ESE 4070-5070 Fall 2023
Class 1 part 1
Andy Smith
andsmi@[Link]
Course Logistics
Class Schedule
• Tuesday’s, 5:15 – 8:00 PM
• Levine 101 / Wu Chen Auditorium
• Will take a 15-20 minute break half way through
Contact info
• Andy Smith, andsmi@[Link]
• [Link]
• Office hours: Virtual/remote, Thursday’s 5pm (please reach out
before)
• TA’s:
• Xinyu Lu <xinyulu@[Link]>
• Naimisha Peddada <peddada@[Link]>
• Vridhi Jain <vridhi@[Link]>
• Ananya Murali Kashyap <anan057@[Link]>
• Rajneesh Kumar <rajneesh@[Link]>
Networking Background
The Internet as a Disruptive Force
More than just nuclear bomb defense
“With a good electronic message system you can interact several
times a day with virtually instantaneous transmission.”
“By its nature, data is a universal language.”
“…we may be able to do more to create effective and international
cooperation at the person-to-person level than all the grandiose
institutions that have been tried in the past…”
PAUL BARAN
Some Perspectives On Networks – Past, Present and
Future - 1977
The Modern Internet Environment
Essentially all traffic is IP over Ethernet
▪ That which isn’t (less than 1%) will be soon
Essentially all network traffic begins and ends at a machine
▪ Data Center is the root of modern networking
▪ Much more dynamic traffic patterns than other forms of networking
▪ As computational power grows, so will traffic demands. Fuels high growth of networks.
Therefore, all networks need routers
And all networks need security
These are fundamental, base principles
What network operators demand
▪ All large networks – Cable, SP, Web, Financial, Government… all have
similar macro demands
▪ Among the largest and most demanding Internet networks
▪ Most common asks are:
▪ Help us reduce opex
▪ Help us become agile and efficient
▪ Help us reduce capex
▪ Service providers specifically:
▪ Help us monetize our networks
Fundamental Economics of Technology
▪ Apply the latest advances in technology to networks
▪ Automate everything that can be automated
Cost per unit of work
Automated Manual
Cost decreases exponentially Cost increases exponentially
Inflation curve Technology curve
Time
Fundamentals of Networking
▪ Most significant advances in the last 40 years:
▪ Packet switching increased efficiency
▪ Routing (dynamic topology discovery) automated network operations
▪ The next advances will be in:
▪ SDN – Logically centralized functions
▪ NFV – Stateful (L4-L7) functions
▪ Cloud native networking – Ensemble of stateless network software components
▪ AI networking – highly bursty, synchronized workloads
These advances will be in addition to, not instead of,
packet switching and routing.
Fundamentals of Routers
▪ Routers have five crucial properties:
Table Size (y)
▪ Dynamism Lookup
Quintessential properties Large Complexity (z)
▪ Stat-Mux Gain
L4-7
Medium
L3
▪ Distance
L2
▪ Table Size Variable properties Small
▪ Lookup Complexity
Small Medium Large
Distance (x)
When one or more of these properties can be relaxed,
a router can be delivered of lower cost.
The Internet – a world of devices
Pacemaker & Monitor
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use
Amazon Echo
IP picture frame Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized,
bed
Internet phones mattress Others?
Fitbit
Sensor Networks in Agriculture
Haseeb, K.; Ud Din, I.; Almogren, A.; Islam, N. An Energy Efficient and Secure IoT-Based WSN
Framework: An Application to Smart Agriculture. Sensors 2020, 20, 2081.
[Link]
Military Internet Networks
Pentagon battle networks Starlink in Ukraine
Why study the Internet?
Connectivity continues to transform all aspects of life:
Business – ecommerce, Relationships – Facebook friends,
advertising, cloud computing e-mail, IM, dating, virtual worlds
Learning – Online learning, MOOC, Governing and law – E-voting,
search engines censorship, copyright, {cyber, real}
attacks
Healthcare – Telemedicine, digital Entertainment – Streaming media,
health, remote diagnostics Metaverse, TikTok
New applications – Artificial Transportation – Self driving cars,
Intelligence, Machine Learning Uber, Lyft
Networks versus “The Internet”
• The Internet is not a particular kind of network
• It is not a battle between, say, Ethernet and Internet
• The Internet ties different networks together
• The Internet
• Why does this matter?
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Goals for a network technology
• Speed
• Cost
• Port-density
• Reliability
• Other “features”
• Quality of service, security, etc.
• …..
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Goals for the Internet
• Ability to connect many different networks
• Ability to scale to entire world
• Ability to recover from failures
• …..
These are harder and more interesting goals!
(more architectural than engineering)
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Architecture vs Engineering
• Architecture:
• The allocation of functionality and definition of interfaces among elements
• The Internet “architecture” is the decision about what tasks get done,
and where:
• In the network, or in the hosts
• Engineering is more about how tasks get done
• These architectural decisions play a crucial role in scaling,
heterogeneity, robustness, etc…
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The Internet: an hourglass with layers
Application
Application
Protocol
Reliable
Delivery
Unreliable
Packet Delivery
Lower-level
Network
Physical
Layers
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What topics will course cover?
• The core of the Internet “architecture”:
– IP, DNS, BGP
• Other technologies crucial to the Internet
– Higher-level protocols: TCP, HTTP.…
– Crucial lower-level technologies: Ethernet, wireless…
• These are the two network technologies we will study because they raise interesting
questions about shared media
• Won’t cover network topics not crucial to Internet
– But that doesn’t mean they aren’t interesting
– E.g., sensornets, deep dive into low-level encoding, radio technology
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Various perspectives on Internet
• Different levels of abstraction
– Basic concepts versus actual protocols
• Different geographic scales:
– LAN vs Enterprise vs WAN vs Interdomain
• Different conceptual approaches:
– Architecture vs Protocol vs Algorithm
• Different aspects of functionality:
– Different “layers” focus on different tasks
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Internet History
1971-1972: Early Packet Switching
• 1961: Kleinrock – queueing theory, packet
switching
• 1964: Baran – packet switching in military
networks
• 1967: ARPANet conceived by US Government
• 1969: First ARPANet node online
• 1972: ARPANet public demo. First email program.
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Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking
• 1970: ALOHAnet in Hawaii
• Minimalism, autonomy
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn arch
• No internal changes required
principles
to interconnect networks
• 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC • Best effort service model
• Late 70’s: Proprietary networks • Stateless routers
(DECnet, SNA, etc) • Decentralized control
• 1979: ARPANet has 200 nodes These still apply today!
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Internet History
1980-1990: Proliferation
• 1983: Deployment of TCP/IP • New national / regional networks
• 1982: SMTP defined (email) • CSnet, BITnet, NSFnet, PREPnet
• 1983: DNS (name resolution)
• 1984: Cisco Systems founded
• 1985: FTP defined
• 1986: [Link] registered
• 1988: TCP congestion control
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Internet History
1990-2000: Commercialization
• 1990: ARPAnet decommissioned • 1995-2000 tons of new growth
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on • Instant messaging, peer to peer,
AOL, DSL, cable modems
commercial use
• Network security a big issue
• 1993: NCSA Mosaic, the first web • 100 million + users
browser, released
• March 10, 2000: NASDAQ
• 1994: Netscape released peaks at 5,048.62
• 1995: Windows 95 + Internet • October 9, 2002: NASDAQ
Explorer bottoms at 1,114. Down 78%
from peak.
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Internet History
~2005-present
• Billions of hosts and users • Recognition of the ‘Digital
Divide’ as a real issue in society
• Mass broadband deployment
• Concerns over privacy, data
• Mobile data LTE/4G/5G
sovereignty, security, ownership
• Geo-aware computing
• Social media impact on
• Social media networks individuals – teenagers. And on
• Rise of Cloud Computing shifts society – elections
the balance of industry power • Pandemic stressed and proved
the Internet’s architecture
principles
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Internet Network History
~2023-present
• AI • Networking of massive numbers
of GPU’s for training and
• AI
inference
• AI
• Ethernet / Ultra Ethernet vs
• AI Infiniband
• AI • Back to basics on network
architecture
• But base principals of large
network still apply
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Course Objective
• Introductory course in modern computer networking
• How the Internet works
• Basic understanding of computer networks
• Internet protocol standard (TCP/IP) as a case study
• Focus on application, transport and network layers
• Lab experiments with Wireshark and Mininet
• Focus on concepts and understanding designs. The architecture
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The four layer Internet model
Source End-Host Dest End-Host
Application Application
Transport Router Router Transport
Network Network Network Network
Link Link Link Link
Link Layer
• Introduction, services
• Error detection and correction
• Multiple access networks, LANs
• LAN addressing, ARP, neighbor detection
• Ethernet
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Physical Layer
• Basic encoding schemes (Manchester)
• Copper / Fiber
• Shannon’s Capacity
• Network Delay(s)
• Network Topologies
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Network Layer
• IP addressing – IPv4 and IPv6
• Introduction to a network service model
• Routing principles (algorithms)
• Hierarchical routing architectures
• IP: the Internet Protocol
• RIP, OSPF, ISIS, BGP
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Transport Layer
• Services and principles
• Multiplexing and demultiplexing applications
• Connectionless transport (UDP)
• Principles of reliable data transfer
• Principles of congestion control
• TCP congestion control
• QUIC
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Application Layer
• Principles of application layer protocols
• The World Wide Web: http and https
• Electronic mail (SMTP)
• The Internet’s phonebook (DNS)
• P2P: Skype
• Video and content distribution networks
• Socket programming
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Internet Systems
• Modern router architectures - silicon, software, optics
• Internet standards development (IETF)
• Transit and peering architectures
• Net neutrality
• Resiliency and traffic engineering
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Data center networks
• Modern cloud and data center engineering
• Overlay / underlay networks
• Data center topologies
• AI networks
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Wireshark labs
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application
OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet Link (Ethernet)
(pcap) frames sent/
received Physical
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Mininet labs
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Networking is great!
• Ask lots of questions
• Networks are cool – and can make for a great career
• Computing systems (databases, file systems, etc) move data through
time. Networks move data through space.
• Don’t be afraid to experiment
• Have fun!!
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Assignment 1
• Read Paul Baran’s 1977 paper (find online or on Canvas)
• Was he right? Does he predict the Internet we have today?
• Write a couple paragraphs and summarize your thoughts
• Submit in Canvas
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