submitted in the
prescribed format, accompanied by the necessary fees.

Furthermore, the act specifies that environmental impact assessment studies and reports must be
conducted or prepared by individual experts or a firm of experts authorized by NEMA. This
ensures that assessments are carried out professionally and in accordance with established
environmental regulations. .

2.3.6: Building Code 1968.

Section 18 requires each building which is designed either wholly or in part for residential purposes
to be provided on at least one side with an open space 8ft or more in width measured from the
boundary of the nearest plot facing that side at right angles to the nearest point of the building. The
open space required shall extend along the entire length and for the full height of the said building.

Policies Review.

2.3.7: UN Sustainable Development Goals 2015.

The United Nations Summit on Sustainable Development, held in September 2015 formulated
seventeen development goals purposely, aimed at accelerating the world sustainability agenda.
The vision is to have sustainable cities and communities by ensuring access for all to adequate,
safe and affordable housing; basic services and upgraded slums together with the promotion of a
sustainable ecosystem. Likewise, reduce land degradation and biodiversity loss the fact that human
and other animals rely on open green spaces for clean air and water,( goal 11 and 15) respectively.

34
 2.3.8: Thika Municipality Spatial Plan (Integrated Urban Development Plan)
(2018)
Thika municipality 2018 spatial plan reports the Thika greens golf city, Christina Wangari Garden
in Thika Town, fourteen falls, and Thika stadium as the major recreational facilities for use by
residents. Additionally the plan discourages urban sprawl and instead encourages vertical growth
by increasing densities in the CBDs, with high and medium density residential and commercial
zones. This policy provides building regulations that increase plot ratios to any upcoming
developments thereby increasing the densities to accommodate the rising urbanization in Thika
municipality.

This is in line with the argument that compact cities are the most sustainable urban forms and
involves the promotion of urban regeneration, the revitalization of town centers, restraint on
development in rural areas, higher densities, mixed-use development, and promotion of public
transport and the concentration of urban development at public transport nodes.

There are many benefits of the compact city model over urban sprawl, which include the re-use of
infrastructure and previously developed land, a regeneration of existing urban areas and urban
vitality, a higher quality of life and the preservation of green space for leisure among others.

2.3.9: Physical planning Handbook (2002)

According to this source, a human settlement is defined as the totality of human community with
all the social material, organizational, spatial, cultural, and physical elements that sustain it.
Further, the document establishes that a small area of recreational space within a walking distance
of an area with a residential density of 50 persons per hectare requires 1-2 hectares of open space
to be provided for population of 10,000 people.

2.3.10: Kenya Vision 2030.

This policy has an ambitious future for people living in slums. It strives to ensure that better and
decent housing conditions are availed at an affordable terms “an adequately and decently housed
nation in a sustainable environment” as contained in the goal number five of the policy “investing
in the people of Kenya”

35
 2.3.11: National Spatial Plan (2015-2045)
The National spatial plan despite appreciating the importance of urban settlements as areas of
intense activities and processes usually associated with modern economic and social progress does
not fall short to reveal that the problem of degradation of the environment and human qualities of
life are most prevalent. From the policy, functionality and livability of urban settlements
encompasses a number of issues that are underpinned by a common set of guiding principles;
accessibility quality, and livability that promotes the quality of life.

2.3.12: Africa Agenda 2063.

Through the policy Africa Agenda 2063 several aspirations are highlighted and need to be realized
to attain high quality living standards for Africans by the year 2063. It is aspired that every citizen
will have access to affordable and sustainable quality basic services such as decent housing, access
to adequate and clean water, environment, sanitization, transportation among other services.

2.3.13: National Land policy of 2009

The policy was established to provide a comprehensive framework and outline key measures to
address critical issues related to land administration, access, planning, restitution of historical
injustices, environmental degradation, conflicts, the unregulated expansion of informal urban
settlements, outdated legal structures, institutional frameworks, and information management.
Recognizing the fundamental role of land use planning, the policy emphasizes its importance in
achieving sustainable resource and land management.

In accordance with Section 104, several key issues should be addressed in land use planning. These
include the preparation of land use plans at national, regional, and local levels based on
predetermined goals, ensuring the integration of rural and urban development. The policy also
calls for the establishment of spatial frameworks to facilitate the orderly management of human
activities while considering economic viability, safety, aesthetics, land use compatibility, and
environmental sustainability.

Additionally, strategies for human settlement should be reviewed in relation to service centers,
growth hubs, transport and communication networks, environmental conservation, and rural

36
development. Efficient and sustainable utilization of land and land-based resources is a priority to
support long-term ecological balance and economic progress. Furthermore, the policy underscores
the need for a well-defined framework to facilitate public participation in the development of land
use and spatial plans, ensuring inclusivity and transparency in the planning process.

2.4: Urban Design and Site Planning Guidelines and Standards.

The planning guidelines and development standards reviewed in this section were essential for
drafting the plan to achieve orderly, appealing and functional neighborhood. The planning hand
book 2008 provides for the slum rehabilitation standards presented in table 2.

Table 2; Slum Rehabilitation guidelines.

Type of Residential Minimum Plot coverage (%)

Development SEMI DETACHED%
DETACHED% ROW HOUSING%
Slum rehabilitation upgrading 50 65 65
Minimum Set Backs (Meters)

Front Side Rear

2.5 1.5 3

Source: planning Hand book (2008)

Access roads: It is recommended that the width of streets or access lane in a residential area
determined by the number of dwelling units or plots to be served. The minimum street width for
given number of plots may be indicated as shown in table 3.

Table 3; Residential areas access roads

No of Plots Street width

1-20 9m
21-50 12 m

Source: planning Hand book (2008)

37
Culs-De-Sac; A dead-end street should be aligned such that it shall give access to not more than 8
to 10 residential plots. It should not exceed 60m in length and shall have a turning radius of at least
15m – at the inner end.

The majority of the population in low-income residential areas lack money for all but their basic
needs. They are therefore essentially pedestrian and their recreation must be found within walking
distance to their homes. They cannot afford much living space and tend to live in cramped
overcrowded conditions. Some relief is necessary from the pressure generated by overcrowding.

The recommended recreational space allocation is 1-2 hectares per10,000 population in areas of
population density above 50 persons per hectare. The spaces should include 1-2 playing fields and
children’s equipped playgrounds.

Roads Dimensions.
Table 4; Road Dimensions

Type Width
Local Distributor road 18 m
Major Access road 15 m
Residential street 12 m
Cul-de –sac 9m
Foot path 2m
Cycling lane 1.5 m

Source: planning Hand book

2008

Sports Field Design Standards.

Table below presents the standard measurements for multipurpose play field facility approved by
the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF (2008).

38
Table 5; Play fields Measurements

Type of Field Length (meters) Width (meters)

Foot ball 105 68
Basket ball 26 14
Volley ball 18 9
A standard running track should have six lane athletic facility with 36.50m radius bends; lane
widths range of 1.22m – 1.25m and lane lines of 50mm wide.

2.5: Benchmarking and case studies.

Review of similar successful projects broadens the likelihood of drafting a more suitable plan for
the current project. Williams (2017) contend that case study analysis is a valuable tool for
encouraging social learning and evaluating place-based conservation efforts. Case study research
is the detailed examination of the histories of individual development projects that have similar
goals to evaluate the effectiveness of the outcomes of the cases (Thomas 2016). The goal of case
study research is to examine enough cases to develop general principles or practices for meeting
the desired goal.

For this particular development project, a systematic case study research with a well-focused
learning strategy was used for evaluating sustainable recreation projects within the broader context
of informal settlement and landscape conservation. The appropriate sustainable recreation
management projects that sustained (or increased) recreation use levels while simultaneously
reducing environmental impacts featured as chosen as case studies for this project report.

2.5.1: Park in Alajuelita, San Jose, Costa Rica (2014)

The Human Development Park in Alajuelita Project fosters social inclusion and human
development for the 89,000 people living in the Alajuelita canton, San José, Costa Rica. This is
achieved by establishing a park that offers opportunities to improve health and quality of life in a
community characterized by social housing, informal settlements, elevated crime rates, and a
significant migrant population.

39
The implementation of a Park Management Plan encouraged community involvement in the long-
term sustainability of the park. The project makes primary contributions to Goal 11 ‘sustainable
cities and communities ’, and secondary contributions to Goal 3 ‘good health and well–being’ and
Goal 5 ‘gender equality

The park aligns to the Mission of the Ministry of culture and youth of Costa Rica programme to
advance social inclusion and human development, foster social coexistence and capacity
development through comprehensive offerings in five integral areas of development: culture,
economic development, sports, recreation, and environment. The park’s focus on infrastructure,
equipment, green spaces, sports-recreational areas, human resources, and inclusivity contributes
significantly to enhancing the well-being of the impoverished population in the area.

The main problem in Alajuelita stems from three root causes: the consequences of lack of access
to housing and employment for migrants (national and international), which lead to overpopulation
and informal settlements in San Jose´s southern neighbourhoods. Consequently, there is an
increase in inequality and poverty, primarily affecting the employment of women and young
people. Additionally, there was inadequate provision of green and recreational spaces. This led to
Alajuelita lacking crucial recreational and personal development spaces, adversely impacting its
people in vulnerable conditions. The effects include heightened violence, socio-economic
discrimination, and restricted public space access, particularly for migrants, women and youth.
Additionally, there was a shortage of spaces for local economic and human development activities,
significantly impacting the well-being of the population.

The project is actively addressing its main challenge through three key areas. It involved designing
infrastructure, constructing exterior components like trails, bike paths, a multi-use court, urban
furniture and skate park ,ensuring equality and compliance, and managing Gender Diversity, and
Inclusion(GDI)activities, including community engagement, safety measures protocols addressing
harassment sensitization workshops, GDI-focused communications, and sharing experiences on
GDI in public spaces. Figure 3 shows newly built recreational Park in Alajuelita offers green areas
and public spaces for recreational activities, enhancing community health and quality of life of the
residents

Figure 4: Alajuelita Park

40
 Source © UNOPS/
2.5.2: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park (London).
Queen Elizabeth Olympic park stands as a remarkable example of successful urban regeneration,
where planning and design for sustainable recreational open spaces were intrinsically linked from
its inception. The genesis of the project lies in the London’s successful bid to host the 2012 summer
Olympics and Paralympics. The area of choice was Lea valley, a historical industrial and often
derelict area of east London. Decades of industrial activity had left a legacy of contaminated land
fragmented infrastructure and lack of accessible recreational spaces for the local communities.

Figure 5:Queen Elizabeth Olympic park Master Plan

41
 Source: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Park Management Plan
The park is planned and designed _with the ambition that necessitated a holistic approach. Creation
of sustainable recreational spaces was not an afterthought but core principle guiding the entire
planning and design process. The planning design prioritized the remediation and ecological
enhancement of the site. The natural landscape was carefully considered, with creation of diverse
habitats, including wet lands and wood lands designed to support local biodiversity and enhance
ecological balance.
Source: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Park Management Plan
Figure 6; Accessibility and infrasructure within the park

42
 Source: Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park Park Management Plan

The park was planned for complete leisure experience with greater emphasis on sustainability and
inclusivity. The focus was to design diverse multi-functional spaces that catered for wide range of
activities and user groups. The water ways, once industrial canals, were transformed into attractive
features for boating,; playgrounds were designed with natural materials and inclusive features ,
while open lawns provide flexible spaces for informal recreation.

The design was further embedded through the integration of green infrastructure and waste water
management systems. Sustainable drainage system were incorporated to manage rainy water run
off naturally reducing burden on traditional drainage infrastructure. Permeable paving materials
were used in path ways to allow rain water to infiltrate into the ground replenishing groundwater
and reducing surface runoff. The also incorporated energy efficient lighting and sustainable
building materials in its structures.

Lessons Learnt.

Prioritization of ecological remediation and enhancement underpins sustainability; the

transformation of contaminated industrial park into a thriving recreational space underscores the
critical importance of prioritizing ecological remediation and enhancement.

43
Designing for inclusivity and accessibility fosters long-term use; the emphasis to create diverse
and accessible recreational spaces for all ages and abilities is essential.

Holistic and multi-disciplinary collaboration coupled with data driven decision-making is critical
to for handling complex projects. This enables experts to produce feasible projects.

2.5.3: Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Upgrading Project

The project presented key elements of the settlement profile; which included aspects of historical
and evolutionary significance in conceptualizing informal settlements. This provided possibilities
by embracing various approaches of delivering housing as well as conserving and promoting
sustainable livelihoods for the urban poor. The project emphasized the role of physical, economic,
social, and environmental context and site conditions in exploring appropriate sustainable urban
development.

The project embraced active participation anchored on various techniques of user input, including
workshops, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, and interviews with key informants.
The work also benefitted from community assets and sustainable livelihoods approach to problem-
solving, which is based on issues that find immediate relevance among the target groups.

44
 Recrecreational Open spaces before Planning

Open spaces in the settlement were closely linked to social facilities, primarily schools. Their use
was determined by factors such as proximity, size, and the nature of activities conducted there. For
instance, large open spaces were essential for sports, while smaller areas were suitable for
children's play. Streets functioned as versatile open spaces, serving physical, social, and economic
roles. They were utilized as playgrounds, meeting points, places of worship, and training grounds
for various activities. However, when open spaces remained unused for extended periods, they
often became dumping sites for solid waste, leading to environmental degradation.

The planning and allocation of recreational spaces were strategically positioned near key
infrastructure such as schools and healthcare centers to enhance accessibility and maximize their
utilization. This approach ensured that open spaces contributed to the overall well-being of the
community while maintaining their intended purpose.

45
Table 4 presents a comprehensive summary of the reviewed case studies clearly comparing the
three case studies across the key themes, and showing how they align with the Kiandutu
Recreational Open Plan objectives:

Table 6; Summary for the Case Studies

Indicator Park in Alajuelita, Queen Elizabeth Mukuru Kwa Njenga Proposed

San Jose, Costa Olympic Park, Slum Upgrading Elements for
Rica London Project, Nairobi Open Spaces Land
Use Plan for
Kiandutu.
Regeneration of Created new park Transformed Upgraded informal Regenerating
Underutilized with green spaces, contaminated settlement spaces underused spaces
Recreational trails, multi-use industrial site into with open areas near into safe,
Spaces courts, and skate diverse, schools and functional
accessible, multi- recreational areas

46
 park in an informal functional healthcare facilities accessible by the
settlement. recreational park. for community use. community.
Connectivity Community- Designed for full Streets designed as Enhance safety
and Safety driven park accessibility and multifunctional and inclusivity
management; inclusivity; public spaces; through
inclusion of reconnected participatory participatory
gender, diversity, isolated planning enhanced planning and
and inclusion neighborhoods safety and social infrastructure
(GDI) strategies through integrated cohesion. improvements.
for safer spaces. planning.
Waste Maintained green Sustainable Waste management Integrated waste
Management spaces but limited drainage systems linked to regular use management
and explicit mention of (SuDS), of open spaces; systems tied to
Environmental formal waste permeable paving, unused areas turned recreational space
Protection management and ecological into dumpsites planning;
systems. enhancement without proper environmental
integrated. planning. conservation.
Sustainability Long-term Sustainability Sustainable Foster long-term
sustainability embedded through livelihoods and sustainable
through green community asset- neighborhood and
community infrastructure, based approaches community
ownership; energy-efficient ensured long-term resilience on green
supports UN SDGs systems, and viability. infrastructure.
(Goals 11, 3, and ecological (recreational open
5). restoration. spaces)
Key Lessons Importance of Prioritize Community Community-led
Learned social inclusion ecological participation and planning,
and community remediation; flexible, multi-use environmental
engagement for inclusive, public spaces are key improvement, and
improving quality accessible design; for sustaining inclusivity are
of life. multidisciplinary informal settlement essential for
collaboration upgrades. success in
essential. Kiandutu.

47
 2.6: Design Conceptual Framework

Existing Conditions.
 Inadequate infrastructure facilities (Recreational
open spaces)
 Poor waste management
 Poor transport connectivity
 Increased environmental pollution
 Congestion
v

v
vv
v

Intervening Legal and Policy Framework Development project planning process

 UN-Habitat SGD’s  Development Planning
 Constitution of Kenya 2010 Conceptualization ( Planning
 Physical and land use planning act 2019 theories & concepts -RCM)
 Environmental management and  Assessment of the community needs
coordination act and priorities.
 Vision 2030  Urban design and planning standards
 County governments act 2012  Collaborative/ participative planning
oriented.
v

Case studies
Park in Alajuelita, San Jose, Costa Rica; Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park
–London ;Mukuru Kwa Njenga Slum Upgrading Project
C
vv

Development Vision
 Adequate infrastructure facilities
(recreational spaces) Sustainable (livable)
 Efficient waste management system neighborhood
 Well connected neighborhood
(prioritized walkability)
 Secure neighborhood
 Minimized environmental pollution

48
 3: CHAPTER THREE:
SUTUATION ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT SITE.
3.1: Context of the Project site.
3.1.1: Background of the Project Area
Kiandutu informal settlement is in Kenya nestled 40 kilometers North West of Nairobi city, located
in the outskirts of Thika town, in thika township sub-county, Kiambu County. Initially Kiandutu
unlike many squatter settlements in urban areas was not a squatter area (Ndarongo 1986). It formed
part of Kianjau corporate society farm bought in 1964 from a white settler after which its members
subdivided the land and put up shelter.

The period soon after independence experienced unpreceded rural urban migration, Thika being
one of the industrial town it was a prime target for people searching for employment opportunity.
Proximity of Kiandutu to Thika town prompted construction of more structures for rental to earn
income and soon transformed into a slum.

In 1979, it attracted the attention of the government leading to acquisition of the land and its owners
compensated with service scheme No. 4. However, the members did not agree on the size of the
land allocated and refused to surrender the land on which Kiandutu stands despite being registered
as government land. Physical development has been taking place since 1969 regardless of threats
of demolition from the government.

49
Map 3 ;Kiandutu Location Context Map

Source Author 2025

50
 3.1.2: Contextual Site Location
Kiandutu settlement covers an approximately 54.97 hectares. It borders an industrial area to the
East and Garrisa road to the North. Ten villages constitute the settlement; Biashara; Centre Base;
Kianjau; Mikinduri; Molo A; Molo B; Mosque; Mtatu B and Stage [Link] illustrated in Map
4.

51
Map 4: Kiandutu Villages Map

Source Author 2025

52
 3.2: Site Suitability Analysis
3.2.1: Population and Demographic Projections
The 2009 Kenya national population census reported Kiandutu settlement to have a total
population of 13,000 people and 5,000 households. This population rapidly increased as the 2019
census saw 23,385 residents being enumerated registering 6,496 households. The population
structure of the settlement is as presented in table 7.

Table 7: Population structure of Kiandutu

Age category (yrs) Male Female Total

0-4 1,094 1,219 2313
5-9 1,546 1397 2943
10-14 1092 1202 2294
15-19 1139 1234 2373
20-24 1154 1184 2338
25-29 1397 1147 2544
30-34 1104 1107 2211
35-39 984 807 1791
40-44 370 395 765
45-49 365 406 771
50-54 326 358 684
55-59 286 314 600
60-64 433 474 907
65 and Above 406 445 851
Total 11696 11689 23385
Source 2019 census (Muungano wana vijiji-Kiandutu)
Kiandutu settlement’s population is double the neighborhood size stipulated in the 2002 planning
handbook as the minimum for allocating a two hectare recreational facility.

Table 8; Population per Village

Village Male Female Total

Molo 2237 2117 4354
Mikinduri 1064 1167 2231
Centre Base B 1225 1118 2343
Kianjau 966 921 1887
Biashara 954 870 1824
Centre Base A 966 1162 2128
Mtatu B 685 625 1310
Stage Wariah 1517 1383 2900
Mtatu A 1142 1295 2437
Mosque 940 1031 1971
Total 11696 11689 23385
Source 2019 census (Muungano wana vijiji-Kiandutu)

53
 3.2.2: Population projections.
The population projection have been computed using the 2019 population and a growth rate of 2.2
% which was the recorded population growth rate for Kiambu county in 2019. The equition below
was used or the calculations;

P0 = P1 (1 + r)n
Where; PO – Initial population ; (23,385)
P1 – Projected population
r – Growth rate
n – Tine interval (years)
Table 9; Population projections for Kiandutu

Year 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035

Population 23385 23900 26647 29710 33125
Source Author 2025

3.2.3: Natural Systems Assessment

This section provides a comprehensive analysis of the physical characteristics of the project area.
It covers natural features and geological attributes of the site which include the slope, vegetation
among others. Key artificial features are also included to entirely explore the development patterns
of the area which has substantial influence on the proposed project.

[Link]: Vegetation cover.

Vegetation within the settlement is sparse. Notable greenery include a few trees surrounding
Kiandutu police station; several bare public spaces and some planted kitchen gardens. Surrounding
the settlement are vast open spaces primarily consisting of bare land interspersed with patches of
grass.

Soils; The soils in Thika municipality which includes the study area are generally developed on
tertiary tuffs on a gently undulating land. They are deeply weathered and strongly leached. They
contain mixture of red volcanic soils and dark reddish brown clay soils with good physical but
rather poor chemical properties.(D. Legger 1979)

54
Map 5; Vegetation in Kiandutu

2 2
Unidentified tree species around kiandutu police
station

1 3

3
Natural grass on molo ECDE Play field

Source Author 2025

55
[Link]: Slope Analysis.
Map 6; Slope analysis map

Source Author 2025

56
Map 7; Digital elevation model

Source Author 2025

57
[Link]: Sun Path and Wind Direction.
Map 8; Sun and Wind path

Source Author 2025

58
Map 9; Drainage system

An open drainage channel

at Molo village

An open drainage channel

along Athena road.

Kiandutu drainage system is constituted of open drainage channels

located along the access roads and paths . These channels serve as both
a sewerage system and a conduit for surface water runoff during the
rainy season.
Source Author 2025

60
 3.2.4: Existing Physical Developments on Site
Map 9; Kiandutu Land use map

Source; Author 2025

61
 3.2.5: Abutting Land Uses
Map 10; Abutting Land Uses Map

Theme Industrial Park

The settlement’s abutting land uses are majorly manufacturing and processing
industry which include BIDCO oil refinery , Themes industrial park, Wintech
Marchants and constraction company (Njuca consolidated)

Win techs Merchants ltd

BIDCO oil refineries Thika

Source Author 2025

62
 3.2.6: Site Views and Nodes.
Map 11; Site views and Nodes.

Access road to police post Kiandutu

A Recreational open space at Mtatu B village

Informal recreational space behind Garissa rd primary

An informal recreational space near mt Zion church Play field at Molo Village

Source Author 2025

63
 3.2.7: Transport and Circulation Analysis
Map 12; Transport and Circulation

Source Author 2025

64
3.2.8: Utility and Services Analysis
Map 13; Utility and Services analysis

Source Author 2025

65
3.2.9: Environmental Issues
Map 14; Environmental issues

Source Author 2025

66
 3.2.10: Legal, Institutional and Financial issues.
The study area has been a focal point for land use planning, with a strong emphasis on providing
essential infrastructure facilities and enhancing existing ones. This section highlights key factors
influencing the project area, offering insights into the elements that shape its development and
strategic planning efforts.

[Link] Integrated Strategic Urban Development Plan-Thika (2015-2035)

The municipality plan, led by the Kiambu County government, aims to establish a sustainable and
controlled growth strategy for Thika, an industrial town. Covering a broad area that includes the
Kiandutu settlement and its surroundings, the plan designates the region for high-density
residential use, while adjacent land parcels are earmarked for light industrial activities.

A key aspect of the action plan highlights the acute shortage of essential infrastructure, including
community social halls, a waste management system, and recreational spaces. To address these
disparities, several proposals were made. They include the allocation of a cluster playground in
Kiandutu, the establishment of a Kiandutu Cultural Centre, and the development of a waste
management system to enhance the settlement's living conditions.

[Link] Attempts for Slum Upgrading (KISIP and Kiambu County Government)
There is an intention from the County Government of Kiambu in collaboration with KISIP to
upgrade the settlement with already stakeholder and community engagement initiated from 18th to
28th August 2023. During the sessions concerns regarding the ownership of the abutting
undeveloped parcels of land were identified to have been allocated and allotment letters issued by
the land registry however, due to lack of occupancy and non fulfilment of rates payment the land
technically remained public and eligible for integration to the upgrade plan for Kiandutu. As
reported in The Star (2018) the programme entails issuance of title deeds laying of sewerage lines,
water connectivity among others.

Conversely, recommendation from the leading planning technocrats proposed that specific
designated garbage collection points are of essence and these spaces ought to be highlighted on
the map and regulations on their use be included in the development control standards.

67
 3.3: Synthesis
3.3.1: SWOT Analysis of Site Conditions and Evaluation of Site Suitability.
The plan formulation relied on a deep analysis of both internal strengths and weaknesses, alongside
external opportunities and threats that could impact the successful implementation of the project.
A comprehensive SWOT analysis is conducted, assessing the project's potential and pinpointing
key challenges and opportunities. These insights form a foundation for strategic decision-making,
with the ultimate goal of addressing the urgent need for accessible and functional recreational
spaces within Kiandutu.

Table 10; SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weakness. Opportunities. Threats

Fairly gentle slopes Land availability Vast undeveloped Pollution –

suitable for installation issues- lack of land for acquisition environmental risks-
of recreational facilities appropriate public land –adjacent to the through illegal
(play fields) cutting huge with proper settlement which dumping of waste on
costs for levelingdocumentation for offers the recreational spaces
development site.
development of opportunity due to lack of waste
Large population – recreational facilities. provision of a management system
which justify the need of quality recreational
bigger recreational Financial constraints- facility. Socio-economic
space. prioritization of other pressures- competing
essential facilities such Climate resilient needs such as
Involvement of the local as health centres over neighborhood- housing may
community in the recreational facility. Enhancement of the overshadow the
planning and existing in ways project.
development of the Inadequate such as providing a
project (make them own infrastructure.- waste management Sustainability
the project for easy
existing recreational system and concerns- the ever
implementation &
maintenance spaces are tiny spaces integrating green growing population
which have been vegetation in the may with time
The initiative by the repurposed for waste spaces including encroach into the
county government of dumping. No waste development of a proposed
Kiambu to ensure management system standard recreational spaces if
controlled development within the settlement. recreational space long term
and improvement of would boost the maintenance is not
infrastructure including Institutional environmental well initiated.
provision recreational limitation.- reliance on conditions within
facilities in the area.
local authorities and the settlement.
Through the integrated
non-governmental
strategic urban
development plan for organization Public health safety-
thika(2025-2035) there (Muungano wa Wana- opportunity for

68
 are proposals for a vijiji) who give physical activity for
cluster field and kiandutu contradicting residents,
cultural center. information on eradication of health
recreational open risks through
spaces in the area and removal and
ownership of the provision of reliable
informal recreational waste management
spaces. system within the
recreational spaces
and the whole
settlement.

Source Author 2025

3.3.2: Site Problem Area Map.

The project area faces several constraints that impede the development of accessible, safe and
enjoyable recreational spaces for the community. Acritical issue is the absence of a formal waste
management system, resulting in pervasive problem of waste dumping on existing and potential
open recreational spaces. This not only distracts from the aesthetics but also poses a serious
environmental and health risks, rendering these spaces unusable and requiring substantial
remediation efforts.

Additionally, the lack of dedicated pedestrian walkways, particularly along Athena road, a key
access road to the area, presents a significant safety concerns for residents. The absence of
designated pedestrian infrastructure forces people to share the main carriage way with vehicular
traffic, increasing the risk of accidents and discouraging walking and cycling as viable modes of
transportation and recreation.

A specific geographical challenge exists opposite Mt Zion church where a past building stone
mining has created an open pit. These pits renders the land unsuitable for immediate recreational
development due to safety hazards, instability and significant topographical alterations.
Transforming this area into a usable recreational space would necessitate substantial and
potentially costly land reclamation and stabilization measures.

Adding to the accessibility challenges are narrow roads and inadequate street lighting. The
prevalent of narrow roads throughout the settlement limit vehicular access and to some extend
hinder residents movement. This may result to complication in case of emergencies. The

69
narrowness exacerbates congestion and further compromises pedestrian safety in the absence of
dedicated pedestrian walkways. Consequently, poor street lighting across the settlement
contributes to sense of insecurity particularly during evening hours. This lack of illumination
restricts the usability of public spaces after dark and can increase the risk of crime, further
diminishing the potential for community engagement and recreational activities. Map 15 illustrates
the areas with the identified problems.

70
Map 15; Site Problem Analysis Map

Athena Road (No 4

provision for pedestrian 4
alkways
A narrow access road at
stage Wariah.

1 2

Open mine pits opposite M.t

Zion church (an informal Waste dumped along road
recreational space. reserve (Molo village) 2
1

Source Author 2025

71
 3.3.3: Site Opportunity Map.
Despite the existing challenges, Kiandutu presents notable opportunities that can be leveraged to
create valuable and accessible recreation open spaces for the community. A key opportunity is the
presence of vast undeveloped public land around the settlement. This land resource offers a prime
opportunity for a strategic allocation and development of a standard recreational facilities catering
for diverse community needs and preferences.

Furthermore, a considerable portion of the area benefits from a gentle slope. This favorable
topography significantly reduces the need for extensive and costly excavation and earth works
during the development of recreational facilities. The natural ground facilitates easier and more
economical construction of various facilities, including sport fields and landscaped areas while
also enhancing natural drainage and aesthetics.

Another key opportunity lies in the wide road reserves of the roads connecting the settlement with
Garissa road and Athena road having reserves of 60 and 40 meters respectively. These generous
reserves offer a readily available space for the provision of dedicated pedestrian walkways. By
strategically utilizing the existing corridors, this project can efficiently address the current lack of
non-motorised infrastructure creating safe and accessible pathways for walking , jogging and
cycling , significantly improving connectivity within and around the area.

72
Map 16; Site Opportunity Analysis Map

Wide road reserve along Athena

road enough for provision of
non-motorised transport
infrastructure. An informal recreational
open space next to Kiandutu
dispensary

An informal recreational
space opposite M.t Zion
church

Source Author 2025

73
 3.3.4: Site Suitability Analysis.
The development of functional and accessible recreational open spaces in Kiandutu necessitates a
comprehensive site suitability analysis. This analysis aimed to identify land parcels that are most
conducive to recreational development by considering a range of physical and human factors. The
overarching justification for this analysis stem from the existing inadequacy of recreational open
spaces within Kiandutu, highlighting an urgent need for well-planned and strategically located
recreational facilities. The criterial for determining suitable sites for recreational spaces
development encompasses;

Assessment of physical development on the site where areas with no or minimal existing structures
and those do not require significant demolition or relocation were considered more suitable,
Presence of community centres and schools enhanced the suitability of the adjacent land for
recreational purposes through shared access and synergy.

Slope assessment; topography plays a crucial role in the cost and feasibility of recreational facility
development. The analysis prioritizes gently sloping areas as more suitable which reduces cost of
excavation during constructions. Physical ground characteristics such as excavation such those
present near M.t. Zion church are considered less suitable.

Accessibility; it is a paramount criterion for the success and inclusivity of the proposed recreational
facility sites. Site accessibility is evaluated based on proximity to residential areas, dominant
community facilities such as schools and reliable road network which in this case as Garissa road
and Athena road. The presence or potential for establishing pedestrian walkways to boost
accessibility along these roads significantly enhanced the accessibility score of adjacent land.

Through systematic mapping and evaluation of the site based on each of the above factors in GIS
software, a suitability analysis map (17). It presents three category of potential recreational
development sites ranked on their score. The suitable areas are those exhibit favorable
combination of minimal physical development, gentle slope and easily accessible; least suitable
areas are those faced with significant constraints such as rugged terrain or difficulty to access; The
sites that are not suitable are the ones that possess severe limitations such as dense development,
rugged terrain or not easily accessible.

74
Map 17; Site Suitability analysis

Source Author 2025

75
 4: CHAPTER 4:
PROJECT PLANNING AND DESIGN.
The Planning and Design phase establishes a structured framework to guide development and
ensure the successful realization of the project's objectives. This stage encompasses a thorough
site analysis, the formulation of design principles, and the creation of conceptual layouts. Key
considerations include site accessibility, environmental impact, functionality, and aesthetic appeal,
all of which contribute to a well-integrated and sustainable design. A data-driven planning
approach ensures alignment with residents' preferences, regulatory requirements, and sustainable
development practices. Throughout this phase, stakeholder input plays a vital role in refining
concepts and optimizing the overall design strategy, fostering a collaborative and inclusive
planning process.

4.1: Specifications for Planning and Design.

This section serves as a critical foundation for the successful execution of the project. This stage
encompassed comprehensive analysis of the development of the plan objectives, and the
preparation of conceptual layouts, all undertaken to ensure alignment with the plan’s overarching
goals. Particular attention is given to site accessibility, environmental sustainability, functional
efficiency, and architectural integrity.

Planning details used are sourced from the relevant regulatory frameworks and best practice
standards, while design initiatives emphasize both practicality and aesthetic value. Stakeholder
engagement is integral throughout the process, facilitating informed decision-making and ensuring
that the final design plan is robust, cohesive, and responsive to identified needs.

76
 4.1.1: Guiding Planning and Design Principles.
The planning project is grounded on a set of guiding principles aimed at creating a functional,
inclusive, and sustainable environment. These principles shaped every aspect of the planning and
design process, ensuring that the final outcome responds effectively to user needs, regulatory
frameworks, and long-term community development goals.

Participatory Planning; Central to the plan approach was the principle of participatory planning.
Engagement with stakeholders, including local residents, businesses, and relevant authorities was
prioritized throughout the planning process. Surveys and consultation meetings facilitated the
collection of valuable insights and preferences, ensuring that the design not only reflects the
community’s aspirations but also fosters a sense of ownership and stewardship among its users.

Data-Driven Planning and Development Standards Review. The planning process is firmly rooted
in data-driven methodologies. Comprehensive reviews of local development standards, planning
regulations and best practices are included to inform planning decisions. This ensured that the
project met all regulatory requirements while also incorporating innovative solutions tailored to
site-specific conditions. Quantitative and qualitative data guided the layout of spaces, building
footprints, circulation paths, and environmental management strategies.

Diversification of Recreational Space Activities (Functional Zoning); Functional zoning is

employed to diversify the range of recreational activities available within the project area. The site
is carefully divided into distinct zones, each dedicated to different activities such as commercial
and residential areas. It also proposes creation of different open spaces for passive recreation,
active sports, children’s play, and community gathering spaces. This zoning strategy promotes a
dynamic and adaptable environment that caters to a wide range of user groups, enhancing the site's
overall utility and vibrancy.

Accessibility and Connectivity. Accessibility and connectivity are prioritized to ensure seamless
movement throughout Kiandutu. The design incorporated well planned walk ways, clear signage,
and multiple access points to accommodate all users, including those with disabilities.
Connectivity to surrounding neighborhoods and key urban amenities is strengthened through
pedestrian-friendly routes, integrated bicycle paths, and transit linkages, promoting inclusivity and
ease of access.

77
Safety and Security. Safety considerations are embedded throughout the plan, with a particular
focus on street lighting and visibility. Well-illuminated pathways, strategic placement of lighting
fixtures, that will minimize crime cases and enhance user safety and comfort. Proposed open
spaces are planned to promote natural surveillance, reduce blind spots, and create secure
environments for day and night use.

Sustainability; Sustainability forms the cornerstone of the planning concept. Natural greenery will
be preserved and enhanced through the integration of native plant species, green corridors, and
permeable surfaces that promote biodiversity and ecological balance. Waste management systems,
including designated waste disposal points and waste separation facilities, are incorporated into
the plan to minimize the project’s environmental footprint and improve the existing waste
management challenges in Kiandutu. The approach harmonizes the built environment with natural
processes, contributing to long-term environmental resilience.

4.1.2: Development Strategies and Regulations.

The planning and development of the project are anchored in a comprehensive review of applicable
design standards and regulatory frameworks. This ensures that all proposed interventions comply
with current planning policies, zoning regulations, building codes, and environmental
requirements. A thorough analysis of local, regional, and national development standards allows
for the integration of best practices, addressing key aspects such as land use efficiency,
accessibility, safety, sustainability, and community needs. This rigorous regulatory review
establishes a strong foundation for a planning approach that is both contextually relevant and
forward-looking, ensuring alignment with broader planning objectives and long-term development
goals.

78
The planning handbook 2008 provides for the slum rehabilitation standards presented in table
which would be used in drafting this plan.

Type of Residential Minimum Plot coverage (%)

Development
Slum DETACHED%
rehabilitation 50 SEMI DETACHED%
65 ROW 65
HOUSING%
upgrading
50 65 65
Minimum Set Backs (Meters)
Front Side Rear
2.5 1.5 3
Access roads: It is recommended that the width of streets or access lane in a residential area be
determined by the number of dwelling units or plots to be served. The minimum street width for
given number of plots are indicated a in table

No of Plots Street width

1-20 9m
21-50 12 m

Cul-De-Sac; A dead-end street should be aligned such that it gives access to not more than 8 to
10 residential plots. It should not exceed 60m in length and should have a turning radius of at least
15m – at the inner end.

The majority of the population in low income residential areas lack money for all but their basic
needs. They are therefore essentially pedestrian and their recreation must be found within walking
distance to their homes. They cannot afford much living space and tend to live in cramped
overcrowded conditions. Some relief is necessary from the pressure generated by overcrowding.

The recommended recreational space allocation is 1-2 hectares per 10,000 populations in areas
above 50 persons per hectare. The spaces should include 1-2 playing fields and children’s equipped
playgrounds.

Sports Field Design Standards.

Table below presents the standard measurements for multipurpose play field facility approved by
the International Association of Athletics Federations IAAF (2008).

79
Table 11; Sports field design standards

Type of Field Length (meters) Width (meters)

Foot ball 105 68
Basket ball 26 14
Volley ball 18 9
A standard running track should have six lane athletic facility with 36.50m radius bends; lane
widths range of 1.22m – 1.25m and lane lines of 50mm wide.

Roads Dimensions.
Type Width
Local Distributor road 18 m
Major Access road 15 m
Residential street 12 m
Cul-de –sac 9m
Foot path 2m
Cycling lane 1.5 m

4.1.3: Functional Organization of Site Land Uses.

The functional organization is centered on a mixed-use development model that harmoniously
integrates residential, commercial, and community functions to create a dynamic and sustainable
urban environment. The plan is crafted to optimize land use while enhancing overall connectivity,
ensuring that every component of the development is interlinked with a clear focus on accessibility
and functionality. Residential clusters are strategically planned to support compact, high-density
living, interwoven with local commercial centers and essential recreational spaces which
collectively foster a walkable, vibrant community.

This approach envisions the seamless integration of recreational open spaces throughout the
settlement. Playgrounds and green spaces are interspersed among residential areas, ensuring that
residents have continuous and immediate access to open, natural environments that encourage
physical activity and social interaction. These recreational areas not only serve as leisure spaces
but also function as ecological buffers, contributing to improved air quality and biodiversity while
reinforcing the overall aesthetic and environmental sustainability of the urban fabric.

Additionally, the plan incorporates an effective waste management strategy designed to support
long-term environmental resilience. Decentralized waste collection points provided within each
residential cluster and recreational space. These elements work together to streamline waste

80
disposal processes, minimize environmental impacts, and promote a circular economy by
integrating waste reduction initiatives with community green spaces.

Enhanced connectivity further underpins the functional organization of the site, with a
comprehensive transportation network that prioritizes non-motorized travel. Arterial roads and
carefully planned local streets interconnect the various land use areas, while dedicated pedestrian
walkways and cycling lanes ensure safe and efficient movement throughout the area and connect
to recreational spaces. This mobility framework supports sustainable commuting practices,
effectively linking residential areas with commercial, recreational, and public service zones.

4.1.4: Site accommodation schedule.

The Kiandutu settlement, spanning 54.97 hectares, is poised for a transformative land use plan that
integrates enhanced connectivity to recreational spaces and fosters sustainable living. This
schedule outlines a balanced spatial allocation that not only meets residential and commercial
needs but also prioritizes the development of accessible, multifunctional recreational areas. By
improving internal circulation and linking community spaces through dedicated pedestrian and
cycling routes, the plan aims to create a cohesive urban fabric that supports social interaction,
environmental sustainability, and long-term community well-being.

4.1.5: Land Use Budget.

The land budget for the Kiandutu land use plan is carefully structured based on a thorough
assessment of existing land use patterns, settlement dynamics, and applicable planning regulations.
Given its official zoning for high-density residential use, the land allocation prioritizes optimized
residential development while seamlessly incorporating essential infrastructure, support services,
and sustainable open spaces, fostering a balanced and livable urban environment.

Kiandutu spans 54.97 hectares, with an additional 2.753 hectares proposed for the development of
a multi-purpose playfield. The area is characterized by informal residential settlements, scattered
commercial activities, and underutilized open spaces. The project aims to establish a well-
organized plan to regularize land use, enhance spatial coherence, and align development with
regulatory provisions for high-density recreational zones. This approach ensures the plan

81
effectively meets the needs of a growing population while advancing improved living conditions,
social inclusion, and environmental sustainability

Table 12 shows allocation of land to various land uses, per the recommendation of planning
handbook (2002)

Table 12; Land use Budget

Code Land use Area (Hectares) Percentage coverage (%)

0 Residential 23.96 41.5%
1 Industrial 4.50 7.8%
2 Educational 9.00 15.6%
3 Recreational 7.62 13.2%
4 Public purpose 8.66 15.0%
5 Commercial 2.25 3.9%
6 Public utility 1.73 3.0%
Total 57.72 100%

4.2: Conceptual Spatial Planning.

The conceptual spatial planning for the Open Spaces in Kiandutu forms a critical phase in the
transformation of the area into a sustainable and well-structured urban environment. The plan aims
at guiding the strategic distribution of land uses, enhancing livability, promoting ecological
resilience, and ensuring equitable access to public amenities particularly recreational spaces. The
proposals consider the existing site characteristics, community needs, and planning regulations to
formulate responsive, inclusive, and feasible plan scenarios. A key focus in all concepts is the
integration of recreational infrastructure into the urban fabric, enhancing connectivity and social
cohesion while supporting environmental sustainability. Three alternative spatial concepts were
formulated each offering a unique approach to embedding recreational functions and strengthening
the overall structure of the settlement as discussed below.

82
 4.2.1: Land Use Structuring Elements.
The structuring elements of the Kiandutu settlement play a crucial role in shaping the spatial
organization, guiding movement, and influencing future development patterns within the project
area. Key structuring elements identified for the project include major transportation corridors and
existing infrastructure that define the settlement’s edges and internal connectivity.

Garissa Road (Eastern Boundary).

Garissa Road forms the prominent structuring feature of the Kiandutu settlement. As a major
regional arterial road, it provides critical external connectivity linking the settlement to Thika
Town and other regional centers. Its strategic location offers opportunities for the development of
mixed-use commercial nodes along the eastern edge, capitalizing on high visibility and
accessibility. To maximize its structuring potential, the land use plan proposes an active frontage
along Garissa Road, incorporating higher-density residential clusters and commercial facilities that
benefit from proximity to major transport flows.

Athena Road (Northern Boundary).

Athena Road delineates the northern edge of the settlement and serves as an important secondary
distributor road. It provides local accessibility, connecting internal neighborhoods to external
amenities and facilitating smoother movement within the upper sectors of Kiandutu. The plan
encourages the enhancement of Athena Road as a vibrant community corridor, supporting
neighborhood-level commercial centers, educational institutions, and social amenities, while also
strengthening pedestrian and cycling infrastructure to improve internal mobility and promote
sustainable transportation modes.

Railway Line;

The railway line runs along the lowest side of the settlement near molo village, establishing a
natural boundary and offering potential for future transit-oriented development (TOD) strategies.
While currently serving as a physical and perceptual barrier, the proximity to rail infrastructure
provides an opportunity for long-term economic activation through improved logistics access and
the potential development of light commercial or artisan industries that are rail-linked.

83
 4.2.2: Conceptualization of Land uses.
The conceptualization of land uses for the plan is anchored in the planning handbook guidelines
and relevant legal frameworks, ensuring that every land parcel contributes to an environment that
is both accessible and livable. The planning approach emphasizes a well-integrated urban fabric
where residential, commercial, and community centers are strategically interlinked through
accessible pathways and infrastructure. The integration not only supports efficient mobility but
also reinforces safe and coherent community networks, aligning with national development
policies and environmental management directives that advocate for balanced and sustainable
urban growth.

In detail, the land use plan envisions the creation of distinct yet interconnected zones, where
commercial hubs and community centers are thoughtfully located to maximize accessibility to
essential services. At the core of the plan is a major multipurpose sports field, purposefully sited
opposite the Kiandutu dispensary to serve both as a recreational space and a functional community
landmark. Surrounding this central facility, transformation of existing recreational green spaces
distributed across the settlement forms the strategy to promote open, healthy living environments.
The plan reflects the principles set out in the planning handbooks and relevant legal documents,
where the safety and wellbeing of residents are paramount, and every spatial element from
residential plots to community service nodes are planned to foster interaction and active lifestyles.

Complementing these spatial arrangements, the plan incorporates dedicated waste management
systems with strategically located collection points. These facilities are critical in preventing
impulsive waste dumping on open spaces and along roadways, thereby preserving the aesthetic
and functional integrity of public areas. The integration of efficient waste management within the
broader land use framework, the plan not only safeguards environmental quality but also enhances
the overall urban experience. This holistic approach ensures that Kiandutu evolves into a
sustainable and vibrant community where public health, environmental stewardship, and livability
converge in a seamless urban tapestry.

84
Conceptualization of Movement and Circulation.

The conceptualization of movement and circulation within the Kiandutu settlement is planned to
prioritize accessibility, safety, and sustainable mobility. A primary feature of the circulation plan
is the expansion of three access major roads that link the settlement directly to Athena Road to 18-
meter-wide roads. The roads are planned as complete streets, incorporating dedicated pedestrian
walkways and cycling lanes to encourage non-motorized transport. To enhance safety and
usability, especially during evening hours, the roads will be fitted with energy-efficient street
lighting, ensuring that residents can move freely and securely across the settlement.

From the major access roads, a network of 12-meter-wide secondary roads will serve as the
primary internal circulation routes, providing direct access to key destinations such as residential
areas, community centers, and recreational spaces. These roads are planned to support mixed-use
traffic while maintaining a pedestrian-friendly environment, reflecting best practices outlined in
the planning handbook and urban transport policies. Their structured layout ensures efficient traffic
distribution, minimizes congestion, and fosters walkability, a crucial element in creating a livable
and connected settlement.

Complementing this circulation framework, 9-meter-wide cul-de-sac roads proposed along the
recreational zones to facilitate localized access while minimizing through traffic, enhancing safety
and tranquility around leisure areas. Additionally, a dedicated pedestrian walkway is proposed
along Athena Road to support safe and uninterrupted pedestrian movement linking Kiandutu with
neighboring areas. This integrated approach to movement and circulation not only improves
accessibility and connectivity but also promotes sustainable urban mobility, supporting the
settlement’s broader vision of a healthy, inclusive, and vibrant community.

Map 18; Proposed road network

85
 Source Author 2025

Conceptualization of Human Space Interaction.

The conceptualization of human space interaction in the development project site is founded on
the creation of accessible, inclusive recreational spaces that cater to the diverse needs of the
community. The plan intentionally places these spaces within easy reach of residential and
commercial zones, ensuring that individuals and families have nearby opportunities for recreation,
social interaction, and community activities. This integrated approach extends to essential services,
promoting a seamless connection between everyday life and vibrant communal areas, thereby
fostering a strong sense of belonging and social cohesion.

Underpinning this plan is a commitment to prioritized non-motorized transport, which serves as

the backbone of connectivity within and around the settlement. Well-lit pedestrian walkways,
dedicated cycling paths (especially along Athena, Garissa roads and all main access roads to the
settlement) and energy-efficient street lighting ensures that residents can safely navigate the
environment at all hours, reinforcing the overall objective of creating a secure and livable

86
community. By combining access to inclusive public spaces with a robust pedestrian and cycling
network, the development project effectively supports active lifestyles and enhances the quality of
life for all community members.

Conceptualization of Site Sense of Character.

The conceptualization of the site’s character is centered on creating a unique, sustainable

neighborhood that balances functionality with community wellbeing. This vision is brought to life
through the provision of adequate, standard recreational spaces that serve as key hubs for
recreation and social interaction. An efficient waste management system has been integrated into
the plan, ensuring that Kiandutu remains clean and healthy, while dedicated maintenance efforts
support the overall quality of life. These elements combined, foster an environment where the
public spaces not only encourage outdoor activities but also promote community cohesion and a
strong sense of place.

Complementing these features, the plan emphasizes well-lit streets and the prioritization of non-
motorized transport to enhance accessibility and safety throughout the settlement. Dedicated
pedestrian walkways and cycling paths are strategically planned to facilitate easy movement and
reduce dependence on motor vehicles, thereby contributing to a greener, quieter, and livable
neighborhood. This integrated approach to urban planning ensures that each element from
recreational facilities to transportation networks aligns with the broader goals of creating a
sustainable and vibrant community that embodies the essential character of modern urban living.

87
 4.2.3: Alternative Site Development Models. .
Central Recreational Space Model

This alternative envisions the creation of a centralized, multi-purpose recreational hub through the
acquisition and redevelopment of Plot 117. Strategically positioned at the settlement’s edge, this
site presents a valuable opportunity to establish a dynamic play area complemented by green open
spaces for passive recreation, maximizing user experience.

Proposed as the central recreational space for Kiandutu, the park is planned to feature a
multipurpose playfield, including a football pitch, running track, volleyball court, and basketball
court. Additionally, landscaped green spaces and seating areas would enhance its appeal. This
centralization approach aims to create an iconic, accessible public space that fosters social
cohesion, promotes physical well-being, and strengthens Kiandutu’s identity as a vibrant and
livable community. The altrnative also incorporates pedestrian and cycling networks, ensuring
seamless connectivity throughout the settlement and enhancing accessibility for all residents.

88
Map 19; Central Recreational space model (Alternative 1)

Source Author 2025

88
Green Recreational Spine and Pockets Model.

This conceptual plan proposes the development of a green spine, complemented by three smaller
recreational pockets distributed throughout the settlement. This model envisions a main
recreational corridor anchored by a multipurpose sports field centrally located along the spine. The
corridor is conceptualized to include pedestrian walkways connecting key nodes such as schools,
the market, residential areas and community centers- encouraging active mobility. Alongside this
main green spine, underutilized and existing recreational spaces within Kiandutu are proposed to
be improved into functional leisure spots and pocket recreational spaces. This decentralized
strategy allows for equitable distribution of green spaces, ensuring that all residents have
immediate access to recreation areas while enhancing environmental quality and urban resilience
across the settlement.

89
Map 20; Green spine and pockets model (Alternative 2)

Source Author 2025

90
Linear Recreational Space Model

This conceptual plan focuses on the development of linear recreational spaces along the major
transportation corridor, along Athena Road north of Kiandutu. The road is reimagined not only as
vehicular thoroughfares but as active, vibrant public space that feature landscaped walkways,
shaded sitting zones, jogging and biking tracks, and roadside green buffers with a sports facility at
the edge of the settlement (opposite Themes industrial park). This model introduces multi-
functional green belts that serve as both visual and functional enhancements to the two mobility
corridors.

Linear recreational spaces along this road create an edge-to-core connection, integrating the
transportation system with recreational open space. This model improves safety and walkability
along heavily trafficked corridors while contributing to urban cooling, air quality improvement,
and aesthetic enhancement. The plan leverages existing right-of-way widths and easements,
making implementation feasible and cost-effective while maximizing community exposure to
recreational infrastructure.

91
Map 21; Linear Recreational space model (Alternative 3)

Linear Recreational –park along

Athena Road

Proposed Kiandutu Multi-

purpose sports field

Proposed 4 meter pedestrian & cycling way

Source Author 2025

92
 4.2.4: Evaluation of alternatives.
To determine the most appropriate plan for the development of recreational open spaces in
Kiandutu, a Goal Achievement Matrix (GAM) was used as an evaluative tool. This method
facilitated the systematic comparison of the three plan alternatives based on their ability to meet
established planning principles. The three proposed plans were assessed against six key criteria:
accessibility, functionality, safety, environmental impact, community preferences, and feasibility.
By assigning weighted scores to each criterion, the GAM enabled a structured and transparent
evaluation process, ultimately guiding the selection of the plan that best aligns with both technical
planning standards and community needs.

[Link] Weight Distribution and Evaluation Criteria of the Alternative plans. (GAM)
The Goal Achievement Matrix (GAM) was employed as a structured decision-making tool to
evaluate the three proposed plans for the open spaces land use plans for Kiandutu. This matrix-
based approach facilitated a systematic comparison of each plan against a set of defined planning
principles, ensuring that the most suitable and sustainable alternative is identified. The evaluation
was guided by the assignment of weighted scores to each criterion, reflecting their relative
importance in the successful development of the recreational spaces. The total weight was
distributed across five key evaluation categories, as outlined below:

Accessibility and Functionality (Weight: 0.3)

Accessibility and functionality were prioritized with the highest weight of 0.3, highlighting their
critical role in ensuring that the recreational spaces serve all segments of the Kiandutu community
effectively. Accessibility considers proximity, ease of entry, and inclusive design catering to
children, elderly individuals, and persons with disabilities. Functionality focused on the usability
of space — whether the design supports a range of recreational activities and community needs.
This category was emphasized due to its direct impact on utilization, social inclusion, and the long-
term success of the open spaces.

Safety and Aesthetic Appeal (Weight: 0.2).

Assigned a weight of 0.2, safety and aesthetic appeal are vital in promoting a secure and welcoming
environment. Safety measures include adequate lighting, visibility, surveillance, and clear

93
pathways, all of which enhance user confidence and reduce the risk of crime or accidents. Aesthetic
appeal refers to the visual quality, landscaping, and general attractiveness of the spaces, which
contribute to the overall user experience and sense of pride among residents. These elements were
considered essential for encouraging frequent and diverse usage of the spaces.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability (Weight: 0.2).

This criterion also received a weight of 0.2, reflecting the growing need for environmentally
responsible planning. The evaluation considered the ecological footprint of each plan, including
preservation of existing vegetation, waste management, and integration of sustainable materials
and practices. In the context of Kiandutu, where green space is limited, the promotion of
environmental stewardship through low-impact and resilient design is fundamental for long-term
viability.

Community Engagement and Preferences (Weight: 0.2).

Community engagement was weighted at 0.2, underscoring the importance of public participation
in the planning process. This category examined how well each plan responded to the expressed
needs, values, and cultural identity of the Kiandutu community, gathered through surveys, and
interviews. Including community views ensures that the selected alternative is not only technically
sound but also socially acceptable and embraced by local stakeholders.

Feasibility (Weight: 0.1).

With a weight of 0.1, feasibility assessed the practical aspects of plan implementation, including
cost-effectiveness, technical complexity, and alignment with existing policy frameworks and
resources. While still a critical factor, feasibility was assigned the lowest weight to emphasize that
although implementation constraints must be acknowledged, they should not overshadow the core
planning values essential for creating meaningful and lasting public spaces.
The scale of 1 to 3 was applied in assessment of the plans on how well they performed on each of
the determined planning principles; where 1 represents low, 2 represents moderate and 3 represents
good.

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Table 13: Goal Achievement Matrix

Goals Assigned Central Recreational Linear

Weight Recreational Green Spine Recreational
space & Pockets space
Model Model
Model score Total Model score Total Model score Total
Accessibility 0.3 2 0.6 3 0.9 2 0.6
and
Functionality
Safety and 0.2 2 0.4 3 0.6 1 0.2
Security
Environmental 0.2 2 0.4 3 0.6 2 0.4
Impact /
Sustainability
Community 0.2 2 0.4 2 0.4 1 0.2
engagement /
Preferences
Feasibility 0.1 3 0.3 2 0.2 1 0.1
1 Total 2.1 Total 2.7 Total 1.5
Source Author 2025

The Recreational Green Spine and Pocket spaces model emerged as the preferred alternative,
achieving the highest overall score (2.7) in the Goal Achievement Matrix evaluation. This plan
demonstrated strong performance across all key criteria, particularly excelling in accessibility,
functionality, and environmental sustainability. Its plan integrates a continuous green corridor (the
spine) with strategically placed pocket parks, enhancing connectivity while providing diverse
recreational spaces throughout the settlement. The model effectively balances ecological
preservation with active community use, aligns with local preferences, and presents a feasible
implementation strategy, making it the most suitable option for the Kiandutu recreational open
spaces.

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 4.3: Kiandutu physical and Land Use Development Plan.
The Green Spine and Pockets Model emerged as the preferred plan in the formulation of the Open
Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu having achieved the highest score among all proposed
alternatives. The model demonstrated superior alignment with the guiding principles, including
environmental sustainability, community accessibility, inclusivity, and spatial equity. The
integration of greater green spine with strategically placed green pockets, the plan promotes
ecological connectivity, enhances public open space access, and supports diverse community
activities. The model presents balance between functionality and environmental stewardship
positioning it as the most effective and suitable vision for transforming Kiandutu.

Green spine and pockets model;

Under the Kiandutu Physical Land Use Plan, the location of recreational spaces are planned to
enhance accessibility, environmental quality, and community well-being. A central feature of the
plan is the transformation of 2.517-hectare parcel of land into a major recreational hub. As per the
plan, the land is proposed for development of a multipurpose field comprising a football pitch with
a running track, alongside volleyball and basketball courts and designated green zones for passive
recreation such as walking and relaxation.

Complementing the proposed central recreational hub are three rehabilitated recreational pockets
located across the settlement. They include 0.24 hectare in Molo village, 0.02-hectare space in
Mikinduri village and 0.042-hectare park in Mtatu village. These pockets are planned to provide
localized access to safe and functional green spaces, fostering community cohesion and promoting
physical activity at the neighborhood level.

The plan ensures seamless and equitable access to all parts of Kiandutu, it incorporates a well-
connected road network featuring pedestrian walkways and well-lit streets, enhancing both
mobility and safety—particularly during nighttime hours. In support of environmental
sustainability, the plan also prioritizes solid waste management through the establishment of three
strategically placed waste collection centers at Stage Wariah, Molo and Mtatu B villages. The
facilities aim to reduce indiscriminate dumping in open spaces, maintaining the cleanliness and
usability of all recreational areas.

96
Map 22: Proposed Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu .

Source Author 2025

97
 4.4: Action Area Plans
4.4.1: Transportation and Circulation Plan.
The transportation and circulation plan for Kiandutu is formulated to support efficient, inclusive,
and sustainable mobility while reinforcing the spatial integration of open spaces across the
settlement. Central to this plan is the expansion and upgrading of the transportation network to
improve accessibility, safety, and connectivity for all users, with a special focus on non-motorized
transport (NMT).

Three main access roads within Kiandutu are proposed to be expanded to an 18-meter width,
allowing for improved vehicular flow, dedicated non-motorized transport lanes boosts safer
multimodal circulation. The primary corridors will be interconnected with a network of 12-meter-
wide arterial roads, strategically distributed to link public open spaces, key community facilities,
and commercial zone. To ensure last-mile connectivity and access to residential zones, a series of
9-meter-wide cul-de-sac roads are planned to serve all residential areas, creating safe, low-traffic
environments that promote walkability and community interaction.

A core principle guiding the plan is the prioritization of non-motorized transport. To this end, all
roads in the hierarchy are planned with pedestrian walkways and, where feasible, provisions for
cycling paths. Particular emphasis is placed on Athena Road, where a 4-meter-wide pedestrian
infrastructure is proposed on both sides, enhancing walkability, promoting active lifestyles, and
ensuring safe movement for pedestrians along this major corridor.

The Transportation and Circulation Plan aims to balance mobility needs with environmental
stewardship, reduce congestion, promote equitable access to public spaces, and contribute to the
overall livability and sustainability of Kiandutu.

98
Map 23: Proposed Transportation and Circulation Plan for Kiandutu

Source Author 2025

99
 4.4.2: Utilities and Services plans.
The Utilities and Services Plan for Kiandutu is a vital component of the broader Kiandutu Land
Use Plan aimed at improving the quality of life for residents through the provision of essential
services, environmental management, and enhanced public safety. This plan focuses on expanding
access to water, strengthening waste management systems, and improving public lighting across
the settlement.

Water Supply Infrastructure; To address the existing water supply challenges and reduce
pressure on the two currently operational water points, the plan proposes the installation of nine
additional water points strategically located at underserved zones within Kiandutu. The expansion
will not only improve access to clean and reliable water for domestic use but also support sanitation
facilities in recreational and public open spaces. The placement of these water points was guided
by population density and proximity to high-use areas, ensuring equitable distribution and ease of
access.

Waste Management System; A critical concern in Kiandutu has been the indiscriminate dumping
of solid waste in open spaces. To mitigate this, the plan incorporates the establishment of three
waste collection centers at strategic located at Molo, Mtatu B and Stage Wariah. The centers will
serve as designated drop-off points for both household and public waste, forming the backbone of
an organized waste collection and disposal system. The plan encourages community involvement
in waste sorting and recycling initiatives.

Street Lighting for Safety; Enhancing safety and usability of public spaces, especially during
nighttime, is a key goal of the plan. The installation of streetlights along main access roads,
pedestrian pathways, and around recreational spaces is prioritized to create a well-lit and secure
environment. Special attention is given to high-traffic zones and vulnerable areas such as narrow
paths, corners, and informal shortcuts. Energy-efficient LED lighting solutions are recommended
to reduce operational costs and environmental impact. The integrated Utilities and Services Plan
aims to foster a healthier, cleaner, and safer living environment in Kiandutu, supporting the long-
term vision of a sustainable and resilient informal settlement upgrade.

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Map 24: Proposed Services & Utility Plan for Kiandutu

Source Author 2025

101
 4.4.3: Action Area Plan (Kiandutu Multi-purpose Play field)
The Kiandutu Multipurpose Playfield Action Area Plan outlines a transformative plan for the
development of a formal, multi-use recreational facility within Kiandutu settlement. Strategically
located near Stage Wariah village and Garissa Road Primary School, the site occupies a position
that is accessible both internally from the settlement and externally from key areas within Thika
Municipality. Its location makes it ideal to serve as the primary recreational hub for the
community, encouraging organized sports and recreation activities while also addressing the
current informal and environmentally degraded state of the land, which includes waste dumping.

The proposal envisions a comprehensive facility centered around a standard football pitch
encircled by a running track, complemented by basketball and volleyball courts to cater to diverse
sporting interests. An administrative office, public toilets, and changing rooms are incorporated to
support functionality and organized programming. Importantly, the plan considers the integration
of local educational institutions—Garissa Road Primary and Broadways High School—enabling
shared use that maximizes the utility of the facility while promoting school-community
partnerships.

Environmental rejuvenation is a key feature of the plan, with extensive green landscaping and tree
planting to improve microclimatic conditions and provide a welcoming, natural setting. Passive
recreational areas are embedded within the plan, with seating zones along pedestrian walkways
that encourage community gatherings and non-sporting recreational use. Safety and usability are
prioritized through the installation of street lighting and four strategically placed floodlights for
evening activities, alongside reliable water points and ample waste bins across the facility.

Accessibility to the infrastructure is addressed through the introduction of a 12-meter-wide access

road linking the site to Athena Road adjacent to Garissa Road, enhancing mobility and
connectivity. A perimeter fence with two designated entry points deliberately planned to ensure
security and controlled access, while a centralized waste collection point at Stage Wariah will
facilitate effective solid waste management for surrounding land uses. Altogether, the Kiandutu
Multipurpose Playfield is planned to become a dynamic, inclusive, and environmentally
sustainable recreational landmark for the settlement and the broader Thika region.

102
Map 25: Action Area Plan

Source Author 2025

103
 4.4.4: Building Prototypes.
The proposed building prototypes within the Kiandutu Physical Land Use Plan feature multi-storey
block designs that strategically align with the development policy outlined in the Thika
Municipality 2018 Area Plan. The envisioned prototypes incorporate mixed-use typologies, with
the ground floors designated for commercial use and the upper storeys allocated for residential
accommodation. This approach supports higher population density while simultaneously
preserving sufficient land for the development of critical community infrastructure and public
amenities. The vertical integration of functions fosters economic vibrancy at the street level while
offering quality housing options above, promoting a compact and efficient urban form

Figure 7: Building Prototypes

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 4.5: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment.
4.5.1: Benefits of the Plan.
Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu is formulated to significantly improve the living
conditions and overall well-being of residents through the provision of formal, accessible, and
high-quality recreational spaces. By transforming previously neglected and informal open areas
into structured, multi-functional open spaces and sports grounds, the plan introduces safe
environments for physical activity, social interaction, and community events. These improvements
not only cater to diverse age groups and social needs but also promote mental and physical health,
thereby enhancing the quality of life within the settlement. For a community long deprived of
adequate recreational infrastructure, this marks a major step toward achieving dignity, safety, and
social cohesion.

In addition to recreation, the plan incorporates a comprehensive waste management strategy aimed
at curbing environmental pollution—a persistent issue in the area. The introduction of designated
waste collection points, strategically placed waste bins, and proper waste disposal will reduce
illegal dumping and contribute to a cleaner, healthier environment. These measures are expected
to reverse the current trend of environmental degradation and improve sanitation standards across
Kiandutu. The integration of green spaces and tree planting further enhances environmental quality
by improving air circulation, reducing heat intensity, and creating visually appealing landscapes
that contribute to the settlement’s ecological restoration.

Equally vital is the plan’s emphasis on establishing a well-planned and connected transportation
network, which links all villages of Kiandutu to each other and to key access points such as Garissa
Road and Athena Road. The proposed roads ensures safe and efficient movement of both vehicles
and pedestrians, supporting the overall functionality of the area. Improved connectivity will
enhance access to public amenities, schools, and economic centers, creating a more integrated and
livable settlement. Together, these interventions position the plan as a catalyst for sustainable
urban regeneration, where recreational development, environmental management, and
infrastructure work to uplift the Kiandutu community.

105
 4.5.2: Environmental Impact Prediction.
The implementation of the proposed Land Use Plan is expected to yield significant positive
environmental impacts through the introduction of structured waste management systems and
extensive green infrastructure. The provision of designated waste collection points and
strategically distributed waste bins across the recreational facilities is anticipated to curb illegal
dumping on open spaces and waste disposal along the roads, which currently contributes to
environmental pollution within the settlement. By promoting organized waste handling and timely
collection, the plan supports a cleaner, healthier environment for residents. In parallel, the
incorporation of landscaped green open spaces and tree planting within recreational spaces will
contribute to improved air quality, reduction of surface runoff, and enhancement of the settlement's
microclimate, ultimately fostering a more ecologically balanced and visually appealing urban
environment.

However, the plan also presents potential negative environmental impacts if not properly managed.
The proposed waste collection centres, particularly those located near Stage Wariah and Mikinduri
villages could become sources of environmental degradation if waste is not regularly collected and
disposed. Accumulation of uncollected refuse may lead to foul odors, groundwater contamination,
and attract disease vectors, undermining the plan’s environmental objectives. To mitigate these
risks, the plan must incorporate robust management protocols, including regular waste collection,
community awareness programs, and maintenance oversight. Overall, with proper implementation
and continuous monitoring, the environmental benefits of the plan are projected to outweigh the
risks, contributing to a healthier and more sustainable Kiandutu.

4.5.3: Social Impact Prediction.

The proposed Land Use Plan is anticipated to generate substantial positive social impacts,
particularly through the enhancement of community interaction and cohesion. Through
introduction of well-structured and inclusive recreational facilities—such as sports fields, green
parks, and passive recreational areas—the plan provides communal spaces that encourage social
engagement across different age groups and social backgrounds. These public spaces offer
platforms for informal gatherings, organized events, and cultural expression, fostering a sense of
belonging and collective identity among residents. The shared use of facilities by institutions such

106
as Garissa Road Primary and Broadways High School further reinforces social integration between
educational institutions and the wider community, promoting unity and mutual support.

The plan also prioritizes safety and equitable mobility, which are essential components of social
well-being in urban settlements. The installation of street lighting throughout pedestrian walkways
and recreational zones is expected to improve visibility, reduce crime, and enhance the sense of
security, especially during evening hours. Furthermore, the inclusion of non-motorised
transportation infrastructure—such as dedicated pedestrian paths and cycling lanes—encourages
safer and more inclusive movement for all residents, particularly children, the elderly, and
individuals without access to vehicles. These features not only improve the safety and accessibility
of public spaces but also contribute to a more socially inclusive and livable environment within
Kiandutu.

4.5.4: Impact Mitigation.

To ensure the successful and sustainable implementation of the Plan, this framework categorizes
anticipated economic, social, environmental, and institutional impacts, alongside their respective
mitigation strategies. The approach integrates insights from the Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment.

Table 14;Impact Mitigation

Impact Impact Mitigation Measure

Category
Economic Possible underutilization of Partner with local entrepreneurs and
Impacts proposed commercial nodes if institutions to activate commercial
not well integrated with local zones; provide incentives for small
economic patterns. businesses.
Temporary disruption of nearby Schedule phased redevelopment and
informal economic activities designate temporary relocation areas to
during redevelopment and minimize disruption to local
enforcement of road reserves. livelihoods.
High long-term maintenance Establish Public-Private Partnerships
costs for public facilities may (PPPs), encourage community
strain municipal budgets. involvement, and create sustainable
financing models such as local user
contributions.

107
Social Impacts Recreational facilities may be Ensure gender- and age-inclusive
underused by certain age or design; conduct sensitization and
gender groups due to exclusion or stakeholder inclusion programs to
cultural norms. encourage broad community use.
Risk of insecurity and vandalism Install adequate street lighting, promote
in new public spaces if not community policing, and involve local
properly secured. residents in stewardship roles for shared
ownership.
Displacement of informal play Educate community members on the
spaces may trigger resistance benefits of formal spaces, involve them
from users accustomed to in the planning process, and incorporate
unstructured spaces. flexible, multi-use recreational zones.
Environmental Accumulation of waste at Implement strict waste collection
Impacts proposed collection centres could schedules, regular maintenance, and
cause pollution if waste is not environmental enforcement
removed promptly. mechanisms at waste points.
Green infrastructure and Fence off young trees and landscaped
landscaped zones may be areas; engage community groups and
degraded without proper schools in environmental stewardship
protection and care. and regular maintenance.
Potential contamination from Integrate waste separation and support
illegal dumping. composting for organic waste within
green spaces.
Institutional Limited capacity of local Conduct capacity building workshops,
Impacts institutions to manage and provide technical training, and ensure
oversee plan implementation support from county planning offices
effectively. and external partners.
Weak coordination among Establish a multi-stakeholder
stakeholders may delay implementation committee; clarify
implementation or reduce institutional roles and responsibilities
accountability. with regular monitoring and reporting
protocols.
Lack of sustained funding and Integrate the plan within the Thika
evaluation could hinder long- Municipality's development agenda and
term success. secure budget allocations with clear
evaluation and review mechanisms.
Source Author 2025

108
 4.5.5: Environmental and Social Management Plan.
The strategic planning initiative aims at transforming the informal settlement into a well-planned
urban neighborhood with enhanced infrastructure, accessibility, and environmental sustainability.
The core objectives of the plan include the improvement of road networks, provision of quality
recreational spaces, effective solid waste management, and the development of a clean and
organized living environment. However, in achieving these goals, various social and
environmental impacts may arise.

The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented in table identifies potential
adverse impacts, outlines appropriate mitigation measures, and assigns responsibilities to key
actors involved in the implementation of the plan. The ESMP ensures that the planning and
execution of the project are done in an inclusive, sustainable, and socially responsible manner.

Table 15: Environmental and Social Management Plan.

Potential Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Actor(s)

Demolition of structures - Issue formal notices of demolition to Kenya Urban Roads Authority
due to proposed road affected persons well in advance. (KURA), County Government of
expansion - Allocate safe and adequate Kiambu (CGK), Thika
resettlement areas. Municipality Board (TMB)
- Engage with the community in
planning the relocation process.
Temporary displacement - Relocate affected persons to safe, CGK, TMB
due to partial rehabilitation temporary spaces.
of dwelling units - Adhere strictly to approved land use
zoning and development guidelines.
- Ensure phased rehabilitation to
minimize displacement.
Solid waste accumulation - Construct and manage three solid Kiambu County – National
and environmental pollution waste collection centers as proposed. Environment Management
from new collection centers - Provide protective clothing and Authority (Kiambu-NEMA),
equipment to workers. CGK,
- Regular monitoring and
maintenance of the centers to prevent
environmental hazards.
Dust generation and soil - Regularly sprinkle water on Contractors, TMB
erosion due to construction construction sites to suppress dust.
activities - Cover exposed soil and materials.
- Plant vegetation (trees/grass) to
stabilize soils post-construction.
Loss of vegetation and - Minimize unnecessary clearing of Contractors, TMB
green space during site vegetation.
development - Implement landscape restoration

109
 and tree-planting programs after
construction.
Public disruption and - Develop a construction schedule KURA, TMB, CGK
reduced accessibility during that minimizes public inconvenience.
infrastructure development - Provide alternative access routes
and inform residents in advance.
Health and safety risks to - Provide adequate personal Kiambu-NEMA, CGK
solid waste workers protective equipment (PPE) such as
gloves, masks, and boots.
- Conduct regular health and safety
training for waste handlers.
Source Author 2025

4.6: Development Control Guidelines.

The proposed plan is guided by a set of structured development control guidelines intended to
promote sustainable urban development, improve infrastructure, and enhance the quality of life for
residents. These guidelines have been formulated in line with the Physical Planning Handbook
(2002 & 2008), Roads design manuals and international standards for recreational and
infrastructural development, and are tailored to address the unique demographic and spatial
challenges of Kiandutu, which currently hosts a population of 23,383—more than double the
recommended threshold of 10,000 persons for a standard planning unit.

To address the recreational needs of the settlement, the plan provides for the allocation of a 2-
hectare formal recreational open space. This allocation is in accordance with the Physical Planning
Handbook (2008), which recommends 2 hectares of recreational land per 10,000 residents. The
high population density of Kiandutu justifies the need for such provision. The recreational space
will be equipped with a standard football pitch measuring 105 meters by 68 meters and surrounded
by a running track, compliant with International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
standards. Additionally, a 26-meter by 14-meter basketball court and an 18-meter by 9-meter
volleyball court will be included, providing a diverse range of recreational opportunities for the
community.

In terms of transport and mobility infrastructure, the development control guidelines call for the
expansion and enforcement of road reserves to meet the minimum standards outlined in the
Physical Planning Handbook (2002). A clear hierarchy of roads proposed, consist of 18-meter-
wide primary access roads, 12-meter-wide arterial roads, and 9-meter-wide cul-de-sac roads that

110
provide direct access to residential zones. The enforcement of these road widths will necessitate
the removal of encroaching structures along road corridors, to be managed through a structured
notification and resettlement process to minimize social disruption.

Infrastructure improvements also extend to the provision of essential utilities and solid waste
management. A cumulative 0.1-hectare area proposed for solid waste collection, to be divided into
three decentralized collection centers located in Molo, Stage Wariah, and Mtau B villages. This
decentralized approach is aimed at increasing accessibility and efficiency in waste handling.
Subsequently, public water points are proposed within a 100-meter radius of all residential clusters,
in line with the recommendations of the Physical Planning Handbook (2002), to ensure equitable
access to clean water.

As part of the settlement’s upgrading strategy, the plan seeks to regularize and rehabilitate existing
informal developments. All future and rehabilitated developments will be subject to a uniform plot
coverage limit of 75%, with mandatory building setbacks to improve spatial organization and
environmental quality. Specifically, a minimum setback of 2.5 meters at the front, 1.5 meters on
the sides, and 3 meters at the rear of each plot. These standards aim to provide adequate space for
ventilation, natural lighting, emergency access, and privacy between residential units.

To enhance pedestrian accessibility and safety, the guidelines provide for the construction of 4-
meter-wide pedestrian walkways on both sides of Athena Road. Similarly, all proposed roads
measuring 18 meters and 12 meters in width will feature 3.5-meter pedestrian walkways on either
side. These walkways are critical for promoting non-motorized mobility and ensuring safe access
to public amenities. In addition, the installation of street lighting along these routes will follow a
20-meter interval standard, thereby improving security and enabling the safe use of public spaces
during evening hours.

Development control guidelines are intended to guide the orderly and sustainable transformation
of Kiandutu into a well-planned, accessible, and livable urban neighborhood. Implementation will
be carried out in coordination with the County Government of Kiambu, the Thika Municipal
Planning Board, and relevant stakeholders to ensure adherence to planning standards while
addressing the social and infrastructural needs of the local population.

111
 5: CHAPTER FIVE: IMPLENTATION, MONITORING AND EVALUATION.
5.1: Project Log-Frame / Strategy Matrix.
Table 16: Project Log Framework

Objective Outcomes Activities Indicators Actors Time

To improve accessibility Expand roads to Provision of NMT Reduced cases of road KURA Short
and connectivity to meet the set infrastructure accidents as a result of
Thika Municipality term.
recreational spaces and standards (pedestrian and cycling provision of well board, county
all parts of the settlement ;lanes) along the roads planned walkways government of
Kiambu.
To provide quality Avail inclusive Improvement of the Clean and well- County government of Medium
recreational open spaces. and multi- existing open spaces / maintained open Kiambu, Thika term
functional open waste removal and spaces with seating Municipality board.
spaces development of a multi- places adorned by
purpose field. green vegetation.
To provide efficient Achieve a clean Setting of the waste Reduced waste Kiambu- NEMA Short term
waste management environment collection centers dumping along the Municipal board
system facilitated by roads and open
effective waste spaces.
management
strategy.
To promote Reduce carbon Planting trees and grass Increased County government of Long term
environmental footprint preferably on public neighborhood Kiambu, Muungano
sustainability for open spaces greenery wa wanavijiji
Kiandutu and its committee
environs.
Source Author 2025

112
 5.2: Implementation Schedule.
Table 17: Implementation Schedule.

ITEM ACTIVITY TIME

PERIOD
2025 2026 2027 2028 2029-2030
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

1 Identification of proposed development

2 Application of development permission.
3 Identification of stakeholders- community
driven project
4 Project inception
5 Data collection, analysis and synthesis
6 Situational analysis
7 Conceptual: alternative plans formulation
and selection of preferred plan
8 Preparation of EIA report for the site
9 Plan costing and estimates
10 Submission of plan for approval
11 Approval of the plan
12 Commissioning of the plan
implementation
13 Completion of plan implementation
13 Certificate of compliance
14 Progressive maintenance

15 Monitoring and evaluation

Source Author 2025

113
 5.3: Project Phasing Framework.
Table 18: Project Phasing Framework.

Phase Operation Time frame

Preliminary Raising awareness about the project and the its importance ( the need Short term
Phase for quality functional open spaces and infrastructure facilities)
Plan preparation
Plan costing and estimates and submission for approval; preparation of
EIA and reclamation of public land.
Remediation Demolition of structures to pave way for the expansion of roads, Short term
Phase housing and infrastructure utilities.
Removal of dumped waste from open spaces.
Development Provision of NMT infrastructure ( pedestrian walk ways and cycling Medium
Phase lanes) term
Provision of waste collection centers
Installation of streetlights
Construction of Kiandutu multi-purpose field
Improvement of infrastructure utilities (sewage and waste water
system, public water points.
Post Planting of appropriate site vegetation cover Long term
development Handing over the completed project.
Phase Enforcement of the development control guidelines for the area.
Project site management
Source Author 2025

5.4: Project Costing and Resource Requirements.

Table 19: Project Costing and Resource Requirements

Phase Action Timeline Cost (KSH)

Site preparation Site feasibility EIA Short term 50,000
and assessment Mobilization of finance resources

Road network Expansion of roads. Medium term 240, 000

upgrading Construction on pedestrian walkways and
cycling lanes
Installation of streetlights
Upgrading and Improvement of existing recreational Long term 10,000,000
provision of spaces ( provision of seating places, dust
quality bins)
recreational open Construction of Kiandutu multi-purpose
spaces field.
Planting trees and grass on public open
spaces

114
 Upgrading Provision of three waste collection Medium term 13,650,000
infrastructure centers.
utilities Provision of more public water points.
Covering and expansion of sewage and
waste water drainage channels.
Upgrading of the Construction of 5,000 affordable Long term 1,300,000,000
informal dwelling housing units.
units.
Source Author 2025

5.5: Framework for Implementing Agencies.

Table 20: Framework for Implementing Agencies.

Phase Action Timeline Implementing

agency
Site preparation Site feasibility EIA Short term County government
and assessment Mobilization of finance resources of Kiambu , NEMA

Road network Expansion of roads. Medium term KURA

upgrading Construction on pedestrian walkways and County
cycling lanes Government of
Installation of streetlights Kiambu
Thika Municipality
board
Upgrading and Improvement of existing recreational spaces Long term County
provision of ( provision of seating places, dust bins) Government of
quality Construction of Kiandutu multi-purpose Kiambu, Thika
recreational open field. Municipality board
spaces Planting trees and grass on public open Muungano wa
spaces wanavijiji
committee
Upgrading Provision of three waste collection centers. Medium term Thika municipality
infrastructure Provision of more public water points. board; NEMA ,
utilities Covering and expansion of sewage and County government
waste water drainage channels. of Kiambu.
Upgrading of the Construction of 5,000 affordable housing Long term KISIP, National
informal dwelling units. Government
units.
Source Author 2025

115
 5.5.1: Role of Actors and Implementation agencies.
Table 21: Roles of Implementing Agencies.

Actor Role
County Government of Kiambu. Plan approval
Funding the projects , implementation and enforcement of
development control.
Maintenance of the facilities.
National land commission To allocate public land for development
Kenya Urban Roads Authority To oversee construction of non-motorised transport infrastructure ,
(KURA) roads.
Maintenance of roads including the road reserves.
National Environmental Approve and issue EIA licenses for the projects.
Management authority (NEMA) Oversight the provision of waste collection centers sewage system.
National government/ KISIP Upgrading and provision of affordable housing units.
Muungano wa wanavijiji Representation of the needs and grievances of the people
committee/ community
Source Author 2025

5.5.2: Governance Framework.

Effective governance and strong institutional capacity are the bedrock of successful urban
development, neighborhood planning and upgrading initiatives. These elements are crucial at
every stage of the planning process—from plan preparation to adoption and eventual
implementation. In neighborhoods such as Kiandutu, where informal settlements often lack
essential services and infrastructure, sound governance frameworks and capable institutions are
pivotal in transforming the built environment and improving the quality of life for residents. This
section outlines the critical importance of these structures in the planning process, with a specific
focus on enhancing neighborhood livability through inclusive and sustainable approaches.

Plan Preparation: The initial phase of any development initiative lies in comprehensive and well-
structured plan preparation. This requires robust institutional support to ensure that the process is
professionally managed and informed by accurate data. A comprehensive situational analysis is
essential to diagnose the underlying challenges facing Kiandutu—such as inadequate
infrastructure, poor housing conditions, limited access to social amenities, and environmental
degradation. Analysis must be grounded in real-time data and informed by the lived experiences
of community members.

116
Equally important is the suitability study, which helps identify the most appropriate sites for
various development interventions such open spaces for recreation and drainage infrastructure
among other infrastructure utilities. The ability of institutions to facilitate thorough spatial analysis
and technical assessments ensures that development is not only feasible but also sustainable.

Integral to this process is participatory planning. Involving the community at every stage promotes
transparency, builds trust, and ensures that development interventions align with the needs and
aspirations of the people. The planning mandated institutions must therefore, be equipped to
facilitate inclusive dialogue, mobilize diverse stakeholders, and document community inputs
meaningfully. A participatory approach also enhances ownership and reduces resistance to change
during implementation.

Plan Adoption: Following preparation, the adoption of the plan is a decisive stage that demands
formal approval and policy backing. The Open Spaces Land Use Plan for Kiandutu, should be
officially approved and adopted by the County Government of Kiambu. This process legitimizes
the plan and provides the necessary authority for its enforcement and funding.

A public hearing must be conducted before adoption, offering stakeholders—including residents,

local leaders, civil society organizations, and technical experts—an opportunity to review the
proposed interventions, voice concerns, and suggest modifications. This step underscores the
democratic nature of urban planning and affirms the government’s commitment to transparency
and inclusiveness. Effective governance mechanisms ensure that this process is not a mere
formality but a meaningful engagement where public input is genuinely considered.

Plan Implementation: The successful implementation of development plan requires coordinated

action, adequate funding, and ongoing oversight. Institutional capacity becomes especially critical
at this stage. Implementing agencies must coordinate across departments, mobilize resources, and
monitor progress against set milestones. Clear frameworks for roles and responsibilities help
prevent duplication of effort and ensure efficient use of resources.

In neighborhoods like Kiandutu, where informal development practices may be entrenched, the
implementing institutions must also lead the effort to educate residents on the benefits of formal
planning and how implementation will improve their daily lives. Building community support is

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essential to overcome resistance and encourage cooperation during potentially disruptive activities
such as upgrading roads, relocating structures, or introducing new public amenities.

Development Control: Enforcement of development guidelines during and after implementation

is vital for ensuring that the neighborhood transformation is sustainable. Development control
mechanisms must be enforced to ensure that all new constructions and land-use activities align
with the approved plan. This includes adherence to zoning regulations, building codes,
environmental standards, and infrastructure provisions.

Institutional capacity in this domain involves regular monitoring, effective inspection regimes, and
the authority to issue permits or impose penalties where necessary. Without strict enforcement,
there is a risk that gains made through planning and investment could be eroded by non-compliant
developments, leading to urban sprawl, infrastructure strain, and environmental degradation.

5.6: Monitoring and Evaluation.

Monitoring and evaluation are critical components in the successful implementation of any
planning development project. This phase ensures that all proposed developments adhere to the
prescribed standards and development control guidelines established during the planning stages.
It plays a vital role in maintaining the integrity of the land use plan and guiding its implementation
toward achieving the stated objectives.

The importance of monitoring and evaluation lies in its ability to systematically track the progress
of each phase of project execution. Through continuous assessment, it becomes possible to identify
deviations from the intended course early on, enabling prompt corrective actions. This process
allows for the recognition and resolution of unforeseen challenges that may arise during
implementation—issues that were not anticipated during the conceptualization and planning
phases. By addressing such challenges proactively, the project can remain adaptable and
responsive to real-world conditions, enhancing its overall effectiveness.

Furthermore, monitoring and evaluation provide a structured mechanism for measuring the
impacts of the proposed interventions. This involves comparing the outcomes of the implemented
plan against the envisioned goals to assess the extent to which the desired results have been

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achieved. It also helps determine whether the project remains aligned with its long-term vision and
intended socio-economic and environmental outcomes

Table 22; Monitoring and Evaluation.

Implementation stage Expected outcome Indicators Monitoring &

evaluation methods.
Plan approval Acceptance and Plan approval and Assessing the
approval issuance of PPA 2 effectiveness of the plan
in improving the
existing conditions.
Environment impact EIA report with Adoption of set Assessing the
assessment. guidelines to mitigate environmental impacts anticipated
adverse environmental mitigation measures for environmental impact
impacts of the proposed various projects. against the approved
projects. standards locally and
globally
Resource procurement Availability of financial Provision of adequate Assessing the cost of
and contracting and human resource resources within the resources from various
required. stipulated timelines; bidders against the
competitive tendering projects financial
of the projects. budget to facilitate
picking the right
contractors.
Construction Allocation of plot No Upgrading and Assessing the impacts
117 for development of expansion of roads; and effectiveness of
multi-purpose play provision of NMT NMT infrastructure on
field. Improved infrastructure; provision accessibility; ensuring
accessibility and safety; of streetlights; the development control
effective waste provision of 3 waste guidelines are adhered
management, improved collection centers; to;
water supply, provision of 9 public
water points;
Post construction Well planned Kiandutu Improved accessibility, Assessment of the plan
settlement with connection and safety; performance of the plan
adequate open spaces clean environment and against the expected
for recreation and accessible infrastructure outcomes;
support infrastructure. utilities and recreational establishment of
spaces. measure for long term
monitoring and
management.
Source Author 2025

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 6: CHAPTER SIX:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDATION.
This section presents a synthesis of the key findings and insights derived from the planning
development process. Drawing on empirical data from fieldwork, critical analysis of benchmark
case studies, and a thorough review of the relevant policy and legal frameworks, this section
underscores the significance of land use planning in enhancing the quality of life in Kiandutu
settlement. It further outlines actionable recommendations aimed at ensuring the successful
implementation of the proposed land use plan.

6.1: Conclusion
The planning process has revealed that the provision of adequate open spaces and essential
infrastructure utilities plays a crucial role in promoting the livability and sustainability of human
settlements, particularly within urban areas. Through the integration of fieldwork data, policy
reviews, and comparative analysis of best practices, it is evident that open spaces and
infrastructural enhancements significantly contribute to improved living standards and overall
community well-being. This reinforces the need for intentional, inclusive, and well-resourced
planning interventions in settlements like Kiandutu.

6.1.1: Recommendations
In light of the findings, the following recommendations are proposed to support the effective
implementation of the spatial plan:

Prioritize Plan Implementation Aligned with Community Needs; It is imperative that the
proposed plan is implemented in a manner that directly addresses the needs and aspirations of the
Kiandutu residents. Active community engagement and feedback mechanisms should be
maintained throughout the implementation process to ensure responsiveness and local ownership.

Strengthen Institutional and Governance Frameworks; Addressing the existing institutional

and governance limitations—particularly in terms of project funding and management—is
essential. Collaborative governance models that involve both public and private stakeholders
should be adopted to strengthen accountability and enhance resource mobilization.

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Foster Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs); To overcome financial and managerial constraints,
partnerships with private entities and community-based organizations should be encouraged.
These partnerships can bring in additional technical expertise, funding, and innovative approaches
to help drive project execution.

Promote Inclusive Stakeholder Participation; The success of the land use plan hinges on the
collective efforts of all stakeholders, including residents, local authorities, and development
partners. Structured stakeholder engagement forums should be established to foster dialogue, build
consensus, and ensure sustained collaboration throughout the transformation process.

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