Cayap, John Patrick D.
BSCRIM-2E PPC 11/05/2025
Activity Title: Gender and Sexuality Across Philippine Eras
Pre-Colonial Colonial Period
Period
Contemporary
Period
Research into Philippine gender and sexual norms highlights a
significant shift over time. Before colonization, there was a greater
fluidity in gender roles and a more accepting attitude towards diverse
sexualities. The arrival of Spanish colonizers brought with it strict
patriarchal and religious norms, leading to the suppression of
indigenous practices and a more rigid understanding of gender and
sexuality. This historical context provides valuable insight into the
contemporary landscape, where a complex interplay of traditional
values and modern influences shapes experiences related to gender
and sexuality in the Philippines. Understanding this historical trajectory
is crucial for comprehending the ongoing efforts towards greater
acceptance and equality within the country.
Reflective Questions:
1. What did you discover about gender and sexuality in Pre-
colonial Philippines that challenged your previous
understanding?
-I was genuinely surprised to discover that a strict gender-binary
framework wasn't originally part of my culture. Learning about the
respected status of the babaylan, who were often gender-diverse
individuals with significant social power, completely challenged my
assumption that acceptance of gender diversity was a purely modern
or Western concept. It made me realize that my ancestors were far
more inclusive than I had ever imagined.
2. How did colonization reshape Filipinos’ perspectives on
gender and sexuality?
-Colonization seems to have acted like a reset button, forcefully
replacing my ancestors' fluid and accepting norms with a rigid,
patriarchal, Catholic structure. The Spanish actively suppressed
indigenous practices and condemned gender-diverse individuals,
effectively instilling the conservative mindsets that still persist today.
It's clear to me now that much of the gender bias I see around me is a
direct colonial hangover.
3. In what ways does the contemporary period show progress
or setbacks in gender equality?
-I see a mixed bag in the contemporary period. There's definite
progress, with strong women in politics and business, and the
Philippines often scoring well in gender gap reports. However, I also
see significant setbacks, like the lack of legal protection for LGBTQ+
individuals and ongoing discrimination that makes me question how
inclusive we truly are as a society. It feels like a constant push and
pull.
4. What role does religion or culture play in shaping people’s
views about gender today?
I think religion, particularly the strong influence of the Catholic Church,
plays a huge role in shaping my community's views, often creating
resistance to progress like the SOGIE Equality Bill. At the same time, I
see a vibrant modern culture, especially among younger generations,
that is much more open and accepting, showing that cultural views are
constantly evolving away from the rigid norms of the past.
5. How can learning about history help you become more
gender-sensitive and respectful in the present?
-Understanding this history has made me more critical of the
"traditional values" argument often used to oppose gender equality. I
can now see that the truly indigenous worldview was one of
acceptance and respect for all gender identities. This knowledge
empowers me to challenge current biases and advocate for a more
inclusive society that respects diversity, just as my pre-colonial
ancestors did.